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Reel LA, Hicks CB, Arnold C. Noise Exposure and Use of Hearing Protection Among Adolescents in Rural Areas. Am J Audiol 2022; 31:32-44. [PMID: 34898248 DOI: 10.1044/2021_aja-20-00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) has been found in rural children, potentially due to occupational and recreational noise exposure without consistent use of hearing protection devices (HPDs). However, questions remain regarding the specifics of rural adolescents' noise exposure and use of hearing protection around different types of noise. As such, the purpose of the current study was to provide preliminary results on rural adolescents' noise exposure and use of hearing protection for gunfire, heavy machinery, power tools, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), and music. METHOD A questionnaire was administered to 197 students (seventh to 12th grade) from rural schools in West Texas. Questions were related to noise exposure and use of HPDs for specific categories of noise. Testing was performed at the schools, with an investigator recording each student's responses. RESULTS Approximately 18%-44% of adolescents reported exposure 12 or more times a year to gunfire, heavy machinery, power tools, and ATVs. Only 1%-18% of the adolescents reported never being exposed to such noise sources. Almost half of rural adolescents never used hearing protection around gunfire, and 77%-91% reported never wearing hearing protection when exposed to heavy machinery, power tools, and ATVs. CONCLUSIONS The current study revealed that rural adolescents are exposed to noise sources that could damage their hearing. However, the majority of rural adolescents do not consistently wear hearing protection. Additional research is now needed to extend these findings by assessing rural adolescents' duration of exposure to different noise sources, in addition to investigating prevention of NIHL in this population. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.17139335.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Ann Reel
- Department of Speech-Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock
| | - Candace Bourland Hicks
- Department of Speech-Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock
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Manayan RC, Ladd-Luthringshauser OH, Packer A, Tribulski K, Winans A, Vecchiotti MA, Scott AR. Ambient noise limits efficacy of smartphone-based screening for hearing loss in children at risk. Am J Otolaryngol 2022; 43:103223. [PMID: 34560596 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if hearScreen®, a smartphone-based pure tone audiometric screen, serves as an effective hearing screen for identifying hearing loss in children at risk, such as those with chronic otitis media and/or craniofacial anomalies. METHODS A cross-sectional, single-center, prospective study at an urban tertiary care hospital was completed. From June to October 2019, a total of 208 pediatric ears at risk for hearing loss were evaluated by both hearScreen® and conventional pure tone audiometry. The efficacy of hearScreen® for detecting hearing loss in a pediatric population at risk was determined. RESULTS A total of 208 pediatric ears at risk for hearing loss were screened. HearScreen® demonstrated a sensitivity of 85%, a specificity of 41%, a positive predictive value of 36%, and a negative predictive value of 87%. Subgroup analysis stratified by hearing loss type showed that hearScreen® screens for conductive hearing loss with increased sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS This investigation suggests that hearScreen® may serve as a an accessible, low-cost, and sensitive pure tone audiometric screen for hearing loss in children at risk, particularly those with conductive hearing loss, with the caveat that it may generate a high proportion of false positives due to the influence of ambient noise, especially when screening at 500 Hz. Future investigations should weigh the utility of including 500 Hz in the screening protocol as well as assess methods that may mitigate the influence of ambient noise during a pure-tone audiometric screen.
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Diagnostic Validity of Self-Reported Hearing Loss in Elderly Taiwanese Individuals: Diagnostic Performance of a Hearing Self-Assessment Questionnaire on Audiometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413215. [PMID: 34948824 PMCID: PMC8707226 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Key Points: Question: Can the traditional Chinese version of the hearing handicap inventory for elderly screening (HHIE-S) checklist screen for age-related hearing loss (ARHL) in elderly individuals? Findings: In this cross-sectional study of 1696 Taiwanese patients who underwent annual government-funded geriatric health checkups, the Chinese version of the HHIE-S had a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 79.8% with a cutoff score greater than 6 for identifying patients with disabled hearing loss (defined as a PTA > 40 dB). Meaning: The traditional Chinese version of the HHIE-S is an effective test to detect ARHL and can improve the feasibility of large-scale hearing screening among elderly individuals. Purpose: The traditional Chinese version of the hearing handicap inventory for elderly screening (TC-HHIE-S) was translated from English and is intended for use with people whose native language is traditional Chinese, but its effectiveness and diagnostic performance are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the traditional Chinese version of the HHIE-S for screening for age-related hearing loss (ARHL). Methods: A total of 1696 elderly people underwent the government’s annual geriatric medical examination at community hospitals. In this cross-sectional study, we recorded average conducted pure-tone averages (PTA) (0.5 kHz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz), age, sex, and HHIE-S data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the best critical point for detecting hearing impairment, and the validity of the structure was verified by the agreement between the TC-HHIE-S and PTA results. Results: The HHIE-S scores were correlated with the better-ear pure-tone threshold averages (PTAs) at 0.5–4 kHz (correlation coefficient r = 0.45). The internal consistency of the total HHIE-S score was excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.901), and the test-retest reliability was also excellent (Spearman’s correlation coefficient = 0.60, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.75). In detecting disabled hearing loss (i.e., PTA at 0.5–4 kHz > 40 dB), the HHIE-S cutoff score of > 6 had a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 79.8%. Conclusions: The traditional Chinese version of the HHIE-S is a valid, reliable, and efficient tool for large-scale screening for ARHL.
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Eksteen S, Eikelboom RH, Launer S, Kuper H, Swanepoel DW. Referral Criteria for Preschool Hearing Screening in Resource-Constrained Settings: A Comparison of Protocols. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2021; 52:868-876. [PMID: 34061576 DOI: 10.1044/2021_lshss-21-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to describe and compare the performance of two screening protocols used for preschool hearing screening in resource-constrained settings. Method Secondary data analysis was done to determine the performance of two protocols implemented during a preschool hearing screening program using mobile health technology in South Africa. Pure-tone audiometry screening at 25 dB HL for 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz in each ear was used by both protocols. The fail criterion for the first protocol (2,147 children screened) constituted a no-response on one or more frequencies in either ear. The second protocol required two or more no-responses (5,782 children). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate associations between outcomes and protocol, age, gender, and duration. Results Fail rates for the one-frequency fail protocol was 8.7% (n = 186) and 4.3% (n = 250) for the two-frequency fail protocol. Children screened with the two-frequency fail protocol were 52.9% less likely to fail (p < .001; OR = 0.471; 95% confidence interval [0.385, 0.575]). Gender (p = .251) and age (p = .570) had no significant effect on screening outcome. A percentage of cases screened (44.7%) exceeded permissible noise levels in at least one ear at 1000 Hz across both protocols. True- and false-positive cases did not differ significantly between protocols. Protocol type (p = .204), gender (p = .314), and age (p = .982) did not affect the odds of being a true-positive result. Average screening time was 72.8 s (78.66 SD) and 64.9 s (55.78 SD) for the one-frequency and two-frequency fail protocols, respectively. Conclusions A two-frequency fail criterion and immediate rescreen of failed frequencies significantly reduced referral rate for follow-up services that are often overburdened in resourced-constrained settings. Future protocol adaptations can also consider increasing the screening levels at 1000 Hz to minimize the influence of environmental noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Eksteen
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robert H Eikelboom
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.,Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia.,Ear Sciences Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Stefan Launer
- Sonova AG, Science & Technology, Stäfa, Switzerland.,School of Health and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hannah Kuper
- Clinical Research Department, International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - De Wet Swanepoel
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.,Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia
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The Significance of Audiometric Notching in Individuals With a History of Noise Exposure: A Systematic Review. Ear Hear 2021; 42:1109-1118. [PMID: 33908409 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The diagnosis of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is reliant on the appraisal of audiometric data. A notch, dip or bulge, centered at the 4-kHz frequency is considered to be pathognomonic. However, guidelines applied to assist the diagnosis of NIHL often allow for a notch centered between the 3- and 6-kHz frequencies. The primary outcome of this review is to document the relationship between audiometric notching at particular frequencies and the populations in which they have been identified. DESIGN We included all population-based studies, cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, case-series, and case reports of adults and children, with exposure to noise and with a notch, dip or bulge. The review has been registered with Prospero (Registration: CRD42017079901) and prepared in line with the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS We included 84 articles in the final systematic review. There were a total of 1,438,987 individuals, aged 7 to 80 years old. The studies were conducted in 26 different countries. Fourteen studies identified notching at 3 kHz, 63 studies identified notching at 4 kHz, and 47 studies identified notching at 6 kHz. The Newcastle-Ottawa risk assessment tool was performed on 82 of the studies emphasizing the high risk of bias in observational studies. CONCLUSIONS The overwhelming outcome of this systematic review demonstrates that the relationship between noise exposure and a 3- to 6-kHz audiometric notch is not straight-forward. A handful of articles have displayed a clear association between an individual's noise exposure and an audiometric notch. Unilateral notches, notches observed at 3 kHz and notches in the absence of continued high-intensity noise exposure must be scrutinized thoroughly. The ambiguous nature of NIHL directs its continued interest.
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Yong M, Panth N, McMahon CM, Thorne PR, Emmett SD. How the World's Children Hear: A Narrative Review of School Hearing Screening Programs Globally. OTO Open 2020; 4:2473974X20923580. [PMID: 32490329 PMCID: PMC7238315 DOI: 10.1177/2473974x20923580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective School hearing screening may mitigate the effects of childhood hearing loss through early identification and intervention. This study provides an overview of existing school hearing screening programs around the world, identifies gaps in the literature, and develops priorities for future research. Data Sources A structured search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Review Methods A total of 65 articles were included according to predefined inclusion criteria. Parameters of interest included age groups screened, audiometric protocols, referral criteria, use of adjunct screening tests, rescreening procedures, hearing loss prevalence, screening test sensitivity and specificity, and loss to follow-up. Conclusions School hearing screening is mandated in few regions worldwide, and there is little accountability regarding whether testing is performed. Screening protocols differ in terms of screening tests included and thresholds used. The most common protocols included a mix of pure tone screening (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz), otoscopy, and tympanometry. Estimates of region-specific disease prevalence were methodologically inaccurate, and rescreening was poorly addressed. Loss to follow-up was also a ubiquitous concern. Implications for Practice There is an urgent need for standardized school hearing screening protocol guidelines globally, which will facilitate more accurate studies of hearing loss prevalence and determination of screening test sensitivity and specificity. In turn, these steps will increase the robustness with which we can study the effects of screening and treatment interventions, and they will support the development of guidelines on the screening, diagnostic, and rehabilitation services needed to reduce the impact of childhood hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yong
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Neelima Panth
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Peter R Thorne
- Section of Audiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eisdell Moore Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan D Emmett
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Chu YC, Cheng YF, Lai YH, Tsao Y, Tu TY, Young ST, Chen TS, Chung YF, Lai F, Liao WH. A Mobile Phone-Based Approach for Hearing Screening of School-Age Children: Cross-Sectional Validation Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7:e12033. [PMID: 30932870 PMCID: PMC6462890 DOI: 10.2196/12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pure-tone screening (PTS) is considered as the gold standard for hearing screening programs in school-age children. Mobile devices, such as mobile phones, have the potential for audiometric testing. Objective This study aimed to demonstrate a new approach to rapidly screen hearing status and provide stratified test values, using a smartphone-based hearing screening app, for each screened ear of school-age children. Method This was a prospective cohort study design. The proposed smartphone-based screening method and a standard sound-treated booth with PTS were used to assess 85 school-age children (170 ears). Sound-treated PTS involved applying 4 test tones to each tested ear: 500 Hz at 25 dB and 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, and 4000 Hz at 20 dB. The results were classified as pass (normal hearing in the ear) or fail (possible hearing impairment). The proposed smartphone-based screening employs 20 stratified hearing scales. Thresholds were compared with those of pure-tone average (PTA). Results A total of 85 subjects (170 ears), including 38 males and 47 females, aged between 11 and 12 years with a mean (SD) of 11 (0.5) years, participated in the trial. Both screening methods produced comparable pass and fail results (pass in 168 ears and fail in 2 ears). The smartphone-based screening detected moderate or worse hearing loss (average PTA>25 dB) accurately. Both the sensitivity and specificity of the smartphone-based screening method were calculated at 100%. Conclusions The results of the proposed smartphone-based self-hearing test demonstrated high concordance with conventional PTS in a sound-treated booth. Our results suggested the potential use of the proposed smartphone-based hearing screening in a school-age population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chia Chu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics & Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Information Management Office, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Big Data Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Fu Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hui Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Tsao
- Research Center for Information Technology Innovation, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Yang Tu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Tzer-Shyong Chen
- Department of Information Management, Tunghai University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Chung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tunghai University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feipei Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics & Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Prevalence of Hearing Loss Among a Representative Sample of Canadian Children and Adolescents, 3 to 19 Years of Age. Ear Hear 2018; 38:7-20. [PMID: 27556530 PMCID: PMC5181131 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objectives: There are no nationally representative hearing loss (HL) prevalence data available for Canadian youth using direct measurements. The present study objectives were to estimate national prevalence of HL using audiometric pure-tone thresholds (0.5 to 8 kHz) and or distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) for children and adolescents, aged 3 to 19 years. Design: This cross-sectional population-based study presents findings from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey, entailing an in-person household interview and hearing measurements conducted in a mobile examination clinic. The initial study sample included 2591 participants, aged 3 to 19 years, representing 6.5 million Canadians (3.3 million males). After exclusions, subsamples consisted of 2434 participants, aged 3 to 19 years and 1879 participants, aged 6 to 19 years, with valid audiometric results. Eligible participants underwent otoscopic examination, tympanometry, DPOAE, and audiometry. HL was defined as a pure-tone average >20 dB for 6- to 18-year olds and ≥26 dB for 19-year olds, for one or more of the following: four-frequency (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) pure-tone average, high-frequency (3, 4, 6, and 8 kHz) pure-tone average, and low-frequency (0.5, 1, and 2 kHz) pure-tone average. Mild HL was defined as >20 to 40 dB (6- to 18-year olds) and ≥26 to 40 dB (19-year olds). Moderate or worse HL was defined as >40 dB (6- to 19-year olds). HL in 3- to 5-year olds (n = 555) was defined as absent DPOAEs as audiometry was not conducted. Self-reported HL was evaluated using the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 hearing questions. Results: The primary study outcome indicates that 7.7% of Canadian youth, aged 6 to 19, had any HL, for one or more pure-tone average. Four-frequency pure-tone average and high-frequency pure-tone average HL prevalence was 4.7 and 6.0%, respectively, whereas 5.8% had a low-frequency pure-tone average HL. Significantly more children/adolescents had unilateral HL. Mild HL was significantly more common than moderate or worse HL for each pure-tone average. Among Canadians, aged 6 to 19, less than 2.2% had sensorineural HL. Among Canadians, aged 3 to 19, less than 3.5% had conductive HL. Absent DPOAEs were found in 7.1E% of 3- to 5-year olds, and in 3.4E% of 6- to 19-year olds. Among participants eligible for the hearing evaluation and excluding missing data cases (n = 2575), 17.0% had excessive or impacted pus/wax in one or both ears. Self-reported HL in Canadians, aged 6 to 19, was 0.6 E% and 65.3% (aged 3 to 19) reported never having had their hearing tested. E indicates that a high sampling variability is associated with the estimate (coefficient of variation between 16.6% and 33.3%) and should be interpreted with caution. Conclusions: This study provides the first estimates of audiometrically measured HL prevalence among Canadian children and adolescents. A larger proportion of youth have measured HL than was previously reported using self-report surveys, indicating that screening using self-report or proxy may not be effective in identifying individuals with mild HL. Results may underestimate the true prevalence of HL due to the large number excluded and the presentation of impacted or excessive earwax or pus, precluding an accurate or complete hearing evaluation. The majority of 3- to 5-year olds with absent DPOAEs likely had conductive HL. Nonetheless, this type of HL which can be asymptomatic, may become permanent if left untreated. Future research will benefit from analyses, which includes the slight HL category, for which there is growing support, and from studies that identify factors contributing to HL in this population.
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Sekhar DL, Zalewski TR, Beiler JS, Czarnecki B, Barr AL, King TS, Paul IM. The Sensitivity of Adolescent School-Based Hearing Screens Is Significantly Improved by Adding High Frequencies. J Sch Nurs 2016; 32:416-422. [PMID: 27302960 DOI: 10.1177/1059840516654004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High frequency hearing loss (HFHL), often related to hazardous noise, affects one in six U.S. adolescents. Yet, only 20 states include school-based hearing screens for adolescents. Only six states test multiple high frequencies. Study objectives were to (1) compare the sensitivity of state school-based hearing screens for adolescents to gold standard sound-treated booth testing and (2) consider the effect of adding multiple high frequencies and two-step screening on sensitivity/specificity. Of 134 eleventh-grade participants (2013-2014), 43 of the 134 (32%) did not pass sound-treated booth testing, and 27 of the 43 (63%) had HFHL. Sensitivity/specificity of the most common protocol (1,000, 2,000, 4,000 Hz at 20 dB HL) for these hearing losses was 25.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [13.5, 41.2]) and 85.7% (95% CI [76.8, 92.2]), respectively. A protocol including 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000 Hz at 20 dB HL significantly improved sensitivity to 76.7% (95% CI [61.4, 88.2]), p < .001. Two-step screening maintained specificity (84.6%, 95% CI [75.5, 91.3]). Adolescent school-based hearing screen sensitivity improves with high frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa L Sekhar
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Thomas R Zalewski
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA, USA
| | - Jessica S Beiler
- Pediatric Clinical Research Office, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Beth Czarnecki
- Department of Audiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Tonya S King
- Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ian M Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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de Laat JAPM, van Deelen L, Wiefferink K. Hearing Screening and Prevention of Hearing Loss in Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2016; 59:243-245. [PMID: 27562364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan A P M de Laat
- Department of Audiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura van Deelen
- Netherlands Hearing Health Foundation, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Wiefferink
- Dutch Foundation for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Child, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Serpanos YC, Senzer D, Renne B, Langer R, Hoffman R. The Efficacy of Routine Screening for High-Frequency Hearing Loss in Adults and Children. Am J Audiol 2015; 24:377-83. [PMID: 25885798 DOI: 10.1044/2015_aja-15-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of routine screening for high-frequency hearing loss (HFHL) including 3000, 6000, and 8000 Hz frequencies with conventional test frequencies (1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) in adults and children in a university outreach program. METHOD Screening outcomes were examined in 2 cohorts of adults (Cohort 1, N = 315, M = 66.2 years; Cohort 2, N = 67, M = 68.3 years) and children (Cohort 1, N = 177, M = 6.5 years; Cohort 2, N = 57, M = 6.9 years) with a high-frequency screen protocol (1000-8000 Hz at 25 dB HL for adults and 20 dB HL for children) using supra-aural headphones. A rescreen was conducted in Cohort 2 with a modified protocol using insert earphones and monitored ambient noise levels. RESULTS Average total test time significantly increased (p < .0001) and nearly doubled with inclusion of 3000-, 6000-, and 8000-Hz frequencies, adding approximately 1 min. Rescreen referral rates decreased by approximately 2%-16% at 1000-8000 Hz (approximately 13%-16% at 6000 and 8000 Hz) using the modified protocol in adults and children, supporting false-positive responses using supra-aural headphones. CONCLUSION Screening for HFHL should include insert earphones in order to prevent potential errors, particularly at 6000 and 8000 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yula C. Serpanos
- Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
- Long Island Doctor of Audiology Consortium, New York
| | - Deborah Senzer
- Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
- Long Island Doctor of Audiology Consortium, New York
| | - Brittany Renne
- Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
- Long Island Doctor of Audiology Consortium, New York
| | - Rebecca Langer
- Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
- Long Island Doctor of Audiology Consortium, New York
| | - Roxanne Hoffman
- Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
- Long Island Doctor of Audiology Consortium, New York
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12
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Dodd-Murphy J, Murphy W, Bess FH. Accuracy of school screenings in the identification of minimal sensorineural hearing loss. Am J Audiol 2014; 23:365-73. [PMID: 25088976 DOI: 10.1044/2014_aja-14-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to investigate how the use of a 25 dB HL referral criterion in school screenings affects the identification of hearing loss categorized as minimal sensorineural hearing loss (MSHL). METHOD A retrospective study applied screening levels of 20 and 25 dB HL at 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz in each ear to previously obtained pure-tone thresholds for 1,475 school-age children. In a separate prospective study, 1,704 children were screened at school under typical conditions, and a subsample had complete audiological evaluations. Referral rates, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated for each screening level. RESULTS Referral rates varied by grade and criterion level, with comparable results between the two data sets. In both studies, when the screening level increased, the sensitivity to MSHL declined markedly, whereas specificity increased in the prospective study. CONCLUSIONS Screening at 25 dB yields poor sensitivity to MSHL. Converging evidence from these diverse populations supports using the 20 dB level to help identify MSHL. Multistage screening is recommended to limit referral rates. Even at 20 dB HL, cases of MSHL may be missed. Audiologists should encourage parents, educators, and speech–language pathologists to refer children suspected of hearing difficulty for complete audiological evaluations even if they pass school screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fred H. Bess
- Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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Stewart M, Meinke DK, Snyders JK, Howerton K. Shooting habits of youth recreational firearm users. Int J Audiol 2014; 53 Suppl 2:S26-34. [PMID: 24564690 DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2013.857437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study surveyed youth recreational firearm users (YRFUs) regarding shooting habits, reported use of hearing protection devices (HPDs), self-assessed auditory status, and attitudes about firearm noise and hearing loss. DESIGN A descriptive study using a 28-item survey administered by personal interview. STUDY SAMPLE Two-hundred and ten youth aged 10 to 17 years responded. RESULTS Seventy-eight percent of those surveyed began shooting before the age of ten. The majority reported using large caliber firearms capable of rapid fire for both hunting and target practice. Most youths in this study were not aware of, and therefore, were not utilizing HPDs specifically designed for the shooting sports. Ten percent of subjects reported constant tinnitus and 45% notice tinnitus occurred or worsened after shooting. Although the majority of YRFUs reported good or perfect hearing, a small percentage (4-5%) of youth reported having only 'fair" hearing. CONCLUSION YRFUs are putting themselves at risk beginning at a young age for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and tinnitus based on self-reported shooting habits and inconsistent use of HPDs during both target practice and hunting activities. This research highlights the need for early education and intervention efforts to minimize the risk of NIHL in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stewart
- * Department of Communication Disorders, Central Michigan University , Mount Pleasant, Michigan , USA
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Sekhar DL, Zalewski TR, King TS, Paul IM. Current office-based hearing screening questions fail to identify adolescents at risk for hearing loss. J Med Screen 2014; 21:172-9. [PMID: 25200362 DOI: 10.1177/0969141314551850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a rising prevalence of hearing loss among adolescents in the United States. Current paediatric preventive care recommendations by the Bright Futures guidelines and the American Academy of Pediatrics suggest that clinicians should ask adolescents ten hearing screening questions to identify those who are at high risk of hearing loss for further objective hearing testing. We assessed the utility of these subjective risk assessment questions to distinguish those adolescents with objectively documented hearing loss. SETTING A single public high school in Pennsylvania. METHODS We compared results from a prospective study evaluating objective hearing assessments with the use of the ten Bright Futures hearing screening questions plus additional adolescent-specific questions to predict adolescent hearing loss. RESULTS In relation to the questions used in this study, adolescents who were referred following objective hearing screens were more likely to report "trouble following the conversation when two or more people are talking at the same time" and a "past experience of slight hearing loss". Referrals from sound treated booth testing were more likely to report "trouble hearing over the phone" and have a diagnosis or history of hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS Most Bright Futures questions were not associated with adolescent hearing loss. An objective adolescent hearing screen should be considered in the recommended schedule of preventive care, instead of the current risk-based subjective assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tonya S King
- Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Ian M Paul
- Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Sekhar DL, Zalewski TR, Ghossaini SN, King TS, Rhoades JA, Czarnecki B, Grounds S, Deese B, Barr AL, Paul IM. Pilot study of a high-frequency school-based hearing screen to detect adolescent hearing loss. J Med Screen 2014; 21:18-23. [PMID: 24523012 DOI: 10.1177/0969141314524565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Like most of the United States, school-based hearing screening in Pennsylvania focuses on low-frequency, conductive hearing losses typical for young children, rather than the high-frequency, noise-induced hearing loss more prevalent among adolescents. The objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of current school hearing screening in Pennsylvania with hearing screening including high frequencies, designed to detect adolescent hearing loss. SETTING A single public high school. METHODS In the Autumn of 2011 the high-frequency screen was delivered alongside the Pennsylvania school screen for students in the 11(th) grade. Screening referrals and a subset of passes returned for "gold standard" testing with audiology in a sound treated booth, in order to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the screening tests. RESULTS Of 282 participants, five (2%) were referred on the Pennsylvania school screen, and 85 (30%) were referred on the high-frequency screen. Of the 48 who returned for gold standard testing with audiology, hearing loss was diagnosed in 9/48 (19%). Sensitivity of the Pennsylvania and high-frequency screens were 13% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0-53%) and 100% (95% CI 66-100%) respectively. Specificity of the Pennsylvania and high-frequency screens were 97% (95% CI 87-100%) and 49% (95% CI 32-65%) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Current school hearing screens have low sensitivity for detection of adolescent hearing loss. Modifying school-based protocols may be warranted to best screen adolescents, and make optimal use of school nurse time and effort.
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16
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Variability of state school-based hearing screening protocols in the United States. J Community Health 2014; 38:569-74. [PMID: 23355103 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-013-9652-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of hearing loss has increased among United States children. As schools commonly perform hearing screens, we sought to contrast current United States school-based hearing screening protocols. State department of health and education websites were reviewed to assess school hearing screening protocols for the fifty states and the District of Columbia. Individuals listed on these websites were contacted as necessary to confirm and/or acquire relevant data. School-based hearing screening is currently required in 34/51 (67 %) states. Of these 34 states, 28 (82 %) mandate grades for screening, but only 20 (59 %) require screening beyond 6th grade. Pure tone audiometry is the most common screening method (33/34 [97 %]). A majority of states screen at 1, 2 and 4 kHz usually at 20 or 25 dB hearing level. Six states recommend or require testing at 6 or 8 kHz, which is necessary to detect high-frequency hearing loss. The results indicate that United States school-based hearing screens vary significantly. They focus on low frequencies with few testing adolescents for whom high-frequency hearing loss has increased. Disparities in hearing loss detection are likely, particularly considering the evolution of hazardous noise exposures and rising prevalence of hearing loss.
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Levey S, Fligor BJ, Ginocchi C, Kagimbi L. The Effects of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss on Children and Young Adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1044/cicsd_39_f_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Meinke DK. Pure-tone threshold testing is better at detecting high-frequency hearing loss in adolescents. J Pediatr 2012; 160:882-3. [PMID: 22516331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Zimatore G, Fetoni AR, Paludetti G, Cavagnaro M, Podda MV, Troiani D. Post-processing analysis of transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions to detect 4 kHz-notch hearing impairment--a pilot study. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:MT41-9. [PMID: 21629197 PMCID: PMC3539534 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To identify a parameter to distinguish normal hearing from hearing impairment in the early stages. The parameter was obtained from transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs), overcoming the limitations of the usually adopted waveform descriptive parameters which may fail in standard clinical screenings. Material/Methods Audiometric examinations and TEOAE analysis were conducted on 15 normal ears and on 14 hearing-impaired ears that exhibited an audiometric notch around 4 kHz. TEOAE signals were analyzed through a multivariate technique to filter out the individual variability and to highlight the dynamic structure of the signals. The new parameter (named radius 2-dimension – RAD2D) was defined and evaluated for simulated TEOAE signals modeling a different amount of hearing impairment. Results Audiometric examinations indicated 14 ears as impaired-hearing (IH), while the TEOAE ILO92 whole reproducibility parameter (WWR) indicated as IH 7 signals out of 14 (50%). The proposed new parameter indicated as IH 9 signals out of 14 (64%), reducing the number of false negative cases of WWR. Conclusions In this preliminary study there is evidence that the new parameter RAD2D defines the topology and the quantification of the damage in the inner ear. The proposed protocol can be useful in hearing screenings to identify hearing impairments much earlier than conventional pure tone audiometry and TEOAE pass/fail test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Zimatore
- Institute of Otolaryngology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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20
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Le Prell CG, Hensley BN, Campbell KCM, Hall JW, Guire K. Evidence of hearing loss in a 'normally-hearing' college-student population. Int J Audiol 2011; 50 Suppl 1:S21-31. [PMID: 21288064 DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2010.540722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report pure-tone hearing threshold findings in 56 college students. All subjects reported normal hearing during telephone interviews, yet not all subjects had normal sensitivity as defined by well-accepted criteria. At one or more test frequencies (0.25-8 kHz), 7% of ears had thresholds ≥25 dB HL and 12% had thresholds ≥20 dB HL. The proportion of ears with abnormal findings decreased when three-frequency pure-tone-averages were used. Low-frequency PTA hearing loss was detected in 2.7% of ears and high-frequency PTA hearing loss was detected in 7.1% of ears; however, there was little evidence for 'notched' audiograms. There was a statistically reliable relationship in which personal music player use was correlated with decreased hearing status in male subjects. Routine screening and education regarding hearing loss risk factors are critical as college students do not always self-identify early changes in hearing. Large-scale systematic investigations of college students' hearing status appear to be warranted; the current sample size was not adequate to precisely measure potential contributions of different sound sources to the elevated thresholds measured in some subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Le Prell
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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21
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Schlauch RS, Carney E. Are false-positive rates leading to an overestimation of noise-induced hearing loss? JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2011; 54:679-692. [PMID: 20844255 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0132)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate false-positive rates for rules proposed to identify early noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) using the presence of notches in audiograms. METHOD Audiograms collected from school-age children in a national survey of health and nutrition (the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES III]; National Center for Health Statistics, 1994) were examined using published rules for identifying noise notches at various pass-fail criteria. These results were compared with computer-simulated "flat" audiograms. The proportion of these identified as having a noise notch is an estimate of the false-positive rate for a particular rule. RESULTS Audiograms from the NHANES III for children 6-11 years of age yielded notched audiograms at rates consistent with simulations, suggesting that this group does not have significant NIHL. Further, pass-fail criteria for rules suggested by expert clinicians, applied to NHANES III audiometric data, yielded unacceptably high false-positive rates. CONCLUSIONS Computer simulations provide an effective method for estimating false-positive rates for protocols used to identify notched audiograms. Audiometric precision could possibly be improved by (a) eliminating systematic calibration errors, including a possible problem with reference levels for TDH-style earphones; (b) repeating and averaging threshold measurements; and (c) using earphones that yield lower variability for 6.0 and 8.0 kHz--2 frequencies critical for identifying noise notches.
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Le Prell CG, Hensley BN, Campbell KCM, Hall JW, Guire K. Evidence of hearing loss in a 'normally-hearing' college-student population. Int J Audiol 2011. [PMID: 21288064 DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2010.540722.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We report pure-tone hearing threshold findings in 56 college students. All subjects reported normal hearing during telephone interviews, yet not all subjects had normal sensitivity as defined by well-accepted criteria. At one or more test frequencies (0.25-8 kHz), 7% of ears had thresholds ≥25 dB HL and 12% had thresholds ≥20 dB HL. The proportion of ears with abnormal findings decreased when three-frequency pure-tone-averages were used. Low-frequency PTA hearing loss was detected in 2.7% of ears and high-frequency PTA hearing loss was detected in 7.1% of ears; however, there was little evidence for 'notched' audiograms. There was a statistically reliable relationship in which personal music player use was correlated with decreased hearing status in male subjects. Routine screening and education regarding hearing loss risk factors are critical as college students do not always self-identify early changes in hearing. Large-scale systematic investigations of college students' hearing status appear to be warranted; the current sample size was not adequate to precisely measure potential contributions of different sound sources to the elevated thresholds measured in some subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Le Prell
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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23
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Berg AL, Serpanos YC. High frequency hearing sensitivity in adolescent females of a lower socioeconomic status over a period of 24 years (1985-2008). J Adolesc Health 2011; 48:203-8. [PMID: 21257121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine annually over a period of 24 years, the high frequency hearing sensitivity in different groups of urban female adolescents with a low socioeconomic status (SES) and residential foster care. METHODS Hearing screening (15 decibel [dB] hearing level ranging from 1,000 to 8,000 Hertz [Hz]) and threshold (>15 dB hearing level) records were obtained from 8,710 female adolescents (mean age, 15.8 years [range, 12-20 years]), predominantly Hispanic and African American from households with a low SES. Data related to the use of personal listening devices (PLDs), daily hours of usage, occurrence of tinnitus, and hearing thresholds between 1,000 and 8,000 Hz over an 8-year period (2001-2008) were obtained from the adolescents. RESULTS High frequency hearing loss (HFHL) doubled over the 24-year period from 10.1% in 1985 to 19.2% in 2008. In comparison with the general adolescent population, this group of female adolescents presented with a higher percentage of bilateral mild or greater degrees of HFHL at two or more frequencies including 3,000, 4,000, and 6,000 Hz. Use of PLDs increased four-fold, from 18.3% (n = 68) in 2001 to 76.4% (n = 227) in 2008. Of the total number reporting tinnitus (n = 286), 99.7% (n = 285) also reported regular PLD use. A significant relationship was found between PLD use and reported tinnitus and HFHL irrespective of time of use of PLD. CONCLUSIONS Increased incidence of HFHL, reported tinnitus, PLD use, and hours of daily use in at-risk female adolescents of a low SES was found. A frequency interval of 3,000-6,000 Hz should be included in hearing screening protocols to identify potentially disabling hearing loss. Hearing conservation strategies need to be developed and/or modified that target and reach at-risk children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey L Berg
- Department of Biology and Health Sciences, Communication Sciences and Disorders Program, Dyson College of Arts and Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA.
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Liao WH, Lien CF, Young ST. The Hearing Scale Test for hearing screening of school-age children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 74:760-4. [PMID: 20394995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to demonstrate a new modified hearing screening method that can rapidly screen hearing and provide stratified test values for each screened ear of children. METHODS The proposed Hearing Scale Test (HST) and pure-tone screening (PTS) were applied to 384 school-age children. PTS involved applying four test tones to each tested ear: 500 Hz at 25 dB, and 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz at 20 dB; and classifying the results as "pass" (normal hearing in the ear) or "fail" (possible hearing impairment). The HST employs ten stratified hearing scales from S(1) to S(10), with each hearing scale containing four test tones and where adjacent scales differ from each other by 5 B, ranging from 0 dB (S(1)) to 45 dB (S(10)). The four test tones of hearing scale S(5) are the same hearing criteria and the median reference standard of the stimulus level in the HST. Scales S(1)-S(5) on the HST are equivalent to a PTS "pass" result, while S(6)-S(10) and no response (NR) are equivalent to a PTS "fail" result. RESULTS The two screening methods produced comparable "pass" and "fail" results. In the HST, the "pass" results were further stratified as S(1) in 4 ears, S(2) in 52 ears, S(3) in 226 ears, S(4) in 272 ears, and S(5) in 169 ears, while the "fail" results were stratified as S(6) in 23 ears, S(7) in 12 ears, S(8) in 1 ear, S(9) in 2 ears, S(10) in 5 ears, and no response (NR) in 2 ears. The hearing screening results of the HST are interpreted as follows: scales S(1)-S(5) indicate normal hearing, scales S(6) and S(7) indicate possible hearing impairment, and scales S(8)-S(10) and NR indicate confirmed hearing impairment. CONCLUSIONS Conventional PTS only gives a pass/fail result for each screened ear, lacks hearing status assessment, and lacks stratified test values to be recorded for follow-up. In contrast, the HST has stratified hearing scales for each screened ear, which reflects the current hearing status and provides test values that can be recorded for follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Huei Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Taha AA, Pratt SR, Farahat TM, Abdel-Rasoul GM, Albtanony MA, Elrashiedy ALE, Alwakeel HR, Zein A. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hearing Impairment Among Primary-School Children in Shebin El-Kom District, Egypt. Am J Audiol 2010; 19:46-60. [DOI: 10.1044/1059-0889(2010/09-0030)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
This study examined the feasibility of screening hearing loss in rural and urban schools in Egypt, and investigated the prevalence and causes of hearing impairment (HI) in Egyptian primary-school students.
Method
A total of 555 children (6–12 years of age) from a rural and an urban school in the Shebin El-Kom District of Egypt were screened for HI at their schools. A 2-stage screening procedure was used, and positive cases were referred for a diagnostic hearing assessment at a regional medical facility. Risk factors were investigated through a parent questionnaire and an environmental study consisting of noise, ventilation, and crowding measurements at the schools.
Results
The screening failure rate was 25.6%, and the prevalence of confirmed HI was 20.9%. The rate of HI did not differ across the schools. Conductive hearing loss of minimal to mild severity was the most common type of HI. The most important predictors for HI were parent suspicion, otitis media, household smoking, low socioeconomic status, and postnatal jaundice.
Conclusions
The prevalence of HI did not differ across settings and was more common than reported in children from developed countries. The screening results also suggest that professionals with limited audiology background can be trained to implement hearing screening programs in Egyptian schools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheila R. Pratt
- University of Pittsburgh and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Medical System, PA
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Widén S, Holmes A, Johnson T, Bohlin M, Erlandsson S. Hearing, use of hearing protection, and attitudes towards noise among young American adults. Int J Audiol 2009; 48:537-45. [DOI: 10.1080/14992020902894541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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