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Vaníčková L, Pompeiano A, Maděra P, Massad TJ, Vahalík P. Terpenoid profiles of resin in the genus Dracaena are species specific. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 170:112197. [PMID: 31759268 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dragon's blood is the colloquial name for the red resin produced by tree species in the genus Dracaena (Asparagaceae), and the resin is directly involved in plant defensive mechanisms against pathogen and herbivore attack. It is also widely used in traditional folk medicine due to its antiviral, antimicrobial and antitumor activities. In the present work, a method using solid phase microextraction combined with two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection was developed for the analysis of resin from five Dracaena species, namely Dracaena cinnabari Balf. f., D. serrulata Baker, D. ombet Heuglin ex Kotschy & Peyr., D. draco subsp. draco, and D. draco subsp. ajgal. Twenty terpenoid components in the resins of the five species were identified after comparative study of the volatile metabolite profiles. Monoterpenes were found to be species specific, and the observed differences might be further investigated as a possible means of identifying chemotaxonomic markers. In addition, for the first time, we describe the terpenoid volatile profiles of D. ombet and D. serrulata resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Vaníčková
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre of St.Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Pompeiano
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre of St.Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Maděra
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Tara Joy Massad
- Department of Scientific Services, Gorongosa National Park, Sofala, Mozambique
| | - Petr Vahalík
- Department of Forest Management and Applied Geoinformatics, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Liu H, Hao J, Wu C, Liu G, Wang X, Yu J, Liu Y, Zhao H. Eupatilin Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:8289-8296. [PMID: 31680664 PMCID: PMC6854882 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eupatilin, an active flavone separated from Artemisia species, has various biological activity such as anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of the present study was to find out the influence of eupatilin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS The administration of LPS was used to induce ALI; eupatilin was given 1 hour before the LPS administration. Lung structural damage of rats was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and the wet/dry lung ratio. The related inflammatory factors and lung injury markers were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The oxidative stress factors were analyzed by corresponding kits. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) was assayed by western blot and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS The results showed that eupatilin alleviated LPS-induced structural damage and decreased the wet/dry lung ratio concentration-dependently. Eupatilin decreased the level of surfactant protein (SP)-A, SP-D, and inflammatory factors such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and monocyte chemo-attractant protein (MCP)-1. LPS trigged nitric oxide (NO) generation, improved the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which were reversed when rats treated with eupatilin in a concentration-dependent way. Besides, the expression of PPAR-a was increased under the treatment of eupatilin. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, eupatilin alleviated LPS-induced ALI through inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent way, which was likely to be closely related with the activation of PPAR-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Jindou Hao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Chunyuan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Guosheng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Jieming Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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Pona A, Cline A, Kolli SS, Taylor SL, Feldman SR. Review of future insights of Dragon's Blood in dermatology. Dermatol Ther 2018; 32:e12786. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Pona
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermatology ResearchWake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina
| | - Abigail Cline
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermatology ResearchWake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina
| | - Sree S. Kolli
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermatology ResearchWake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina
| | - Sarah L. Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermatology ResearchWake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina
| | - Steven R. Feldman
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermatology ResearchWake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina
- Department of PathologyWake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina
- Department of Social Sciences & Health PolicyWake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina
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Zhang Z, Zhou J, Song D, Sun Y, Liao C, Jiang X. Gastrodin protects against LPS-induced acute lung injury by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 8:32147-32156. [PMID: 28389632 PMCID: PMC5458274 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrodin (GAS), a phenolic glucoside derived from Gastrodiaelata Blume, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GAS on LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice. ALI was induced by the intranasal administration of LPS and GAS was given 1 h or 12 h after LPS treatment. The results indicated that GAS treatment markedly attenuated the damage of lung injury induced by LPS. GAS attenuated the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and down-regulated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in BALF. LPS-induced lung edema and lung function were also reversed by GAS. Furthermore, GAS was found to inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory cells infiltration. In addition, treatment of GAS inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation and up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. In conclusion, our results indicated that GAS had anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced acute lung injury. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of GAS was through the inhibition of NF-κB and activation of Nrf2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Laboratory of Science of Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Daqiang Song
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuhong Sun
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Changli Liao
- Research Department, College of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of College of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Teng Z, Zhang M, Meng S, Dai R, Meng W, Deng Y, Huang L. A comparative study on volatile metabolites profile of Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C. Chen xylem with and without resin using GC-MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1744-9. [PMID: 25973719 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dragon's blood is a famous traditional Chinese medicine produced from source plants under bio- or abio-stress. Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C. Chen xylem (DX) is one of the most important sources of the medicine. In this work, a GC-MS method was developed for analysis of the n-hexane extracts of DX with resin (DXR) and without resin (DXW). The repeatability of the method was also investigated for a metabolite comparative study of the different xylems. About 80 components were detected, 26 of which were identified in both DXR and DXN. Three sesquiterpenes (τ-cadinol, τ-muurolon and α-cadinol) were first discovered in Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C. Chen. The chromatographs of the two plant materials were compared and differences of compounds were found. It showed that phytosterols showed a dramatic rise in content, and sesquiterpenes were found to be synthesized in DXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiu Teng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China.,School of Life Science, Beijing institute of technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiying Meng
- School of Life Science, Beijing institute of technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rongji Dai
- School of Life Science, Beijing institute of technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weiwei Meng
- School of Life Science, Beijing institute of technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing institute of technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China
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Pfab F, Schalock PC, Napadow V, Athanasiadis GI, Yosipovitch G, Ring J. Complementary integrative approach for treating pruritus. Dermatol Ther 2013; 26:149-56. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. C. Schalock
- Department of Dermatology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston; Massachusetts; USA
| | | | - G. I. Athanasiadis
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Technische Universität München; Munich; Germany
| | - G. Yosipovitch
- Department of Dermatology, Neurobiology & Anatomy; Regenerative Medicine Wake Forest University Health Sciences; Winston-Salem; North Carolina; USA
| | - J. Ring
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Technische Universität München; Munich; Germany
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Teng Z, Dai R, Meng W, Chen Y, Deng Y. Offline Two-Dimensional RP/RPLC Method to Separate Components in Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C.Chen Xylem Containing Resin. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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de Morais Lima GR, de Albuquerque Montenegro C, de Almeida CLF, de Athayde-Filho PF, Barbosa-Filho JM, Batista LM. Database survey of anti-inflammatory plants in South America: a review. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:2692-749. [PMID: 21731467 PMCID: PMC3127143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12042692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex event linked to tissue damage whether by bacteria, physical trauma, chemical, heat or any other phenomenon. This physiological response is coordinated largely by a variety of chemical mediators that are released from the epithelium, the immunocytes and nerves of the lamina propria. However, if the factor that triggers the inflammation persists, the inflammation can become relentless, leading to an intensification of the lesion. The present work is a literature survey of plant extracts from the South American continent that have been reported to show anti-inflammatory activity. This review refers to 63 bacterial families of which the following stood out: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae and Celastraceae, with their countries, parts used, types of extract used, model bioassays, organisms tested and their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gedson Rodrigues de Morais Lima
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, 58051-970, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: (G.R.M.L.); (C.A.M.); (C.L.F.A.); (P.F.A.-F.); (J.M.B.-F.)
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9
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Paur I, Carlsen M, Halvorsen B, Blomhoff R. Antioxidants in Herbs and Spices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Pereira U, Garcia-Le Gal C, Le Gal G, Boulais N, Lebonvallet N, Dorange G, Lefeuvre L, Gougerot A, Misery L. Effects of sangre de drago in an in vitro model of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:796-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Bøhn SK, Dragland S, Sampson L, Willey C, Senoo H, Umezono Y, Sanada C, Barikmo I, Berhe N, Willett WC, Phillips KM, Jacobs DR, Blomhoff R. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J 2010; 9:3. [PMID: 20096093 PMCID: PMC2841576 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A plant-based diet protects against chronic oxidative stress-related diseases. Dietary plants contain variable chemical families and amounts of antioxidants. It has been hypothesized that plant antioxidants may contribute to the beneficial health effects of dietary plants. Our objective was to develop a comprehensive food database consisting of the total antioxidant content of typical foods as well as other dietary items such as traditional medicine plants, herbs and spices and dietary supplements. This database is intended for use in a wide range of nutritional research, from in vitro and cell and animal studies, to clinical trials and nutritional epidemiological studies. METHODS We procured samples from countries worldwide and assayed the samples for their total antioxidant content using a modified version of the FRAP assay. Results and sample information (such as country of origin, product and/or brand name) were registered for each individual food sample and constitute the Antioxidant Food Table. RESULTS The results demonstrate that there are several thousand-fold differences in antioxidant content of foods. Spices, herbs and supplements include the most antioxidant rich products in our study, some exceptionally high. Berries, fruits, nuts, chocolate, vegetables and products thereof constitute common foods and beverages with high antioxidant values. CONCLUSIONS This database is to our best knowledge the most comprehensive Antioxidant Food Database published and it shows that plant-based foods introduce significantly more antioxidants into human diet than non-plant foods. Because of the large variations observed between otherwise comparable food samples the study emphasizes the importance of using a comprehensive database combined with a detailed system for food registration in clinical and epidemiological studies. The present antioxidant database is therefore an essential research tool to further elucidate the potential health effects of phytochemical antioxidants in diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica H Carlsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente L Halvorsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Holte
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siv K Bøhn
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steinar Dragland
- The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research Bioforsk Øst Apelsvoll, Kapp, Norway
| | - Laura Sampson
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carol Willey
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haruki Senoo
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita City, Japan
| | - Yuko Umezono
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita City, Japan
| | - Chiho Sanada
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita City, Japan
| | - Ingrid Barikmo
- Faculty of Health, Nutrition and Management, Akershus University College, Lillestrøm, Norway
| | - Nega Berhe
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine M Phillips
- The Biochemistry Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - David R Jacobs
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- The Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Rune Blomhoff
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Gupta D, Bleakley B, Gupta RK. Dragon's blood: botany, chemistry and therapeutic uses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 115:361-380. [PMID: 18060708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dragon's blood is one of the renowned traditional medicines used in different cultures of world. It has got several therapeutic uses: haemostatic, antidiarrhetic, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antiviral, wound healing, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, etc. Besides these medicinal applications, it is used as a coloring material, varnish and also has got applications in folk magic. These red saps and resins are derived from a number of disparate taxa. Despite its wide uses, little research has been done to know about its true source, quality control and clinical applications. In this review, we have tried to overview different sources of Dragon's blood, its source wise chemical constituents and therapeutic uses. As well as, a little attempt has been done to review the techniques used for its quality control and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Gupta
- University School of Biotechnology, GGS Indraprastha University, K. Gate, Delhi 110006, India
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Miller MJS, Reuter BK, Wallace JL, Sharkey KA. A unique therapeutic approach to emesis and itch with a proanthocyanidin-rich genonutrient. J Transl Med 2008; 6:3. [PMID: 18205911 PMCID: PMC2254379 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-6-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the therapeutic potential of a proprietary Croton palanostigma extract (Zangrado®) in the management of emesis and itch. Methods Emesis was induced in ferrets with morphine-6-glucuronide (0.05 mg/kg sc) in the presence of Zangrado (3 mg/kg, ip) and the cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist, AM 251 (5 mg/kg, ip). Topical Zangrado (1%) was assessed for anti-pruretic actions in the 5-HT-induced scratching model in rats and evaluated in capsaicin-induced gastric hyperemia as measured by laser doppler flow. In the ApcMinmouse model of precancerous adenomatosis polyposis, mice received Zangrado (100 μg/ml in drinking water) from the age of 6 – 16 weeks for effects on polyp number. In RAW 264.7 cells Zangrado was examined for effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitrite production. Results Zangrado was a highly effective anti-emetic, reducing morphine-induced vomiting and retching by 77%. These benefits were not associated with sedation or hypothermia and were not reversed by cannabinoid receptor antagonism. Itch responses were blocked in both the morphine and 5-HT models. Zangrado did not exacerbate the ApcMincondition rather health was improved. Capsaicin-induced hyperemia was blocked by Zangrado, which also attenuated the production of nitric oxide by activated macrophages. Conclusion Zangrado is an effective anti-emetic and anti-itch therapy that is devoid of common side-effects, cannabinoid-independent and broadly suppresses sensory afferent nerve activation. This complementary medicine represents a promising new approach to the management of nausea, itch and irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J S Miller
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA.
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Miller MJS, Bobrowski P, Shukla M, Gupta K, Haqqi TM. Chondroprotective effects of a proanthocyanidin rich Amazonian genonutrient reflects direct inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases and upregulation of IGF-1 production by human chondrocytes. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2007; 4:16. [PMID: 17697350 PMCID: PMC1971260 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The Amazonian medicinal plant Sangre de grado (Croton palanostigma) has traditional applications for the treatment of wound healing and inflammation. We sought to characterize two extracts (progrado and zangrado) in terms of safety and oligomeric proanthocyanidin chain length. Additionally progrado was evaluated for antioxidant activity and possible chondroprotective actions. Methods Acute oral safety and toxicity was tested in rats according under OECD protocol number 420. The profile of proanthocyanidin oligomers was determined by HPLC and progrado's antioxidant activity quantified by the ORAC, NORAC and HORAC assays. Human cartilage explants, obtained from surgical specimens, were used to assess chondroproteciton with activity related to direct inhibitory effects on human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP, gelatinolytic) activity using synovial fluid and chondrocytes activated with IL-1β (10 ng/ml). Additionally, progrado (2–10 μg/ml) was tested for its ability to maintain optimal IGF-1 transcription and translation in cartilage explants and cultured chondrocytes. Results Both progrado and zangrado at doses up to 2000 mg/kg (po) displayed no evidence of toxicity. Oligomeric proanthocyanidin content was high for both progrado (158 mg/kg) and zangrado (124 mg/kg), with zangrado almost entirely composed of short oligomers (<6 mer), whereas the majority of oligomers in progrado exceeded 10 mers. Progrado was a remarkably potent antioxidant in the standardized tests ORAC, NORAC and HORAC. Progrado was exceptionally effective in reducing both basal and IL-1β induced glycosaminoglycan release from human cartilage explants at concentrations that also directly blocked the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Progrado prevented IL-1β induced suppression of IGF-1 production from human cartilage explants as well as stimulating basal IGF-1 production (P < 0.05). Comparable changes in IGF-1 gene expression were noted in cultured human chondrocytes. Conclusion Progrado has a promising safety profile, significant chondroprotective and antioxidant actions, directly inhibits MMP activity and promotes the production of the cartilage repair factor, IGF-1. This suggests that progrado may offer therapeutic benefits in joint health, wound healing and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark JS Miller
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Paul Bobrowski
- Rainforest Nutritionals, Inc, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meenakshi Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kalpana Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tariq M Haqqi
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Yosipovitch G, Fleischer A. Itch associated with skin disease: advances in pathophysiology and emerging therapies. Am J Clin Dermatol 2004; 4:617-22. [PMID: 12926980 DOI: 10.2165/00128071-200304090-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Itch, also known as pruritus, is the major symptom in skin diseases with a variety of etiologies and pathophysiologies. Significant progress has been achieved in understanding the pathophysiology of itch in the last 5 years. Neurophysiological experiments in humans and animals have revealed that itch is carried by specific C nerve fibers. Recent studies have demonstrated that peripheral mediators other than histamine are involved in induction of itch. Mast cell tryptase seems to be an important mediator in itch by its activation of proteinase activated receptor 2 in the sensory nerves. Opioids have central and peripheral itch producing activity. Neuropeptides, such as substance P, induce itch by their effect on mast cells. Based upon our improved understanding of the neurophysiology of itch a clinical classification of itch has been proposed. The classification highlights differences between peripheral pruritoceptive itch, neuropathic itch (itch related to damage to afferent nerve fibers) and neurogenic itch (itch originating in the central nervous system without any evidence of nerve damage). Emerging therapies based on these findings include topical vanilloid receptor antagonists, topical antihistamines, and topical arachidonic acid inhibitors, as well as inhibitors of non-histamine inflammatory mediators, immunomodulators and strontium salts. Systemic therapies include thalidomide, opioid antagonists, phototherapy with narrow band UVB and experimental treatments with cutaneous field stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation. With the new information it seems we will be able to better help our dermatologic patients who have itch, however we are not closer to identifying a single agent specifically targetable to this symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Yosipovitch
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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Jones K. Review ofSangre de Drago(Croton lechleri) - A South American Tree Sap in the Treatment of Diarrhea, Inflammation, Insect Bites, Viral Infections, and Wounds: Traditional Uses to Clinical Research. J Altern Complement Med 2003; 9:877-96. [PMID: 14736360 DOI: 10.1089/107555303771952235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the pharmacologic evidence that may or may not support clinical and ethnomedical uses of the sap of sangre de drago (dragon's blood; Croton lechleri Müll. Arg.). Data sources used were BIOSIS, EMBASE, PubMed, TOXLIT, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, manual searches, papers on file from peer-reviewed journals, textbooks available at Armana Research, Inc., and researchers in the field of South American botanical medicine. CONCLUSIONS The results of in vitro and in vivo studies largely support the majority of ethnomedical uses of sangre de drago including the treatment of diarrhea, wounds, tumors, stomach ulcers, herpes infection, the itching, pain and swelling of insect bites, and other conditions. Clinical studies of sangre de drago products have reported positive results in the treatment of traveler's and watery diarrhea and the symptoms of insect bites. Because the sap has shown low toxicity and preparations used in clinical studies were well tolerated, further clinical and pharmacologic studies are anticipated. Acknowledgment of the diversity in the chemical makeup of the sap from one geographic area to another and the recent characterization of alkaloid chemotypes of sangre de drago will require that materials developed for clinical use are standardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Jones
- Armana Research, Inc., Halfmoon Bay, British Columbia, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Borsook
- Descartes Therapeutics, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 104, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Itch is a common skin sensation, with substantial effects on behaviour. Neurophysiological research has permitted accurate definition of neural pathways of itch, and has confirmed the distinctiveness of itch pathways in comparison with pain. A clinical classification of itch, based on such improved understanding, describes the difference between peripheral (pruritoceptive) and central (neurogenic or neuropathic) itch. New specific and sensitive investigational methods in people and animals enable us to better understand this bothersome symptom, and have important clinical implications. We describe the clinical classification of itch, new findings on neuropathophysiology of itch, methods for assessment, and improved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Yosipovitch
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27517, USA.
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