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Xia L, Chen J, Huang J, Lin X, Jiang J, Liu T, Huang N, Luo Y. The role of AMPKα subunit in Alzheimer's disease: In-depth analysis and future prospects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34254. [PMID: 39071620 PMCID: PMC11279802 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) subunit is the catalytic subunit in the AMPK complex, playing a crucial role in AMPK activation. It has two isoforms: AMPKα1 and AMPKα2. Emerging evidence suggests that the AMPKα subunit exhibits subtype-specific effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review discusses the role of the AMPKα subunit in the pathogenesis of AD, including its impact on β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology, Tau pathology, metabolic disorders, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammasome and pyroptosis. Additionally, it reviews the distinct roles of its isoforms, AMPKα1 and AMPKα2, in AD, which may provide more precise targets for future drug development in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqiong Xia
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Xianmei Lin
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jingyu Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guizhou Aerospace Hospital, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Nanqu Huang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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2
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Oto OA, Atwood DJ, Chaudhary A, He Z, Li AS, Wempe MF, Edelstein CL. Metformin does not slow cyst growth in the PCK rat model of polycystic kidney disease. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15776. [PMID: 37653564 PMCID: PMC10471794 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MET) has the potential to activate p-AMPK and block mTORC1-induced proliferation of tubular cells in PKD kidneys. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of MET on cyst growth, kidney function, AMPK and mTOR signaling, and lactate levels in male PCK rats, a Pkhd1 gene mutation model of human autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). MET 300 mg/kg/day IP from days 28 to 84 of age resulted in a mean serum metformin level that was 10 times the upper limit of therapeutic, no effect on cyst indices, nephrotoxicity, and increased serum lactate. MET 150 mg/kg resulted in a therapeutic serum metformin level but had no effect on kidney weight, cyst indices, kidney function, or mTOR and autophagy proteins. In summary, a standard dose of MET was ineffective in reducing PKD, did not activate p-AMPK or suppress mTOR and the higher dose resulted in increased lactate levels and nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, the study dampens enthusiasm for human studies of MET in PKD. Doubling the metformin dose resulted in a 10-fold increase in mean blood levels and toxicity suggesting that the dosage range between therapeutic and toxic is narrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur A. Oto
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Daniel J. Atwood
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Anjana Chaudhary
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Zhibin He
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Amy S. Li
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Michael F. Wempe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Charles L. Edelstein
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
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Zhou JX, Torres VE. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Therapies on the Horizon. ADVANCES IN KIDNEY DISEASE AND HEALTH 2023; 30:245-260. [PMID: 37088527 DOI: 10.1053/j.akdh.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by the formation of numerous kidney cysts which leads to kidney failure. ADPKD is responsible for approximately 10% of patients with kidney failure. Overwhelming evidence supports that vasopressin and its downstream cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling promote cystogenesis, and targeting vasopressin 2 receptor with tolvaptan and other antagonists ameliorates cyst growth in preclinical studies. Tolvaptan is the only drug approved by Food and Drug Administration to treat ADPKD patients at the risk of rapid disease progression. A major limitation of the widespread use of tolvaptan is aquaretic events. This review discusses the potential strategies to improve the tolerability of tolvaptan, the progress on the use of an alternative vasopressin 2 receptor antagonist lixivaptan, and somatostatin analogs. Recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of PKD have led to new approaches of treatment via targeting different signaling pathways. We review the new pharmacotherapies and dietary interventions of ADPKD that are promising in the preclinical studies and investigated in clinical trials.
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Penfold L, Woods A, Pollard AE, Arizanova J, Pascual-Navarro E, Muckett PJ, Dore MH, Montoya A, Whilding C, Fets L, Mokochinski J, Constantin TA, Varela-Carver A, Leach DA, Bevan CL, Nikitin AY, Hall Z, Carling D. AMPK activation protects against prostate cancer by inducing a catabolic cellular state. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112396. [PMID: 37061917 PMCID: PMC10576838 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that metabolic dysregulation drives prostate cancer (PCa) progression and metastasis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of metabolism, although its role in PCa remains unclear. Here, we show that genetic and pharmacological activation of AMPK provides a protective effect on PCa progression in vivo. We show that AMPK activation induces PGC1α expression, leading to catabolic metabolic reprogramming of PCa cells. This catabolic state is characterized by increased mitochondrial gene expression, increased fatty acid oxidation, decreased lipogenic potential, decreased cell proliferation, and decreased cell invasiveness. Together, these changes inhibit PCa disease progression. Additionally, we identify a gene network involved in cell cycle regulation that is inhibited by AMPK activation. Strikingly, we show a correlation between this gene network and PGC1α gene expression in human PCa. Taken together, our findings support the use of AMPK activators for clinical treatment of PCa to improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Penfold
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Angela Woods
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alice E Pollard
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julia Arizanova
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eneko Pascual-Navarro
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Phillip J Muckett
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marian H Dore
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alex Montoya
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Chad Whilding
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Louise Fets
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joao Mokochinski
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Theodora A Constantin
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Anabel Varela-Carver
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Damien A Leach
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Charlotte L Bevan
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Alexander Yu Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zoe Hall
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David Carling
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Steinberg GR, Hardie DG. New insights into activation and function of the AMPK. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:255-272. [PMID: 36316383 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 184.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The classical role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is as a cellular energy sensor activated by falling energy status, signalled by increases in AMP to ATP and ADP to ATP ratios. Once activated, AMPK acts to restore energy homeostasis by promoting ATP-producing catabolic pathways while inhibiting energy-consuming processes. In this Review, we provide an update on this canonical (AMP/ADP-dependent) activation mechanism, but focus mainly on recently described non-canonical pathways, including those by which AMPK senses the availability of glucose, glycogen or fatty acids and by which it senses damage to lysosomes and nuclear DNA. We also discuss new findings on the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, mitochondrial and lysosomal homeostasis, and DNA repair. Finally, we discuss the role of AMPK in cancer, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and other disorders where therapeutic targeting may exert beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - D Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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Huynh C, Ryu J, Lee J, Inoki A, Inoki K. Nutrient-sensing mTORC1 and AMPK pathways in chronic kidney diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:102-122. [PMID: 36434160 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and lipids are fundamental sources for the maintenance of essential cellular processes and homeostasis in all organisms. The nutrient-sensing kinases mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are expressed in many cell types and have key roles in the control of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, metabolism and survival, ultimately contributing to the physiological development and functions of various organs, including the kidney. Dysregulation of these kinases leads to many human health problems, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders and kidney diseases. In the kidney, physiological levels of mTOR and AMPK activity are required to support kidney cell growth and differentiation and to maintain kidney cell integrity and normal nephron function, including transport of electrolytes, water and glucose. mTOR forms two functional multi-protein kinase complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Hyperactivation of mTORC1 leads to podocyte and tubular cell dysfunction and vulnerability to injury, thereby contributing to the development of chronic kidney diseases, including diabetic kidney disease, obesity-related kidney disease and polycystic kidney disease. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting mTOR and/or AMPK could be an effective therapeutic approach to controlling or preventing these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Huynh
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jaewhee Ryu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jooho Lee
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ayaka Inoki
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ken Inoki
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Zhou X, Torres VE. Emerging therapies for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with a focus on cAMP signaling. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:981963. [PMID: 36120538 PMCID: PMC9478168 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.981963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), with an estimated genetic prevalence between 1:400 and 1:1,000 individuals, is the third most common cause of end stage kidney disease after diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Over the last 3 decades there has been great progress in understanding its pathogenesis. This allows the stratification of therapeutic targets into four levels, gene mutation and polycystin disruption, proximal mechanisms directly caused by disruption of polycystin function, downstream regulatory and signaling pathways, and non-specific pathophysiologic processes shared by many other diseases. Dysfunction of the polycystins, encoded by the PKD genes, is closely associated with disruption of calcium and upregulation of cyclic AMP and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, affecting most downstream regulatory, signaling, and pathophysiologic pathways altered in this disease. Interventions acting on G protein coupled receptors to inhibit of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production have been effective in preclinical trials and have led to the first approved treatment for ADPKD. However, completely blocking cAMP mediated PKA activation is not feasible and PKA activation independently from cAMP can also occur in ADPKD. Therefore, targeting the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway beyond cAMP production makes sense. Redundancy of mechanisms, numerous positive and negative feedback loops, and possibly counteracting effects may limit the effectiveness of targeting downstream pathways. Nevertheless, interventions targeting important regulatory, signaling and pathophysiologic pathways downstream from cAMP/PKA activation may provide additive or synergistic value and build on a strategy that has already had success. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the role of cAMP and PKA signaling and their multiple downstream pathways as potential targets for emergent therapies for ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- *Correspondence: Xia Zhou, ; Vicente E. Torres,
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Lay S, Pearce X, Sanislav O, Fisher PR, Annesley SJ. Cytopathological Outcomes of Knocking Down Expression of Mitochondrial Complex II Subunits in Dictyostelium discoideum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095039. [PMID: 35563430 PMCID: PMC9105181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Complex II is composed of four core subunits and mutations to any of the subunits result in lowered Complex II activity. Surprisingly, although mutations in any of the subunits can yield similar clinical outcomes, there are distinct differences in the patterns of clinical disease most commonly associated with mutations in different subunits. Thus, mutations to the SdhA subunit most often result in mitochondrial disease phenotypes, whilst mutations to the other subunits SdhB-D more commonly result in tumour formation. The reason the clinical outcomes are so different is unknown. Here, we individually antisense-inhibited three of the Complex II subunits, SdhA, SdhB or SdhC, in the simple model organism Dictyostelium discoideum. Whilst SdhB and SdhC knockdown resulted in growth defects on bacterial lawns, antisense inhibition of SdhA expression resulted in a different pattern of phenotypic defects, including impairments of growth in liquid medium, enhanced intracellular proliferation of the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila and phagocytosis. Knockdown of the individual subunits also produced different abnormalities in mitochondrial function with only SdhA knockdown resulting in broad mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, these defects were shown to be mediated by the chronic activation of the cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase. Our results are in agreement with a role for loss of function of SdhA but not the other Complex II subunits in impairing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and they suggest a role for AMP-activated protein kinase in mediating the cytopathological outcomes.
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