Development of Neural Structure and Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Potential Implications for Learning Language

Affective Contact in Autism: A Phenomenological Study of the Emotional Experiences of Autistic Adults

IMPORTANCE

Since the first descriptions of autism, difficulties with affective contact (e.g., interpersonal exchanges of feelings between individuals) have been considered a common feature of autism spectrum disorder, and these difficulties frequently manifest in occupational therapy interventions.

OBJECTIVE

To (1) explore how autistic young adults describe their emotions and (2) suggest ways to improve the affective contact between autistic clients and their therapists.

DESIGN

Virtual focus group interviews.

SETTING

Online (Qualtrics) survey and Zoom focus groups.

PARTICIPANTS

Autistic adults (N = 24) who met the following inclusion criteria: self-reported diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder or Asperger syndrome, age 18-35 yr, able to understand English, and able to participate in a focus group or individual interview using verbal or written communication.

RESULTS

Two themes were noted and are presented in this article: (1) Autistic people experience complex emotions and (2) autistic people's emotions are often (mis)measured and (mis)understood.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

The findings indicate that autistic people experience diverse, complex, and intense emotions and that these are connected to occupation. This suggests that occupational therapists must be attuned to the emotional dimension of occupation when working with autistic clients and that autistic clients may benefit from the use of embodied language to reference their emotions. Occupational therapists can help autistic clients recognize their bodily changes when experiencing emotions and to better identify and regulate their emotions. The results also show that there were many cases nonautistic people misinterpreted the emotions of autistic people on the basis of their facial expressions or words. Plain-Language Summary: This article provides information about the emotional experiences of autistic people. The study found that autistic people experience complex emotions and that those emotions are often misinterpreted or misunderstood. The author provides information on how occupational therapists can use a neurodiversity-affirming and person-centered approach to support the emotional experiences of people in the autism community. Positionality Statement: In this article, identity-first language is used when referring to autistic adults. This deliberate choice aligns with the principles of the neurodiversity-affirming movement. Autistic self-advocates have indicated a preference for this style of language over person-first language. The author would also like to acknowledge their positionality. As both a neurodivergent researcher and a self-advocate for the disabled community, this style of language aligns with their own experiences of and beliefs about their disability.

Investigating Sex-Based Neural Differences in Autism and Their Extended Reality Intervention Implications

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) affects millions of individuals worldwide, and there is growing interest in the use of extended reality (XR) technologies for intervention. Despite the promising potential of XR interventions, there remain gaps in our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying ASD, particularly in relation to sex-based differences. This scoping review synthesizes the current research on brain activity patterns in ASD, emphasizing the implications for XR interventions and neurofeedback therapy. We examine the brain regions commonly affected by ASD, the potential benefits and drawbacks of XR technologies, and the implications of sex-specific differences for designing effective interventions. Our findings underscore the need for ongoing research into the neurobiological underpinnings of ASD and sex-based differences, as well as the importance of developing tailored interventions that consider the unique needs and experiences of autistic individuals.

Retained Primitive Reflexes and Potential for Intervention in Autistic Spectrum Disorders

We provide evidence to support the contention that many aspects of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are related to interregional brain functional disconnectivity associated with maturational delays in the development of brain networks. We think a delay in brain maturation in some networks may result in an increase in cortical maturation and development in other networks, leading to a developmental asynchrony and an unevenness of functional skills and symptoms. The paper supports the close relationship between retained primitive reflexes and cognitive and motor function in general and in ASD in particular provided to indicate that the inhibition of RPRs can effect positive change in ASD.