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Gao M, Guo H, Dong X, Wang Z, Yang Z, Shang Q, Wang Q. Regulation of inflammation during wound healing: the function of mesenchymal stem cells and strategies for therapeutic enhancement. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1345779. [PMID: 38425646 PMCID: PMC10901993 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1345779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A wound takes a long time to heal and involves several steps. Following tissue injury, inflammation is the primary cause of tissue regeneration and repair processes. As a result, the pathophysiological processes involving skin damage, healing, and remodeling depend critically on the control of inflammation. The fact that it is a feasible target for improving the prognosis of wound healing has lately become clear. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an innovative and effective therapeutic option for wound healing due to their immunomodulatory and paracrine properties. By controlling the inflammatory milieu of wounds through immunomodulation, transplanted MSCs have been shown to speed up the healing process. In addition to other immunomodulatory mechanisms, including handling neutrophil activity and modifying macrophage polarization, there may be modifications to the activation of T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, several studies have shown that pretreating MSCs improves their ability to modulate immunity. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge about how MSCs influence local inflammation in wounds by influencing immunity to facilitate the healing process. We also provide an overview of MSCs optimizing techniques when used to treat wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiying Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Liu J, Yan L, Yang W, Lan Y, Zhu Q, Xu H, Zheng C, Guo R. Controlled-release neurotensin-loaded silk fibroin dressings improve wound healing in diabetic rat model. Bioact Mater 2019; 4:151-159. [PMID: 30989151 PMCID: PMC6447858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), which may lead to lower extremity amputation, is one of the severe and chronic complications of diabetic mellitus. This study aims to develop, and use dressings based on Silk fibroin (SF) as the scaffold material, gelatin microspheres (GMs) as the carrier for the neurotensin (NT), a neuropeptide that acts as an inflammatory modulator in wound healing and NT as accelerate wound healing drug to treat DFU. We evaluated the wound healing processes and neo-tissue formation in rat diabetic model by macroscopic observation, histological observation (H&E staining and Masson's trichrome staining) and immunofluorescence analysis at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 post-operation days. Our results show that the NT/GMs/SF group performance the best not only in macroscopic healing and less scars in 28 post-operation days, but also in fibroblast accumulation in tissue granulation, collagen expression and deposition at the wound site. From release profiles, we can know the GMs are a good carrier for control release drugs. The SEM results shows that the NT/GMs/SF dressings have an average pore size are 40–80 μm and a porosity of ∼85%, this pore size is suit for wound healing regeneration. These results suggest that the NT/GMs/SF dressings may work as an effective support for control release NT to promote DFU wound healing. This study aims to develop, and use dressings based on Silk fibroin (SF) as the scaffold material, gelatin microspheres (GMs) as the carrier for the Neurotensin (NT), a neuropeptide that acts as an inflammatory modulator in wound healing and NT as accelerate wound healing drug to treat DFU. The NT/GMs/SF dressings stimulated fibroblast accumulation in tissue granulation, collagen expression and deposition at the wound site, which lead to the production of a more organized collagen matrix. This treatment effectively accelerating wound regeneration and re-epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liwei Yan
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yong Lan
- Beogene Biotech (Guangzhou) CO., LTD, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Qiyu Zhu
- Beogene Biotech (Guangzhou) CO., LTD, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Hongjie Xu
- Beogene Biotech (Guangzhou) CO., LTD, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Canbin Zheng
- Department of Microsurgery and Orthopedic Trauma, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Umezu K, Yajima R, Hiradate Y, Yanai R, Numabe T, Hara K, Oikawa T, Tanemura K. Improvement in blastocyst quality by neurotensin signaling via its receptors in bovine spermatozoa during in vitro fertilization. J Reprod Dev 2019; 65:147-153. [PMID: 30662011 PMCID: PMC6473113 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that neurotensin (NT), which is expressed in the uterus and oviduct, enhanced bovine sperm capacitation and acrosome reactions. As NT mRNA expression in bovine
oviducts increases dramatically in the follicular phase, we hypothesized that NT modulates fertilization and subsequent conception in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the
effect of NT on embryo development and blastocyst quality. The rate of embryo cleavage was significantly increased by the addition of NT to the fertilization medium. Furthermore, the total
number of cells and numbers of cells in the inner cell mass of blastocysts were significantly increased by NT during in vitro fertilization (IVF). These results suggested
that NT enhanced the efficiency of early bovine embryo development and blastocyst quality. The expression of NT receptors (NTRs) in sperm, testes, oocytes, and cumulus cells was evaluated to
determine whether NT acted via NTRs in sperm alone or in both male and female reproductive cells during IVF. Immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed
that NTR1 and NTR2 were expressed in sperm and testes, but not in oocytes and cumulus cells. We propose that NT selectively acts upon sperm via NTR1 and NTR2 during IVF to improve the
cleavage rate and quality of blastocysts, which are important determinants of sperm quality for successful conception. This research supports our hypothesis that NT acts as a key modulator
of fertilization and conception in cattle. Further studies are necessary to apply our findings to the industrial framework of bovine reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Umezu
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Risa Yajima
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Miyagi 989-6445, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hiradate
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Rin Yanai
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Takashi Numabe
- Miyagi Agricultural Development Corporation, Miyagi 981-0914, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Hara
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Toshinori Oikawa
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Miyagi 989-6445, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanemura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
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4
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Azhari A, Azizan F, Esposito G. A systematic review of gut-immune-brain mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 61:752-771. [PMID: 30523646 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, the etiological origins of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) remain elusive. Recently, the mechanisms of ASD have encompassed emerging theories involving the gastrointestinal, immune, and nervous systems. While each of these perspectives presents its own set of supporting evidence, the field requires an integration of these modular concepts and an overarching view of how these subsystems intersect. In this systematic review, we have synthesized relevant evidences from the existing literature, evaluating them in an interdependent manner and in doing so, outlining their possible connections. Specifically, we first discussed gastrointestinal and immuno-inflammation pathways in-depth, exploring the relationships between microbial composition, bacterial metabolites, gut mucosa, and immune system constituents. Accounting for temporal differences in the mechanisms involved in neurodevelopment, prenatal and postnatal phases were further elucidated, where the former focused on maternal immune activation (MIA) and fetal development, while the latter addressed the role of immune dysregulation in contributing to atypical neurodevelopment. As autism remains, foremost, a neurodevelopmental disorder, this review presents an integration of disparate modules into a "Gut-Immune-Brain" paradigm. Existing gaps in the literature have been highlighted, and possible avenues for future research with an integrated physiological perspective underlying ASD have also been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiqah Azhari
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Farouq Azizan
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy
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Umezu K, Hiradate Y, Oikawa T, Ishiguro H, Numabe T, Hara K, Tanemura K. Exogenous neurotensin modulates sperm function in Japanese Black cattle. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:409-14. [PMID: 27210588 PMCID: PMC5004797 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the conception rates after artificial insemination have been pointed out
to decline continuously. To overcome this problem, the control of frozen and thawed
sperm quality is required. However, the mechanism of bovine sperm functional
regulation is still largely unknown. In mammals, the ejaculated sperm are capable of
showing fertilizing ability during migration in the female reproductive organs. It is
well known that these female organs secrete several factors contributing to sperm
capacitation. We previously reported that neurotensin (NT) secreted from the oviduct
and cumulus cells enhanced sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction in mice. In this
study, we confirmed the expression of the NT receptor (NTR1) in the bovine sperm neck
region and the secretion of NT in the bovine uterus and oviduct. The similar
expression patterns of NT and NTR1 suggests a conserved mechanism of sperm functional
regulation between mouse and cattle. Thus, we examined the effects of exogenous NT on
the bovine sperm functions. First, we showed that NT induced sperm protein tyrosine
phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that NT enhances sperm
capacitation. Second, we showed that NT induced acrosome reactions of capacitated
sperm in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that NT facilitates acrosome reaction.
Finally, we used a computer-aided sperm analysis system to show that NT did not have
a great effect on sperm motility. These results suggest that NT acts as a facilitator
of sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction in the female reproductive tracts in
cattle, highlighting the importance of NT-mediated signaling to regulate sperm
functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Umezu
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
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Neurotensin decreases the proinflammatory status of human skin fibroblasts and increases epidermal growth factor expression. Int J Inflam 2014; 2014:248240. [PMID: 25180119 PMCID: PMC4142739 DOI: 10.1155/2014/248240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts colonization into injured areas during wound healing (WH) is responsible for skin remodelling and is also involved in the modulation of inflammation, as fibroblasts are immunologically active. Herein, we aimed to determine neurotensin effect on the immunomodulatory profile of fibroblasts, both in homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Neurotensin mediated responses occurred through NTR1 or NTR3 receptors, while under inflammatory conditions NTR1 expression increase seemed to modulate neurotensin responses. Among different immunomodulatory genes, CCL11, IL-8, and IL-6 were the most expressed genes, while CCL4 and EGF were the less expressed genes. After neurotensin exposure, IL-8 mRNA expression was increased while CCL11 was decreased, suggesting a proinflammatory upregulation and chemoattractant ability downregulation of fibroblasts. Under inflammatory conditions, gene expression was significantly increased. After neurotensin exposure, CCL4 and IL-6 mRNA expression were decreased while CCL11 was increased, suggesting again a decrease in the chemoattractant capacity of fibroblasts and in their proinflammatory status. Furthermore, the expression of EGF, a crucial growth factor for skin cells proliferation and WH, was increased in all conditions. Overall, neurotensin, released by nerve fibers or skin cells, may be involved in the decrease of the chemotaxis and the proinflammatory status in the proliferation and remodelling phases of WH.
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Hiradate Y, Inoue H, Kobayashi N, Shirakata Y, Suzuki Y, Gotoh A, Roh SG, Uchida T, Katoh K, Yoshida M, Sato E, Tanemura K. Neurotensin enhances sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction in mice. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:53. [PMID: 25031361 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.112789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) has multiple functions, ranging from acting as a neurotransmitter to regulating intestinal movement. However, its function in reproductive physiology is unknown. Here, we confirmed the expression and localization of NT receptors (NTR1) in mouse epididymal spermatozoa and investigated the effect of NT on sperm function. Sperm protein tyrosine phosphorylation, one of the indices of sperm capacitation, was facilitated dose-dependently by NT administration. In addition, the acrosome reaction was promoted in capacitated spermatozoa, and addition of a selective antagonist of NTR1 and NTR2 blocked the induction. Furthermore, intracellular calcium mobilization by NT addition was observed. This showed that NT was an accelerator of sperm function via its functional receptors. The presence of NT was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and its localization was observed in epithelia of the uterus and oviduct isthmus and ampulla, which correspond to the fertilization route of spermatozoa. The NT mRNA level in ovulated cumulus cell was remarkably increased by treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Using an in vitro maturation model, we analyzed the effects of FSH, epidermal growth factor (EGF), estradiol, and progesterone in NT production in cumulus cells. We found that FSH and EGF upregulated NT release and mRNA expression. Both FSH- and EGF-induced upregulation were inhibited by U0126, an MAPK kinase inhibitor, indicating that FSH and EGF regulate NT expression via a MAPK-dependent pathway. This evidence suggests that NT can act as a promoter of sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction in the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Hiradate
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Norio Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Shirakata
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aina Gotoh
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sang-Gun Roh
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takafumi Uchida
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuo Katoh
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Manabu Yoshida
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eimei Sato
- National Livestock Breeding, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanemura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Mignini F, Sabbatini M, Mattioli L, Cosenza M, Artico M, Cavallotti C. Neuro-immune modulation of the thymus microenvironment (review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1392-400. [PMID: 24676230 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the primary site for T-cell lympho-poiesis. Its function includes the maturation and selection of antigen specific T cells and selective release of these cells to the periphery. These highly complex processes require precise parenchymal organization and compartmentation where a plethora of signalling pathways occur, performing strict control on the maturation and selection processes of T lymphocytes. In this review, the main morphological characteristics of the thymus microenvironment, with particular emphasis on nerve fibers and neuropeptides were assessed, as both are responsible for neuro-immune‑modulation functions. Among several neurotransmitters that affect thymus function, we highlight the dopaminergic system as only recently has its importance on thymus function and lymphocyte physiology come to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Mignini
- Human Anatomy, School of Drug and Health Products Science, University of Camerino, Ι-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sabbatini
- Human Anatomy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont ̔Amedeo Avogadro̓, I-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Laura Mattioli
- Human Anatomy, School of Drug and Health Products Science, University of Camerino, Ι-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Monica Cosenza
- Human Anatomy, School of Drug and Health Products Science, University of Camerino, Ι-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Marco Artico
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Medico-legal and Locomotor System Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Ι-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Cavallotti
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Ι-00185 Rome, Italy
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Saada S, Marget P, Fauchais AL, Lise MC, Chemin G, Sindou P, Martel C, Delpy L, Vidal E, Jaccard A, Troutaud D, Lalloué F, Jauberteau MO. Differential expression of neurotensin and specific receptors, NTSR1 and NTSR2, in normal and malignant human B lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5293-303. [PMID: 23109725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin, a neuropeptide growth factor, and its two specific neurotensin receptors, NTSR1 and NTSR2, were shown to be expressed by human B cell lines. Another NTSR, sortilin, which is common to neurotensin and neurotrophins, was also detected as we have previously described. Neurotensin was functional in B cell lines; it induced their proliferation and inhibited apoptosis induced by serum deprivation or Fas activation. Quantitative study of gene expression in two malignant B cell diseases showed that NTSR2 was overexpressed, NTSR1 decreased, and neurotensin was unexpressed in B cell leukemia patient's cells, as compared with healthy B cells. However, these expressions did not significantly change in large diffuse B cell lymphoma lymph nodes compared with benign ones. This study points out that neurotensin and its two specific receptors are expressed in human B lymphocytes. Such expressions were not described, and their relationship in B cell diseases, especially in chronic B cell leukemia, needs to be considered further in regard to these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Saada
- Department of Immunology, University of Limoges, Equipe Accueil 3842, 87025 Limoges, France
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LVOV AN, KATUNINA OR, ZNAMENSKAYA LF, MICHENKO AV, EGOROVA YY, INOYATOVA LA, HAIRULLIN RF, VOLKOV IA. Study of the genetic factors predisposing to the development of psoriasis. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2012. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many findings confirm the influence of neuropsychic factors on the manifestation and exacerbation of the atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Nowadays it is assumed that by means of neurotransmitters’ secretion the nervous system can influence different processes, including the immune mediated inflammation, which has the key role in the pathogenesis of such dermatosis. The article hereunder contains comprehensive data on prospective trends of following studies of the nervous regulation participation in the pathogenesis of such dermatosis.
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Mignini F, Sabbatini M, D'Andrea V, Cavallotti C. Neuropeptides of human thymus in normal and pathological conditions. Peptides 2011; 32:920-8. [PMID: 21291932 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human thymus of healthy subjects and patients affected by thymoma-associated Myastenia Gravis were studied in order to visualize and compare the morphological distributive pattern of four neuropeptides: vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, neuropeptide Y, and neurotensin. Based on our observations, we formulated hypotheses on their relations in neuro-immunomodulation under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Immuno-histochemical staining for neuropeptides was performed and morphological and morphometrical analyses were conducted on healthy and diseased thymus. In normal thymus, a specific distributive pattern was observed for the several neuropeptide-positive nerves in different thymus lobular zones. In particular substance P-positive fibers were observed in subcapsular zone, specifically located into parenchyma, where they represent the almost total amount of fibers; neurotensin-positive fibers were observed primarily located in parenchyma than perivascular site of several thymus lobular zones, and more abundant the cortico-medullary and medullary zones. Instead VIP- and NPY-positive fibers were widely distributed in perivascular and parenchymal sites of several thymus lobular zones. In thymoma, the distribution of neuropeptide-positive fibers was quantitatively reduced, while cells immunopositive to VIP and substance P were quantitatively increased and dispersed. Observation of the perivascular and parenchymal distribution of the analyzed neuropeptides suggests evidence that a regulatory function is performed by nerves and cells that secrete neuropeptide into the thymus. The alteration of neuropeptide patterns in thymoma suggests that these neurotransmitters play a role in autoimmune diseases such as Myastenia Gravis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mignini
- Anatomia Umana, Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università di Camerino, Italy.
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Theoharides TC, Angelidou A, Alysandratos KD, Zhang B, Asadi S, Francis K, Toniato E, Kalogeromitros D. Mast cell activation and autism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1822:34-41. [PMID: 21193035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by varying degrees of dysfunctional communication and social interactions, repetitive and stereotypic behaviors, as well as learning and sensory deficits. Despite the impressive rise in the prevalence of autism during the last two decades, there are few if any clues for its pathogenesis, early detection or treatment. Increasing evidence indicates high brain expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the presence of circulating antibodies against brain proteins. A number of papers, mostly based on parental reporting on their children's health problems, suggest that ASD children may present with "allergic-like" problems in the absence of elevated serum IgE and chronic urticaria. These findings suggest non-allergic mast cell activation, probably in response to environmental and stress triggers that could contribute to inflammation. In utero inflammation can lead to preterm labor and has itself been strongly associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Premature babies have about four times higher risk of developing ASD and are also more vulnerable to infections, while delayed development of their gut-blood-brain barriers makes exposure to potential neurotoxins likely. Perinatal mast cell activation by infectious, stress-related, environmental or allergic triggers can lead to release of pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic molecules, thus contributing to brain inflammation and ASD pathogenesis, at least in a subgroup of ASD patients. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mast cells in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Angelidou A, Francis K, Vasiadi M, Alysandratos KD, Zhang B, Theoharides A, Lykouras L, Sideri K, Kalogeromitros D, Theoharides TC. Neurotensin is increased in serum of young children with autistic disorder. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:48. [PMID: 20731814 PMCID: PMC2936302 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders diagnosed in early childhood. They are associated with a set of "core symptoms" that include disabilities in social interaction skills, verbal and non-verbal communication, as well as repetitive and stereotypic behaviors. There is no definite pathogenetic mechanism or diagnostic tests. Many children with ASD also have "allergic-like" symptoms, but test negative implying mast cell activation by non-allergic triggers. We measured by Milliplex arrays serum levels of 3 neuropeptides that could stimulate mast cells in children with autistic disorder (n = 19; 16 males and 3 females; mean age 3.0 ± 0.4 years) and healthy, unrelated controls (n = 16; 13 males and 3 females; mean age 3 ± 1.2 years). Only neurotensin (NT) was significantly increased from 60.5 ± 6.0 pg/ml in controls to 105.6 ± 12.4 pg/ml in autistic disorder (p = 0.004). There was no statistically significant difference in the serum levels of β-endorphin or substance P (SP). NT could stimulate immune cells, especially mast cells, and/or have direct effects on brain inflammation and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimenia Angelidou
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Zhao D, Pothoulakis C. Effects of NT on gastrointestinal motility and secretion, and role in intestinal inflammation. Peptides 2006; 27:2434-44. [PMID: 16872719 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that interactions of neuropeptides with several cell types at various parts of the intestine are critically involved in intestinal pathophysiology. Among them, neurotensin has been identified as an important mediator in the development and progress of several gastrointestinal functions and disease conditions, exerting its effects by interacting with specific receptors that exert direct and indirect effects on nerves, epithelial cells, and cells of the immune and inflammatory systems. This review summarizes our recent understanding on the participation of neurotensin in the physiology and pathophysiology of the small and large intestine, and discusses various mechanisms that could be involved in these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezheng Zhao
- Gastrointestinal Neuropeptide Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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15
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Martin S, Dicou E, Vincent JP, Mazella J. Neurotensin and the neurotensin receptor-3 in microglial cells. J Neurosci Res 2005; 81:322-6. [PMID: 15957186 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microglia motility plays a crucial role in response to lesion or exocytotoxic damage of the cerebral tissue. The neuropeptide neurotensin elicited the migration of the human microglial cell line C13NJ by a mechanism dependent on both phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3 kinase) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases pathways. The effect of neurotensin on cell migration was blocked by the neurotensin receptor-3 propeptide, a selective ligand of this receptor. The type I neurotensin receptor-3 was the only known neurotensin receptor expressed in these microglial cells, and its activation led to the phosphorylation of both extracellular signaling-regulated kinases Erk1/2 and Akt. Furthermore, the effect of neurotensin on cell migration was preceded by a profound modification of the F-actin cytoskeleton, particularly by the rapid formation of numerous cell filopodia. Both the motility and the filopodia appearance induced by neurotensin were totally blocked by selective inhibitors of MAP kinases or PI3 kinase pathways. In the murine microglial cell line N11, the neurotensin receptor-3 is also the only neurotensin receptor expressed, and its activation by neurotensin leads to the phosphorylation of both Erk1/2 and Akt. In these cells, neurotensin induces the gene expression of several cytokines/chemokines, including MIP-2, MCP-1, interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. This induction is dependent on both protein kinases pathways. We observed that the effect of neurotensin on the cytokine/chemokine expression is also inhibited by the neurotensin receptor-3 propeptide. This is the demonstration that the neurotensin receptor-3 is functional and mediates both the migratory action of neurotensin and its induction of chemokines/cytokines expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Martin
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6097 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
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Dicou E, Vincent JP, Mazella J. Neurotensin receptor-3/sortilin mediates neurotensin-induced cytokine/chemokine expression in a murine microglial cell line. J Neurosci Res 2005; 78:92-9. [PMID: 15372498 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We show that the type I neurotensin receptor-3 (also called sortilin) is the only known neurotensin receptor expressed in a murine microglial cell line and that its activation leads to phosphorylation of both extracellular signaling-regulated (Erk1/2) and Akt kinases. Using semiquantitative reverse-transcriptase (RT) PCR, we demonstrate that neurotensin induces gene expression of several cytokines/chemokines including macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. This induction is dependent on both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways. We observe that the effect of neurotensin on cytokine/chemokine expression is inhibited by the neurotensin receptor-3 propeptide, a selective ligand of this receptor. These results demonstrate that the neurotensin receptor-3 is functional in microglial cells where it mediates the induction of chemokines/cytokines expression by neurotensin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Dicou
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, du CNRS, Valbonne, France.
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Magazin M, Poszepczynska-Guigné E, Bagot M, Boumsell L, Pruvost C, Chalon P, Culouscou JM, Ferrara P, Bensussan A. Sezary Syndrome Cells Unlike Normal Circulating T Lymphocytes Fail to Migrate Following Engagement of NT1 Receptor. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:111-8. [PMID: 14962098 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2003.22131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Circulating malignant Sezary cells are a clonal proliferation of CD4+CD45RO+ T lymphocytes primarily involving the skin. To study the biology of these malignant T lymphocytes, we tested their ability to migrate in chemotaxis assays. Previously, we had shown that the neuropeptide neurotensin (NT) binds to freshly isolated Sezary malignant cells and induces through NT1 receptors the cell migration of the cutaneous T cell lymphoma cell line Cou-L. Here, we report that peripheral blood Sezary cells as well as the Sezary cell line Pno fail to migrate in response to neurotensin although they are capable of migrating to the chemokine stromal-cell-derived factor 1 alpha. This is in contrast with normal circulating CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes, which respond to both types of chemoattractants except after ex vivo short-time anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody activation, which abrogates the neurotensin-induced lymphocyte migration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that neurotensin-responsive T lymphocytes express the functional NT1 receptor responsible for chemotaxis. In these cells, but not in Sezary cells, neurotensin induces recruitment of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, and redistribution of phosphorylated cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase and filamentous actin. Taken together, these results, which show functional distinctions between normal circulating lymphocytes and Sezary syndrome cells, contribute to further understanding of the physiopathology of these atypical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Magazin
- INSERM Unit 448 and the Dermatology Department of Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
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18
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Abstract
Microglia motility plays a crucial role in response to lesion or exocytotoxic damage of the cerebral tissue. We used two in vitro assays, a wound-healing model and a chemotaxis assay, to show that the neuropeptide neurotensin elicited the migration of the human microglial cell line C13NJ by a mechanism dependent on both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. The effect of neurotensin on cell migration was blocked by the neurotensin receptor-3 propeptide, a selective ligand of this receptor. We demonstrate, by using RT-PCR, photoaffinity labeling, and Western blot analysis, that the type I neurotensin receptor-3 was the only known neurotensin receptor expressed in these microglial cells and that its activation led to the phosphorylation of both extracellular signal-regulating kinases 1/2 and Akt. Furthermore, the effect of neurotensin on cell migration was preceded by a profound modification of the F-actin cytoskeleton, particularly by the rapid formation of numerous cell filopodia. Both the motility and the filopodia appearance induced by neurotensin were totally blocked by selective inhibitors of MAP kinases or PI 3-kinase pathways. This demonstrates that the neurotensin receptor-3 is functional and mediates the migratory actions of neurotensin.
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