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Bashir H, Gul MR, Younis MN, Tulchinsky M, Li Y, Fanti S, Alavi A. Nuclear Medicine-A Name for Now and the Future. Clin Nucl Med 2023; 48:315-317. [PMID: 36728289 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Our article addresses the prevailing trend of new terminology introduced alongside the progress being made in nuclear medicine. Our article provides a historic, current, and future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayun Bashir
- From the East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad R Gul
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad N Younis
- Nuclear Medicine and PET Department, INMOL Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mark Tulchinsky
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Yaming Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | | | - Abass Alavi
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Arandia N, Garate JI, Mabe J. Embedded Sensor Systems in Medical Devices: Requisites and Challenges Ahead. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9917. [PMID: 36560284 PMCID: PMC9781231 DOI: 10.3390/s22249917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of technology enables the design of smarter medical devices. Embedded Sensor Systems play an important role, both in monitoring and diagnostic devices for healthcare. The design and development of Embedded Sensor Systems for medical devices are subjected to standards and regulations that will depend on the intended use of the device as well as the used technology. This article summarizes the challenges to be faced when designing Embedded Sensor Systems for the medical sector. With this aim, it presents the innovation context of the sector, the stages of new medical device development, the technological components that make up an Embedded Sensor System and the regulatory framework that applies to it. Finally, this article highlights the need to define new medical product design and development methodologies that help companies to successfully introduce new technologies in medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Arandia
- TEKNIKER, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20600 Eibar, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Garate
- Department of Electronics Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jon Mabe
- TEKNIKER, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20600 Eibar, Spain
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Meher BR, Padhy BM, Srinivasan A, Mohanty RR. Awareness, attitude, and practice of materiovigilance among medical professionals at a tertiary care institute of national importance: A cross-sectional study. Perspect Clin Res 2022; 13:94-98. [PMID: 35573456 PMCID: PMC9106136 DOI: 10.4103/picr.picr_187_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medical faculty and residents have a key role in the reporting of adverse events associated with medical devices. However, at present, there are no published data regarding their knowledge, attitude, and practice about materiovigilance in India. Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey done among medical faculty and residents of a tertiary care institution of national importance. The questionnaire consists of 15 questions pertaining to knowledge, attitude, and practice of materiovigilance. Results The questionnaire was administered to 138 medical faculty and residents, out of which 105 responded constituting a 76% response rate. The mean knowledge score of medical faculty and residents was 2.09 ± 1.06 and 2.07 ± 1.02, respectively, and the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.9). The majority of the participants (92.63%) believed that medical device can cause adverse events; however, very few of them (20.13%) have reported it during their practice. Conclusion Requisite knowledge and appropriate attitude are essential for developing healthy practice toward reporting of adverse events associated with medical devices. Our study revealed that the knowledge gap exists among medical professionals about the reporting of adverse events and the materiovigilance program. A continuous effort is required to make them aware of the materiovigilance by conducting various training programs such as continuous medical education and workshops by the coordinators of the medical device adverse events monitoring center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Ranjan Meher
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Biswa Mohan Padhy
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Anand Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rashmi Ranjan Mohanty
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Hall TJ, Villapún VM, Addison O, Webber MA, Lowther M, Louth SET, Mountcastle SE, Brunet MY, Cox SC. A call for action to the biomaterial community to tackle antimicrobial resistance. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:4951-4974. [PMID: 32820747 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01160f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The global surge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major concern for public health and proving to be a key challenge in modern disease treatment, requiring action plans at all levels. Microorganisms regularly and rapidly acquire resistance to antibiotic treatments and new drugs are continuously required. However, the inherent cost and risk to develop such molecules has resulted in a drying of the pipeline with very few compounds currently in development. Over the last two decades, efforts have been made to tackle the main sources of AMR. Nevertheless, these require the involvement of large governmental bodies, further increasing the complexity of the problem. As a group with a long innovation history, the biomaterials community is perfectly situated to push forward novel antimicrobial technologies to combat AMR. Although this involvement has been felt, it is necessary to ensure that the field offers a united front with special focus in areas that will facilitate the development and implementation of such systems. This paper reviews state of the art biomaterials strategies striving to limit AMR. Promising broad-spectrum antimicrobials and device modifications are showcased through two case studies for different applications, namely topical and implantables, demonstrating the potential for a highly efficacious physical and chemical approach. Finally, a critical review on barriers and limitations of these methods has been developed to provide a list of short and long-term focus areas in order to ensure the full potential of the biomaterials community is directed to helping tackle the AMR pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hall
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Victor M Villapún
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Owen Addison
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Morgan Lowther
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Sophie E T Louth
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Sophie E Mountcastle
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Mathieu Y Brunet
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Sophie C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
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Zaki M, Pardo J, Carracedo G. A review of international medical device regulations: Contact lenses and lens care solutions. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2019; 42:136-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Materiovigilance is the coordinated system of identification, collection, reporting, and analysis of any untoward occurrences associated with the use of medical devices and protection of patient's health by preventing its recurrences. Postmarketing surveillance of medical devices has been initiated in many countries, but it is still not as developed and robust as that of medicines. Materiovigilance program of India was launched on July 6, 2015, at Indian Pharmacopeia Commission with objectives to track the adverse events associated with the use of medical devices, to generate safety data, create awareness among the different stakeholders, and recommend the best practices and interventions to improve the patient's safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Ranjan Meher
- Department of Pharmacology, All Indian Institute of Medical Science, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Masterson F. Factors That Facilitate Regulatory Approval for Drug-Device Combination Products in the European Union and United States of America: A Mixed Method Study of Industry Views. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2017; 52:489-498. [PMID: 29714544 DOI: 10.1177/2168479017735142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulatory environment is one of the key factors in successfully bringing an innovative medical product, like a drug-device combination product, to market. This paper offers insight into the experiences of those involved in obtaining regulatory approval of drug-device combination products in the European Union and the United States. METHODS The research consisted of two phases, qualitative data collection (through semi-structured interviews) and analysis, followed by quantitative data collection (through an online survey) and analysis. RESULTS A conceptual model was developed that depicted the facilitating factors for obtaining regulatory approval of a drug-device combination product, relevant to the European Union and United States systems, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This model provides, for the first time, a comprehensive understanding of these factors, providing a foundation that could be adapted to reflect specific drug-device combination products. This research demonstrated originality of approach in interviewing thought leaders in the life sciences sector as well as conducting a survey that spans two of the largest jurisdictions for drug-device combination products in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Masterson
- College of Engineering & Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Abstract
There is a robust debate going on among the Medical Device stake-holders whether FDA is better or CE mark or something else. Currently process of obtaining an FDA approval is bogged down by ever-increasing unpredictability, inconsistency, prolonged time, and huge expense but CE mark has its own problems. Historically, the Japanese review process has tended to be the slowest among the big three but recently with the introduction of accelerated review process there has been a significant progress. While the goal of an innovator/manufacturer is to develop, manufacture and market a medical device that addresses an unmet clinical need, the requisite regulatory approval process can be very confusing. Not only there is a whole lot of jargon tossed around by regulatory affair professionals: “substantial equivalence,” “PMDA,” “CE mark,” “Notified body,” “510K” and “PMA” but the actual approval process can also be very tardy, inconsistent and expensive.
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Van Norman GA. Drugs and Devices: Comparison of European and U.S. Approval Processes. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2016; 1:399-412. [PMID: 30167527 PMCID: PMC6113412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of medical drugs and devices involves competing goals of assuring safety and efficacy while providing rapid movement of innovative therapies through the investigative and regulatory processes as quickly as possible. The United States and the European Union approach these challenges in different ways. Whereas the United States has always relied on a strictly centralized process through 1 agency, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Commission synchronized the regulations of 28 different countries as they combined to create the European Union. The FDA historically developed as a consumer protection agency, whereas the regulations from the European Commission arose out of a need to harmonize inter-state commercial interests while preserving national "autonomy." Thus, whereas the FDA has the advantages of centralization and common rules, the European Union regulates medical drug and device approvals through a network of centralized and decentralized agencies throughout its member states. This study explores some of the similarities and differences in European and U.S. regulation of drugs and devices, and discusses challenges facing each.
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Key Words
- BMJ, British Medical Journal
- CE, Conformité Européenne
- DAD, drugs and devices
- EC, European Commission
- EMA
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- EU, European Union
- European Commission
- FDA
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- MHRA, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
- NB, Notified Bodies
- PMA, pre-market approval
- device approval
- drug approval
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A. Van Norman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Tarricone R, Torbica A, Ferré F, Drummond M. Generating appropriate clinical data for value assessment of medical devices: what role does regulation play? Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2014; 14:707-18. [DOI: 10.1586/14737167.2014.950233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Stordeur S, Vinck I, Neyt M, Van Brabandt H, Hulstaert F. [Introduction of innovative high-risk medical devices in Europe: are clinical efficacy and safety guaranteed?]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2013; 61:105-10. [PMID: 23477881 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innovative high-risk medical devices, such as new types of heart valves or hip prostheses, become available on the European market more rapidly than in USA. This is due to the European legislation allowing early marketing of innovative high-risk medical devices before high-quality clinical evidence is obtained from randomized controlled trials. METHODS We studied the premarket clinical evaluation of innovative high-risk medical devices in Europe compared with the USA. We also discussed patient safety and the transparency of information. The literature and regulatory documents were checked. Representatives from industry, competent authorities, notified bodies, ethics committees, and health technology assessment agencies were consulted. RESULTS In contrast to the US, there is no requirement in Europe to demonstrate the clinical efficacy of high-risk devices in the premarket phase. For the patient, this implies earlier access to innovative technology, but at the risk of potential safety issues. At this moment, European requirements for clinical studies are lower for medical devices than for drugs, and data from premarket clinical trials are scarce or remain unpublished. The European Medical Device Directives are currently being reworked. CONCLUSIONS For innovative high-risk devices, and while awaiting a reworked Medical Device Directive, patient risk should be minimized by limiting the market introduction of novel high-risk devices with minimal clinical data to physicians with the necessary training and expertise. The new European legislation should require the premarket demonstration of clinical efficacy and safety, using a randomized controlled trial if possible, and a transparent clinical review, preferably centralized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stordeur
- Centre fédéral d'expertise des soins de santé/Belgian health care knowledge centre, boulevard du Botanique 55, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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Zuckerman D, Booker N, Nagda S. Public health implications of differences in US and European Union regulatory policies for breast implants. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MATTERS 2012; 20:102-11. [DOI: 10.1016/s0968-8080(12)40662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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PRE-MARKET CLINICAL EVALUATIONS OF INNOVATIVE HIGH-RISK MEDICAL DEVICES IN EUROPE. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2012; 28:278-84. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266462312000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: High-quality clinical evidence is most often lacking when novel high-risk devices enter the European market. At the same time, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is often initiated as a requirement for obtaining market access in the US. Should coverage in Europe be postponed until RCT data are available? We studied the premarket clinical evaluation of innovative high-risk medical devices in Europe compared with the US, and with medicines, where appropriate.Methods: The literature and regulatory documents were checked. Representatives from industry, Competent Authorities, Notified Bodies, Ethics Committees, and HTA agencies were consulted. We also discuss patient safety and the transparency of information.Results: In contrast to the US, there is no requirement in Europe to demonstrate the clinical efficacy of high-risk devices in the premarket phase. Patients in Europe can thus have earlier access to a potentially lifesaving device, but at the risk of insufficiently documented efficacy and safety. Variations in the stringency of clinical reviews, both at the level of Notified Bodies and Competent Authorities, do not guarantee patient safety. We tried to document the design of premarket trials in Europe and number of patients exposed, but failed as this information is not made public. Furthermore, the Helsinki Declaration is not followed with respect to the registration and publication of premarket trials.Conclusions: For innovative high-risk devices, new EU legislation should require the premarket demonstration of clinical efficacy and safety, using an RCT if possible, and a transparent clinical review, preferably centralized.
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Heneghan C, Thompson M, Billingsley M, Cohen D. Medical-device recalls in the UK and the device-regulation process: retrospective review of safety notices and alerts. BMJ Open 2011; 1:e000155. [PMID: 22021778 PMCID: PMC3191575 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medical devices are used widely for virtually every disease and condition. Although devices are subject to regulation, the number of recalls, the clinical data requirements for regulation and the impact on patient safety are poorly understood. Methods The authors defined a device using European directives and used publicly available information on the Medicines and Health Regulatory Authority website to determine the number of devices recalled from January 2006 to December 2010. Two reviewers independently assessed Field Safety Notices and Medical Device Alerts. The authors wrote to manufacturers to obtain further information and clinical data, and summarised data by year, Conformité Européenne classification, indication, and Food and Drug Administration recall system of severity. Results In total, 2124 field safety notices were issued over the 5-year period, an increase of 1220% (62 in 2006 to 757 in 2010). 447 Medical Device Alerts were issued in the same period, and 44% were assessed as a reasonable probability of causing serious adverse health consequences or death. The authors wrote to 192 manufacturers of withdrawn devices and received 101 (53%) replies; only four (2.1%) provided the clinical data the authors requested. A lack of available transparent data prevented full analyses of the safety impact. Of the highest-risk recalled devices, more than half were related to the cardiovascular system (25%) or musculoskeletal system (33%), and 88% (95% CI 80% to 97%) were assessed as a reasonable probability of causing serious adverse health consequences or death. For low-risk devices, the figure was 34% (95% CI 26% to 42%). Conclusion The number of medical devices subject to recalls or warnings in the UK has risen dramatically. A substantial number of these devices may have caused serious adverse effects in patients and contributed to healthcare costs. Significant problems exist in the UK with a lack of access to transparent data and a registry of the highest-risk devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Heneghan
- Department of Primary Health Care, University of Oxford, Institute of Health Sciences, Oxford, UK
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Fraser AG, Daubert JC, Van de Werf F, Estes NAM, Smith SC, Krucoff MW, Vardas PE, Komajda M, Anker S, Auricchio A, Bailey S, Bonhoeffer P, Borggrefe M, Brodin LA, Bruining N, Buser P, Butchart E, Calle Gordo J, Cleland J, Danchin N, Daubert J, Degertekin M, Demade I, Denjoy N, Derumeaux G, Di Mario C, Dickstein K, Dudek D, Estes N, Farb A, Flotats A, Fraser A, Gueret P, Israel C, James S, Kautzner J, Komajda M, Krucoff M, Lombardi M, Marwick T, Mioulet M, O'Kelly S, Perrone-Filardi P, Rosano G, Rosenhek R, Sabate M, Smith S, Swahn E, Tavazzi L, Van de Werf F, van der Velde E, van Herwerden L, Vardas P, Voigt JU, Weaver D, Wilmshurst P. Clinical evaluation of cardiovascular devices: principles, problems, and proposals for European regulatory reform: Report of a policy conference of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2011; 32:1673-86. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Chowdhury N. Regulation of nanomedicines in the EU: distilling lessons from the pediatric and the advanced therapy medicinal products approaches. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:135-42. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the market for nanomedicines in the EU is growing, the development of regulatory guidance in this area assumes priority. Currently, the nanomedicine market is poised at a critical stage wherein clear regulatory guidance is imperative in providing for clarity and legal certainty to manufacturers of nanomedicine. The regulation of the pharmaceutical sector in the EU has witnessed several developments and innovations guided by the philosophy of single market and balancing the principle of ensuring high public health protection and safety of medicines. Both the pediatric and the advanced therapies medicinal products (ATMP) regimes offer important regulatory guidance that could be adopted for the regulation of nanomedicines in the EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Chowdhury
- Department of Legal & Economic Governance Studies, School of Management & Governance, University of Twente, Institutenweg, T-201, PO Box 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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