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Mpekris F, Panagi M, Charalambous A, Voutouri C, Stylianopoulos T. Modulating cancer mechanopathology to restore vascular function and enhance immunotherapy. Cell Rep Med 2024:101626. [PMID: 38944037 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Solid tumor pathology, characterized by abnormalities in the tumor microenvironment (TME), challenges therapeutic effectiveness. Mechanical factors, including increased tumor stiffness and accumulation of intratumoral forces, can determine the success of cancer treatments, defining the tumor's "mechanopathology" profile. These abnormalities cause extensive vascular compression, leading to hypoperfusion and hypoxia. Hypoperfusion hinders drug delivery, while hypoxia creates an unfavorable TME, promoting tumor progression through immunosuppression, heightened metastatic potential, drug resistance, and chaotic angiogenesis. Strategies targeting TME mechanopathology, such as vascular and stroma normalization, hold promise in enhancing cancer therapies with some already advancing to the clinic. Normalization can be achieved using anti-angiogenic agents, mechanotherapeutics, immune checkpoint inhibitors, engineered bacterial therapeutics, metronomic nanomedicine, and ultrasound sonopermeation. Here, we review the methods developed to rectify tumor mechanopathology, which have even led to cures in preclinical models, and discuss their bench-to-bedside translation, including the derivation of biomarkers from tumor mechanopathology for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Mpekris
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Myrofora Panagi
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Antonia Charalambous
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chrysovalantis Voutouri
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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2
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Sun Y, Guo Y, Liu X, Liu J, Sun H, Li Z, Wen M, Jiang SN, Tan W, Zheng JH. Engineered oncolytic bacteria HCS1 exerts high immune stimulation and safety profiles for cancer therapy. Theranostics 2023; 13:5546-5560. [PMID: 37908720 PMCID: PMC10614684 DOI: 10.7150/thno.87340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and rationale: Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 has been used to treat tumor-bearing mice and entered phase I clinical trials. However, its mild anticancer effect in clinical trials may be related to insufficient bacterial colonization and notable adverse effects with increasing dosages. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) synthesis-deficient Salmonella is an attenuated strain with good biosafety and anticancer efficacy that has been widely investigated in various solid cancers in preclinical studies. Integration of the advantages of these two strains may provide a new solution for oncolytic bacterial therapy. Methods: We incorporated the features of ΔppGpp into VNP20009 and obtained the HCS1 strain by deleting relA and spoT, and then assessed its cytotoxicity in vitro and antitumor activities in vivo. Results: In vitro experiments revealed that the invasiveness and cytotoxicity of HCS1 to cancer cells were significantly lower than those of the VNP20009. Additionally, tumor-bearing mice showed robust cancer suppression when treated with different doses of HCS1 intravenously, and the survival time and cured mice were dramatically increased. Furthermore, HCS1 can increase the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in tumor tissues and relieve the immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironments. It can also recruit abundant immune cells into tumor tissues, thereby increasing immune activation responses. Conclusion: The newly engineered Salmonella HCS1 strain manifests high prospects for cancer therapeutics and is a promising option for future clinical cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sun
- School of Biomedical Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yanxia Guo
- School of Biomedical Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- School of Biomedical Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jinling Liu
- School of Biomedical Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Honglai Sun
- School of Biomedical Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhongying Li
- School of Biomedical Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Min Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou First People′s Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Wenzhi Tan
- School of Biomedical Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China
| | - Jin Hai Zheng
- School of Biomedical Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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3
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Tumas S, Meldgaard TS, Vaaben TH, Suarez Hernandez S, Rasmussen AT, Vazquez-Uribe R, Hadrup SR, Sommer MOA. Engineered E. coli Nissle 1917 for delivery of bioactive IL-2 for cancer immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12506. [PMID: 37532747 PMCID: PMC10397246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we performed a step-wise optimization of biologically active IL-2 for delivery using E. coli Nissle 1917. Engineering of the strain was coupled with an in vitro cell assay to measure the biological activity of microbially produced IL-2 (mi-IL2). Next, we assessed the immune modulatory potential of mi-IL2 using a 3D tumor spheroid model demonstrating a strong effect on immune cell activation. Finally, we evaluated the anticancer properties of the engineered strain in a murine CT26 tumor model. The engineered strain was injected intravenously and selectively colonized tumors. The treatment was well-tolerated, and tumors of treated mice showed a modest reduction in tumor growth rate, as well as significantly elevated levels of IL-2 in the tumor. This work demonstrates a workflow for researchers interested in engineering E. coli Nissle for a new class of microbial therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarunas Tumas
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Troels Holger Vaaben
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ruben Vazquez-Uribe
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten O A Sommer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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4
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Roe JM, Seely K, Bussard CJ, Eischen Martin E, Mouw EG, Bayles KW, Hollingsworth MA, Brooks AE, Dailey KM. Hacking the Immune Response to Solid Tumors: Harnessing the Anti-Cancer Capacities of Oncolytic Bacteria. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2004. [PMID: 37514190 PMCID: PMC10384176 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15072004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic bacteria are a classification of bacteria with a natural ability to specifically target solid tumors and, in the process, stimulate a potent immune response. Currently, these include species of Klebsiella, Listeria, Mycobacteria, Streptococcus/Serratia (Coley's Toxin), Proteus, Salmonella, and Clostridium. Advancements in techniques and methodology, including genetic engineering, create opportunities to "hijack" typical host-pathogen interactions and subsequently harness oncolytic capacities. Engineering, sometimes termed "domestication", of oncolytic bacterial species is especially beneficial when solid tumors are inaccessible or metastasize early in development. This review examines reported oncolytic bacteria-host immune interactions and details the known mechanisms of these interactions to the protein level. A synopsis of the presented membrane surface molecules that elicit particularly promising oncolytic capacities is paired with the stimulated localized and systemic immunogenic effects. In addition, oncolytic bacterial progression toward clinical translation through engineering efforts are discussed, with thorough attention given to strains that have accomplished Phase III clinical trial initiation. In addition to therapeutic mitigation after the tumor has formed, some bacterial species, referred to as "prophylactic", may even be able to prevent or "derail" tumor formation through anti-inflammatory capabilities. These promising species and their particularly favorable characteristics are summarized as well. A complete understanding of the bacteria-host interaction will likely be necessary to assess anti-cancer capacities and unlock the full cancer therapeutic potential of oncolytic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Roe
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kevin Seely
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Caleb J Bussard
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80130, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth G Mouw
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kenneth W Bayles
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Amanda E Brooks
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80130, USA
- Office of Research & Scholarly Activity, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Dailey
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Kubiak AM, de Laak JV, Zhang Y, Bailey TS, Claessen L, Hittmeyer P, Vlaswinkel C, Mowday A, Dubois LJ, Theys J. Clostridia as live biotherapeutics: can modified Clostridium species enhance disease treatments? Future Microbiol 2023; 18:385-388. [PMID: 37218518 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alekandra M Kubiak
- Department of Precision Medicine, The M-Lab, GROW - School of Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands
- Exomnis Biotech BV, Maastricht, 6229, EV, The Netherlands
| | - Jella van de Laak
- Department of Precision Medicine, The M-Lab, GROW - School of Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Yanchao Zhang
- Department of Precision Medicine, The M-Lab, GROW - School of Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Tom S Bailey
- Department of Precision Medicine, The M-Lab, GROW - School of Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Claessen
- Department of Precision Medicine, The M-Lab, GROW - School of Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Hittmeyer
- Department of Precision Medicine, The M-Lab, GROW - School of Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Vlaswinkel
- Department of Precision Medicine, The M-Lab, GROW - School of Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Alexsandra Mowday
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Ludwig J Dubois
- Department of Precision Medicine, The M-Lab, GROW - School of Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Theys
- Department of Precision Medicine, The M-Lab, GROW - School of Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands
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Thippabhotla S, Liu B, Podgorny A, Yooseph S, Yang Y, Zhang J, Zhong C. Integrated de novo gene prediction and peptide assembly of metagenomic sequencing data. NAR Genom Bioinform 2023; 5:lqad023. [PMID: 36915411 PMCID: PMC10006731 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Metagenomics is the study of all genomic content contained in given microbial communities. Metagenomic functional analysis aims to quantify protein families and reconstruct metabolic pathways from the metagenome. It plays a central role in understanding the interaction between the microbial community and its host or environment. De novo functional analysis, which allows the discovery of novel protein families, remains challenging for high-complexity communities. There are currently three main approaches for recovering novel genes or proteins: de novo nucleotide assembly, gene calling and peptide assembly. Unfortunately, their information dependency has been overlooked, and each has been formulated as an independent problem. In this work, we develop a sophisticated workflow called integrated Metagenomic Protein Predictor (iMPP), which leverages the information dependencies for better de novo functional analysis. iMPP contains three novel modules: a hybrid assembly graph generation module, a graph-based gene calling module, and a peptide assembly-based refinement module. iMPP significantly improved the existing gene calling sensitivity on unassembled metagenomic reads, achieving a 92-97% recall rate at a high precision level (>85%). iMPP further allowed for more sensitive and accurate peptide assembly, recovering more reference proteins and delivering more hypothetical protein sequences. The high performance of iMPP can provide a more comprehensive and unbiased view of the microbial communities under investigation. iMPP is freely available from https://github.com/Sirisha-t/iMPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Thippabhotla
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Adam Podgorny
- Center for Computational Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Shibu Yooseph
- Department of Computer Science, Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Youngik Yang
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, 101-75, Jangsan-ro, Janghang-eup, Seochun-gun, Chungchungnam-do, 33662, South Korea
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center; Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Cuncong Zhong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Kaur T, Sharma D. Fundamentals of utilizing microbes in advanced cancer therapeutics: Current understanding and potential applications. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37400175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest health related issues in the twenty-first century is cancer. The current therapeutic platforms have not advanced enough to keep up with the number of rising cases. The traditional therapeutic approaches frequently fail to produce the desired outcomes. Therefore, developing new and more potent remedies is crucial. Recently, investigating microorganisms as potential anti-cancer treatments have garnered a lot of attention. Tumor-targeting microorganisms are more versatile at inhibiting cancer than the majority of standard therapies. Bacteria preferentially gather and thrive inside tumors, where they can trigger anti-cancer immune responses. They can be further trained to generate and distribute anticancer drugs based on clinical requirements using straightforward genetic engineering approaches. To improve clinical outcomes, therapeutic strategies utilizing live tumor-targeting bacteria can be used either alone or in combination with existing anticancer treatments. On the other hand, oncolytic viruses that target cancer cells, gene therapy via viral vectors, and viral immunotherapy are other popular areas of biotechnological investigation. Therefore, viruses serve as a unique candidate for anti-tumor therapy. This chapter describes the role of microbes, primarily bacteria and viruses in anti-cancer therapeutics. The various approaches to utilizing microbes in cancer therapy are discussed and examples of microorganisms that are now in use or that are undergoing experimental research are briefly discussed. We further point out the hurdles and the prospects of microbes-based remedies for cancer treatment.
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A rapid screening platform to coculture bacteria within tumor spheroids. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:2216-2239. [PMID: 35906291 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of tumor-colonizing bacteria along with advances in synthetic biology are leading to a new generation of living microbial cancer therapies. Because many bacterial systems can be engineered to recombinantly produce therapeutics within tumors, simple and high-throughput experimental platforms are needed to screen the large collections of bacteria candidates and characterize their interactions with cancer cells. Here, we describe a protocol to selectively grow bacteria within the core of tumor spheroids, allowing for their continuous and parallel profiling in physiologically relevant conditions. Specifically, tumor spheroids are incubated with bacteria in a 96-well low-adhesion plate followed by a series of washing steps and an antibiotic selection protocol to confine bacterial growth within the hypoxic and necrotic core of tumor spheroids. This bacteria spheroid coculture (BSCC) system is stable for over 2 weeks, does not require specialized equipment and is compatible with time-lapse microscopy, commercial staining assays and histology that uniquely enable analysis of growth kinetics, viability and spatial distribution of both cellular populations, respectively. We show that the procedure is applicable to multiple tumor cell types and bacterial species by varying protocol parameters and is validated by using animal models. The BSCC platform will allow the study of bacteria-tumor interactions in a continuous manner and facilitate the rapid development of engineered microbial therapies.
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Vázquez-Arias A, Pérez-Juste J, Pastoriza-Santos I, Bodelon G. Prospects and applications of synergistic noble metal nanoparticle-bacterial hybrid systems. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:18054-18069. [PMID: 34726220 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04961e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid systems composed of living cells and nanomaterials have been attracting great interest in various fields of research ranging from materials science to biomedicine. In particular, the interfacing of noble metal nanoparticles and bacterial cells in a single architecture aims to generate hybrid systems that combine the unique physicochemical properties of the metals and biological attributes of the microbial cells. While the bacterial cells provide effector and scaffolding functions, the metallic component endows the hybrid system with multifunctional capabilities. This synergistic effort seeks to fabricate living materials with improved functions and new properties that surpass their individual components. Herein, we provide an overview of this research field and the strategies for obtaining hybrid systems, and we summarize recent biological applications, challenges and current prospects in this exciting new arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Vázquez-Arias
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Física, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Juste
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Física, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Pastoriza-Santos
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Física, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Gustavo Bodelon
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Física, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
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Al-Hilu SA, Al-Shujairi WH. Dual Role of Bacteria in Carcinoma: Stimulation and Inhibition. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:4639761. [PMID: 32908523 PMCID: PMC7463420 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4639761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although what unifies the carcinogenic microorganisms has not been determined by multiple studies, the role of bacteria in the development of neoplasms has not been properly elucidated. In this review, we discuss links between the bacterial species and cancer, with focus on immune responses for the stimulation of tumor cells such as induction of inflammation. Finally, we will describe the potential therapeutic strategies of bacteria on target tumors to improve treatment while mitigating adverse reactions. Cancer is a series of genetic changes that transform normal cells into tumor cells. These changes come from several reasons, including smoking, drinking alcohol, sunlight, exposure to chemical or physical factors, and finally chronic infection with microorganisms, including bacteria. In fact, bacterial infections are not carcinogenic, but recently it was discovered that the association between bacteria and cancer is through two mechanisms, the first stimulating chronic inflammation and the second producing carcinogenic metabolites. While bacteria are carcinogenic agents also, they have a dual role eliminating and removing tumor cells. However, the traditional cancer treatments that include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy increase the chances of survival, and there are many side effects of these therapies, including the high toxicity of tissues and normal cells, could not penetrate the tumor cells, and resistance of these therapies by tumor cells. Therefore, the world has turned to an alternative solution, which is the use of genetically engineered microorganisms; thus, the use of living bacteria targeting cancerous cells is the unique option to overcome these challenges. Bacterial therapies, whether used alone or combination with chemotherapy, give a positive effect to treat multiple conditions of cancer. Also, bacteria can be used as vectors for drug, gene, or therapy, and this is a great step to treat cancer. Thus, we review the mechanisms underlying the interaction of the microbiota residents with cancer. Cancer-associated bacteria differ from those in healthy human and are linked with gene-expression profile. We also discuss how live bacteria interact with tumor microenvironments to induce tumor regression through colonization and spread. Finally, we provide past and ongoing clinical trials that include bacteria targeting tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suad A Al-Hilu
- Department of Biology/Faculty of Sciences, University of Kufa, 54001 Najaf, Iraq
| | - Wisam H Al-Shujairi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences/College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, 51001 Hilla, Iraq
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11
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Building blocks for cells and tissues: Beyond a game. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:433-434. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20190175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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