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Boyle MP, Cheyne MR, Rosen AL. Self-Stigma of Stuttering: Implications for Communicative Participation and Mental Health. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:3328-3345. [PMID: 37524109 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if self-stigma-related variables predicted communicative participation and mental health in adults who stutter. A progressive model of self-stigma was theorized and tested. METHOD Adults who stutter (N = 344) completed a survey that included measures of communicative participation, global mental health, and a variety of self-stigma-related variables including perceived enacted stigma, stigma awareness, anticipated stigma, felt stigma, stereotype agreement, and stigma application, in addition to demographic and speech-related variables. Hierarchical regression was performed to test whether self-stigma-related variables progressively explained significant variance in both communicative participation and global mental health.c Results: After controlling for demographic and speech-related variables, stigma-related variables were found to be significant predictors of both communicative participation and global mental health among adults who stutter. Most self-stigma-related variables entered later in the model predicted additional unique variance in the outcome variables than the self-stigma-related variables entered in previous steps, thus supporting the trickle-down and progressive nature of the self-stigma model theorized. CONCLUSIONS Accounting for self-stigma in the assessment and treatment of individuals who stutter may identify and ultimately reduce environmental and personal barriers to communicative functioning and well-being in people who stutter. The self-stigma terminology and model described in this study will help practitioners, researchers, and the public better understand the process of self-stigma and how it may be associated with adverse outcomes experienced by people who stutter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Boyle
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Montclair State University, Bloomfield, NJ
| | - Madeline R Cheyne
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Montclair State University, Bloomfield, NJ
| | - Amy L Rosen
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Montclair State University, Bloomfield, NJ
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Mohammadi H, Maazinezhad S, Lorestani E, Zakiei A, Dürsteler KM, Brühl AB, Sadeghi-Bahmani D, Brand S. Sleep Problems, Social Anxiety and Stuttering Severity in Adults Who Do and Adults Who Do Not Stutter. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010161. [PMID: 36614966 PMCID: PMC9821465 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While there is sufficient evidence that children and adolescents who stutter reported more impaired sleep compared to children and adolescents who did not stutter, findings among adults who stutter (AWS) were scarce. Furthermore, stuttering is associated with issues related to verbal communication in a social context. As such, it was conceivable that AWS reported higher scores for social anxiety, compared to adults who do not stutter (AWNS). In the present study, we tested whether AWS reported higher sleep complaints compared to AWNS. We further tested whether scores for social anxiety and stuttering independently predicted sleep disturbances. Methods: A total of 110 AWS (mean age; 28.25 years, 27.30% females) and 162 AWNS (mean age; 29.40 years, 51.20% females) completed a series of self-rating questionnaires covering sociodemographic information, sleep disturbances and social anxiety. Adults with stuttering further completed a questionnaire on stuttering. Results: Compared to AWNS, AWS reported a shorter sleep duration, a lower sleep efficiency, higher scores for drug use in terms of sleep-promoting medications (significant p-values and medium effect sizes), and an overall higher PSQI score (significant p-values and large effect size), when controlling for age and social anxiety. Next, while p-values were always significant for subjective sleep quality, sleep disturbances, and daytime functioning, when controlling for age and social anxiety, their effect sizes were trivial or small. For sleep latency, the p-value was not significant and the effect size was trivial. Among AWS, higher scores for stuttering and older age, but not social anxiety, predicted higher sleep disturbances. The association between higher sleep disturbances and higher stuttering severity was greatest among those AWS with highest scores for social anxiety. Conclusions: When compared to AWNS, AWS self-reported higher sleep disturbances, which were associated with older age, and higher scores for stuttering severity, but not with social anxiety. Adults who stutter might be routinely asked for their sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa Mohammadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Soroush Maazinezhad
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Elaheh Lorestani
- Department of Psychology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran
| | - Ali Zakiei
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Kenneth M. Dürsteler
- Department of Addictive Disorders, Psychiatric University Clinic Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 3002 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Beatrix Brühl
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Serge Brand
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Sport and Psychosocial Health, Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center and Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 1417466191, Iran
- Center for Disaster Psychiatry and Disaster Psychology, Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Novikova I, Krivonkin K. Contemporary Theories of Stuttering Development. КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ И СПЕЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЯ 2022. [DOI: 10.17759/cpse.2022110301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The article presents a theoretical analysis of contemporary models of persistent stuttering development in children and adults at the current period of development of science. The accumulated amount of scientific knowledge suggests that stuttering has a neurological basis: it is associated with disorders in the structure and function of the brain. On this basis, there have been emerged models of stuttering that link the cause of a speech disorder with an unstable speech motor system. Theories and models of stuttering based on cognitive and language processing are likely to be useful in that they have explanatory power in relation to the mechanisms that play an important role in the production of key symptoms of stuttering. Considering that stuttering is a complex disorder, the logical result of this was the proposal of multifactorial models of impaired speech fluency. The presented overview may be useful to psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, speech therapists, teachers, and practitioners interacting with children and adults with stuttering and other speech fluency disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.A. Novikova
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov
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