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Yu B, Wang Q, Zhang L, Lin J, Feng Z, Wang Z, Gu L, Tian X, Luan S, Li C, Zhao G. Ebselen improves fungal keratitis through exerting anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, and antifungal effects. Redox Biol 2024; 73:103206. [PMID: 38796864 PMCID: PMC11152752 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a severely vision-threatening corneal infection, where the prognosis depends on both fungal virulence and host immune defense. Inappropriate host responses can induce substantial inflammatory damage to the cornea. Therefore, in the treatment of fungal keratitis, it is important to concurrently regulate the immune response while efforts are made to eliminate the pathogen. Ebselen is a widely studied organo-selenium compound and has been demonstrated to have antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and oxidative stress-regulatory properties. The effectiveness of ebselen for the treatment of fungal keratitis remains unknown. In this study, ebselen was demonstrated to produce a marked inhibitory effect on Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus), including spore germination inhibition, mycelial growth reduction, and fungal biofilm disruption. The antifungal activity of ebselen was related to the cell membrane damage caused by thioredoxin (Trx) system inhibition-mediated oxidative stress. On the contrary, ebselen enhanced the antioxidation of Trx system in mammalian cells. Further, ebselen was proven to suppress the expressions of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS, and CCL2) and reduce the production of oxidative stress-associated indicators (ROS, NO, and MDA) in fungi-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, ebselen regulated PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, which contributed to the improvement of inflammation and oxidative stress. Finally, we verified the therapeutic effect of ebselen on mouse fungal keratitis. Ebselen improved the prognosis and reduced the fungal burden in mouse corneas. Expressions of inflammatory mediators, as well as the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils in the cornea were also obviously decreased by ebselen. In summary, ebselen exerted therapeutic effects by reducing fungal load and protecting host tissues in fungal keratitis, making it a promising treatment for fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Zhuhui Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Lingwen Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Songying Luan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China.
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China.
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Mou K, Chan SMH, Vlahos R. Musculoskeletal crosstalk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbidities: Emerging roles and therapeutic potentials. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 257:108635. [PMID: 38508342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a multifaceted respiratory disorder characterized by progressive airflow limitation and systemic implications. It has become increasingly apparent that COPD exerts its influence far beyond the respiratory system, extending its impact to various organ systems. Among these, the musculoskeletal system emerges as a central player in both the pathogenesis and management of COPD and its associated comorbidities. Muscle dysfunction and osteoporosis are prevalent musculoskeletal disorders in COPD patients, leading to a substantial decline in exercise capacity and overall health. These manifestations are influenced by systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances, all hallmarks of COPD. Recent research has uncovered an intricate interplay between COPD and musculoskeletal comorbidities, suggesting that muscle and bone tissues may cross-communicate through the release of signalling molecules, known as "myokines" and "osteokines". We explored this dynamic relationship, with a particular focus on the role of the immune system in mediating the cross-communication between muscle and bone in COPD. Moreover, we delved into existing and emerging therapeutic strategies for managing musculoskeletal disorders in COPD. It underscores the development of personalized treatment approaches that target both the respiratory and musculoskeletal aspects of COPD, offering the promise of improved well-being and quality of life for individuals grappling with this complex condition. This comprehensive review underscores the significance of recognizing the profound impact of COPD on the musculoskeletal system and its comorbidities. By unravelling the intricate connections between these systems and exploring innovative treatment avenues, we can aspire to enhance the overall care and outcomes for COPD patients, ultimately offering hope for improved health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mou
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stanley M H Chan
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Park WH. Ebselen Inhibits the Growth of Lung Cancer Cells via Cell Cycle Arrest and Cell Death Accompanied by Glutathione Depletion. Molecules 2023; 28:6472. [PMID: 37764247 PMCID: PMC10538040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebselen is a glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (GPx) mimic originally developed to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, little is known about its cytotoxicological effects on lung cells. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of Ebselen on the cell growth and cell death of A549 lung cancer cells, Calu-6 lung cancer cells, and primary normal human pulmonary fibroblast (HPF) cells in relation to redox status. The results showed that Ebselen inhibited the growth of A549, Calu-6, and HPF cells with IC50 values of approximately 12.5 μM, 10 μM, and 20 μM, respectively, at 24 h. After exposure to 15 μM Ebselen, the proportions of annexin V-positive cells were approximately 25%, 65%, and 10% in A549, Calu-6, and HPF cells, respectively. In addition, Ebselen induced arrest at the S phase of the cell cycle in A549 cells and induced G2/M phase arrest in Calu-6 cells. Treatment with Ebselen induced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; ΔΨm) loss in A549 and Calu-6 cells. Z-VAD, a pan-caspase inhibitor, did not decrease the number of annexin V-positive cells in Ebselen-treated A549 and Calu-6 cells. Intracellular ROS levels were not significantly changed in the Ebselen-treated cancer cells at 24 h, but GSH depletion was efficiently induced in these cells. Z-VAD did not affect ROS levels or GSH depletion in Ebselen-treated A549 or Ebselen-treated Calu-6 cells. In conclusion, Ebselen inhibited the growth of lung cancer and normal fibroblast cells and induced cell cycle arrest and cell death in lung cancer cells with GSH depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Hyun Park
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Jeonbuk National University, 20 Geonji-ro, Deokjin, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
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Chan SMH, Brassington K, Almerdasi SA, Dobric A, De Luca SN, Coward‐Smith M, Wang H, Mou K, Akhtar A, Alateeq RA, Wang W, Seow HJ, Selemidis S, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R. Inhibition of oxidative stress by apocynin attenuated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease progression and vascular injury by cigarette smoke exposure. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2018-2034. [PMID: 36908040 PMCID: PMC10953324 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cardiovascular disease affects up to half of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exerting deleterious impact on health outcomes and survivability. Vascular endothelial dysfunction marks the onset of cardiovascular disease. The present study examined the effect of a potent NADPH Oxidase (NOX) inhibitor and free-radical scavenger, apocynin, on COPD-related cardiovascular disease. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male BALB/c mice were exposed to either room air (Sham) or cigarette smoke (CS) generated from 9 cigarettes·day-1 , 5 days a week for up to 24 weeks with or without apocynin treatment (5 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 , intraperitoneal injection). KEY RESULTS Eight-weeks of apocynin treatment reduced airway neutrophil infiltration (by 42%) and completely preserved endothelial function and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) availability against the oxidative insults of cigarette smoke exposure. These preservative effects were maintained up until the 24-week time point. 24-week of apocynin treatment markedly reduced airway inflammation (reduced infiltration of macrophage, neutrophil and lymphocyte), lung function decline (hyperinflation) and prevented airway collagen deposition by cigarette smoke exposure. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Limiting NOX activity may slow COPD progression and lower cardiovascular disease risk, particularly when signs of oxidative stress become evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M. H. Chan
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Kurt Brassington
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Suleman Abdullah Almerdasi
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Aleksandar Dobric
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Simone N. De Luca
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Madison Coward‐Smith
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Kevin Mou
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Alina Akhtar
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Rana Abdullah Alateeq
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Huei Jiunn Seow
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia
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Albano GD, Gagliardo RP, Montalbano AM, Profita M. Overview of the Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress: Impact in Inflammation of the Airway Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2237. [PMID: 36421423 PMCID: PMC9687037 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the human lung is mediated in response to different stimuli (e.g., physical, radioactive, infective, pro-allergenic or toxic) such as cigarette smoke and environmental pollutants. They often promote an increase in inflammatory activities in the airways that manifest themselves as chronic diseases (e.g., allergic airway diseases, asthma, chronic bronchitis/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or even lung cancer). Increased levels of oxidative stress (OS) reduce the antioxidant defenses, affect the autophagy/mitophagy processes, and the regulatory mechanisms of cell survival, promoting inflammation in the lung. In fact, OS potentiate the inflammatory activities in the lung, favoring the progression of chronic airway diseases. OS increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anions (O2-), hydroxyl radicals (OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), by the transformation of oxygen through enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. In this manner, OS reduces endogenous antioxidant defenses in both nucleated and non-nucleated cells. The production of ROS in the lung can derive from both exogenous insults (cigarette smoke or environmental pollution) and endogenous sources such as cell injury and/or activated inflammatory and structural cells. In this review, we describe the most relevant knowledge concerning the functional interrelation between the mechanisms of OS and inflammation in airway diseases.
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