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Kantiwal P, Aggarwal A, Yadav SK, Gahlot N, Elhence A. Exceptionally giant neglected sacral chordoma in a post-poliotic residual paralysis patient - a rare case scenario. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2024; 13:13-22. [PMID: 39308697 PMCID: PMC11411203 DOI: 10.62347/eknj6411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Chordoma is a rare malignant tumour with an incidence of 0.1 case per 1 lakh population per year. The sacrococcygeal region is the most common site to be involved. Herein, we are reporting a case of sacral chordoma, who is a 32-year-old male patient, a known case of post-polio residual paralysis on the left lower limb, who presented with complaint of pain in the lower back and gluteal region for 2 years with swelling in the gluteal region for 1 year, which was gradually increasing in size for 1 year with associated weight loss. MRI revealed an ill-defined lytic expansile altered signal intensity lesion involving S3 to S5 and coccygeal vertebral bodies measuring 13.2 × 16.2 × 14 cm (ap × tr × cc) with adjacent large lobulated heterogeneous soft tissue component and showed multiple coarse calcifications. The lesion anteriorly displaced and abutted the rectum and was deriving its blood supply from branches of bilateral internal iliac arteries. The patient was planned and underwent wide-margin resection (middle sacrectomy with R0 margins with preservation of both S2 and right S3 nerve roots). Histologic Grade was reported to be G2, moderately differentiated, high grade. Pathologic stage classification was reported as pT3a. Postoperatively patient had the same neurological status and was discharged on advice to do full weight bearing walking and self-intermittent catheterisation and laxatives. He was on routine follow up and improved well symptomatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabodh Kantiwal
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aakarsh Aggarwal
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sandeep K Yadav
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nitesh Gahlot
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhay Elhence
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Prather KY, Shi HH, McKinney KA, Dunn IF. Chronic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea as an initial presentation of chordoma: illustrative case. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY. CASE LESSONS 2023; 5:CASE2347. [PMID: 37014007 PMCID: PMC10555546 DOI: 10.3171/case2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skull base chordomas are typically extradural and present with cranial nerve deficits, headache, and visual disturbances. Clival chordoma involving the dura and presenting as a spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is extremely rare and can be mistaken for other skull base lesions. Here the authors present a case of chordoma with an unusual presentation. OBSERVATIONS A 43-year-old female who presented with clear nasal drainage was diagnosed with CSF rhinorrhea secondary to a clival defect previously thought to be ecchordosis physaliphora. The patient subsequently developed bacterial meningitis and underwent endoscopic, endonasal, transclival gross-total resection of the lesion with repair of the dural defect. Pathology revealed brachyury-positive chordoma. She received adjuvant proton beam radiotherapy and has remained stable for 2 years. LESSONS Spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea can occur as a rare primary presentation of clival chordoma, requiring careful radiological interpretation and a high index of suspicion for diagnosis. Chordoma cannot be reliably differentiated from benign notochordal lesions based on imaging alone; thus, intraoperative exploration and immunohistochemistry play key roles. Clival lesions presenting with CSF rhinorrhea should undergo prompt resection to facilitate diagnosis and prevent complications. Future studies on connections between chordoma and benign notochordal lesions may help to establish management guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Y. Prather
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and
| | - Helen H. Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and
| | - Kibwei A. McKinney
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Ian F. Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and
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Al Shihabi A, Davarifar A, Nguyen HTL, Tavanaie N, Nelson SD, Yanagawa J, Federman N, Bernthal N, Hornicek F, Soragni A. Personalized chordoma organoids for drug discovery studies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl3674. [PMID: 35171675 PMCID: PMC8849332 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chordomas are rare tumors of notochordal origin, most commonly arising in the sacrum or skull base. Chordomas are considered insensitive to conventional chemotherapy, and their rarity complicates running timely and adequately powered trials to identify effective treatments. Therefore, there is a need for discovery of novel therapeutic approaches. Patient-derived organoids can accelerate drug discovery and development studies and predict patient responses to therapy. In this proof-of-concept study, we successfully established organoids from seven chordoma tumor samples obtained from five patients presenting with tumors in different sites and stages of disease. The organoids recapitulated features of the original parent tumors and inter- as well as intrapatient heterogeneity. High-throughput screenings performed on the organoids highlighted targeted agents such as PI3K/mTOR, EGFR, and JAK2/STAT3 inhibitors among the most effective molecules. Pathway analysis underscored how the NF-κB and IGF-1R pathways are sensitive to perturbations and potential targets to pursue for combination therapy of chordoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al Shihabi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ardalan Davarifar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huyen Thi Lam Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nasrin Tavanaie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott D. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane Yanagawa
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noah Federman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Bernthal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francis Hornicek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alice Soragni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Barber SM, Sadrameli SS, Lee JJ, Fridley JS, Teh BS, Oyelese AA, Telfeian AE, Gokaslan ZL. Chordoma-Current Understanding and Modern Treatment Paradigms. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10051054. [PMID: 33806339 PMCID: PMC7961966 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10051054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordoma is a low-grade notochordal tumor of the skull base, mobile spine and sacrum which behaves malignantly and confers a poor prognosis despite indolent growth patterns. These tumors often present late in the disease course, tend to encapsulate adjacent neurovascular anatomy, seed resection cavities, recur locally and respond poorly to radiotherapy and conventional chemotherapy, all of which make chordomas challenging to treat. Extent of surgical resection and adequacy of surgical margins are the most important prognostic factors and thus patients with chordoma should be cared for by a highly experienced, multi-disciplinary surgical team in a quaternary center. Ongoing research into the molecular pathophysiology of chordoma has led to the discovery of several pathways that may serve as potential targets for molecular therapy, including a multitude of receptor tyrosine kinases (e.g., platelet-derived growth factor receptor [PDGFR], epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR]), downstream cascades (e.g., phosphoinositide 3-kinase [PI3K]/protein kinase B [Akt]/mechanistic target of rapamycin [mTOR]), brachyury—a transcription factor expressed ubiquitously in chordoma but not in other tissues—and the fibroblast growth factor [FGF]/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase [MEK]/extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK] pathway. In this review article, the pathophysiology, diagnosis and modern treatment paradigms of chordoma will be discussed with an emphasis on the ongoing research and advances in the field that may lead to improved outcomes for patients with this challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Barber
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.M.B.); (S.S.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Saeed S. Sadrameli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.M.B.); (S.S.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Jonathan J. Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.M.B.); (S.S.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Jared S. Fridley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (J.S.F.); (A.A.O.); (A.E.T.)
| | - Bin S. Teh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Adetokunbo A. Oyelese
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (J.S.F.); (A.A.O.); (A.E.T.)
| | - Albert E. Telfeian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (J.S.F.); (A.A.O.); (A.E.T.)
| | - Ziya L. Gokaslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (J.S.F.); (A.A.O.); (A.E.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(401)-793-9132
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Yang C, Sun J, Yong L, Liang C, Liu T, Xu Y, Yang J, Liu X. Deficiency of PTEN and CDKN2A Tumor-Suppressor Genes in Conventional and Chondroid Chordomas: Molecular Characteristics and Clinical Relevance. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:4649-4663. [PMID: 32547095 PMCID: PMC7259488 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s252990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chordoma is a malignant tumor predominantly involving the skull base and vertebral column. This study aimed to investigate the molecular characteristics of PTEN and CDKN2A in conventional and chondroid chordomas and their correlation with clinical prognosis. Materials and Methods A total of 42 patients were enrolled, including 26 patients with conventional chordoma and 16 patients with chondroid chordoma. Clinicopathological profiles and tissue specimens were collected. Gene sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed to identify genetic alterations in the PTEN and CDKN2A genes. Immunohistochemical staining was used for semiquantitative evaluation of PTEN and CDKN2A expression. Results Gene sequencing revealed an intron SNP (c.80–96A>G) and a missense mutation (c.10G>A; p.Gly4Arg) in the PTEN gene and a missense mutation (c.442G>A; p.Ala148Thr) in the CDKN2A gene. Loss of the PTEN locus was identified in 25 (59.5%) cases, and loss of the CDKN2A locus was found in 28 (66.7%) cases. There was no significant correlation between progression-free survival (PFS)/overall survival (OS) and loss of PTEN or CDKN2A. The patients with lower PTEN expression showed significantly shorter PFS and OS than those with higher expression, while there was no significant difference in PFS or OS between patients with lower CDKN2A expression and those with higher CDKN2A expression. Conclusion Our findings delineated the genetic landscape and expression of PTEN and CDKN2A in chordomas. PTEN expression may serve as a prognostic and predictive biomarker for chordomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yong
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulun Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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Sacral chordoma: clinical experience of a series of 11 patients over 18 years. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2018; 29:9-15. [PMID: 30066091 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-018-2284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sacral chordoma are rare low-to-intermediate grade malignant tumours that occur most commonly within the sacrum. Sacrectomy with wide resection margins seems to offer the best long-term prognosis. This study aims to review the management of sacral chordomas including the duration of symptoms, features, treatment, complications and local recurrence rate following surgery at a tertiary centre. We retrospectively reviewed 11 patients treated at our institution between years 1999 and 2015. Patient data included age, sex, history, radiographs, surgical details, onset of recurrence, subsequent treatment, disease-free survival and overall survival were analyzed. Nine patients underwent surgical management with 1 through a sacral approach and eight patients through a combined abdominosacral approach. Despite wide resection in our series, sacral chordoma poses a major problem with approximately 60% of patients having local recurrence in their follow-up.
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Genetic aberrations and molecular biology of skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma. Brain Tumor Pathol 2017; 34:78-90. [PMID: 28432450 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-017-0283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chordomas and chondrosarcomas are two major malignant bone neoplasms located at the skull base. These tumors are rarely metastatic, but can be locally invasive and resistant to conventional chemotherapies and radiotherapies. Accordingly, therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these tumors can be difficult. Additionally, their location at the skull base makes them problematic. Although accurate diagnosis of these tumors is important because of their distinct prognoses, distinguishing between these tumor types is difficult due to overlapping radiological and histopathological findings. However, recent accumulation of molecular and genetic studies, including extracranial location analysis, has provided us clues for accurate diagnosis. In this report, we review the genetic aberrations and molecular biology of these two tumor types. Among the abundant genetic features of these tumors, brachyury immunohistochemistry and direct sequencing of IDH1/2 are simple and useful techniques that can be used to distinguish between these tumors. Although it is still unclear why these tumors, which have such distinct genetic backgrounds, show similar histopathological findings, comparison of their genetic backgrounds could provide essential information.
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Zou MX, Huang W, Wang XB, Lv GH, Li J, Deng YW. Identification of miR-140-3p as a marker associated with poor prognosis in spinal chordoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:4877-4885. [PMID: 25197358 PMCID: PMC4152048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression profile of miR-140-3p in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of spinal chordoma, and its correlation with the prognosis of spinal chordoma patients. METHODS Dysregulated miRNAs in FFPE tissues of spinal chordoma were identified by microarray analysis. MiR-140-3p expression in surgically removed spinal chordoma tissues of 42 spinal chordoma patients (27 males and 15 females, aged 29-76 years) and corresponding nucleus pulposus tissues of 14 patients with disc herniation as the healthy control group (8 males and 6 females, aged 24-73 years) was measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay. The association of miR-140-3p expression with clinicopathologic characteristics of spinal chordoma patients was analyzed. Additionally, we investigated the prognostic significance of miR-140-3p with the use of Kaplan-Meier methods and a Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS The expression of miR-140-3p was significantly higher in chordoma tissues than nucleus pulposus tissues (t = 3.530, P = 0.001). The expression of miR-140-3p positively correlated with surrounding muscle invasion. The Kapan-Meier survival analysis showed that the patients with high miR-140-3p expression had a significantly worse recurrence-free survival than those with a low expression (χ (2) = 31.270, P = 0.000, log-rank test). In addition, univariate and multivariate analyses for recurrence-free survival showed that miR-140-3p expression was an independent prognostic factor for patients with spinal chordoma (HR = 1.361, 95% CI: 1.135-1.633, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Over-expression of miR-140-3p is correlated with recurrence and tumor invasion, suggesting that miR-140-3p could be a new predictor for recurrence and prognosis in patients with spinal chordoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xiang Zou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityNo. 139, Middle of Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityNo. 139, Middle of Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Guo-Hua Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityNo. 139, Middle of Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityNo. 139, Middle of Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - You-Wen Deng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityNo. 139, Middle of Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
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