1
|
Wei R, Deng J, Guo X, Yang Y, Miao J, Liu A, Chai H, Huang X, Zhao Z, Cen X, Wang R. Construction of Zwitterionic Coatings with Lubricating and Antiadhesive Properties for Invisible Aligner Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400234. [PMID: 38824415 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Invisible aligners have been widely used in orthodontic treatment but still present issues with plaque formation and oral mucosa abrasion, which can lead to complicated oral diseases. To address these issues, hydrophilic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (polySBMA) coatings with lubricating, antifouling, and antiadhesive properties have been developed on the aligner materials (i.e., polyethylene terephthalate glycol, PETG) via a simple and feasible glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-assisted coating strategy. Poly(GMA-co-SBMA) is grafted onto the aminated PETG surface via the ring-opening reaction of GMA (i.e., "grafting to" approach to obtain G-co-S coating), or a polySBMA layer is formed on the GMA-grafted PETG surface via free radical polymerization (i.e., "grafting from" approach to obtain G-g-S coating). The G-co-S and G-g-S coatings significantly reduce the friction coefficient of PETG surface. Protein adsorption, bacterial adhesion, and biofilm formation on the G-co-S- and G-g-S-coated surfaces are significantly inhibited. The performance of the coatings remains stable after storage in air or artificial saliva for 2 weeks. Both coatings demonstrate good biocompatibility in vitro and is not caused irritation to the oral mucosa of rats in vivo over 2 weeks. This study proposes a promising strategy for the development of invisible aligners with improved performance, which is beneficial for oral health treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rufang Wei
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, P. R. China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Deng
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, P. R. China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Xiangshu Guo
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, P. R. China
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, P. R. China
| | - Yanyu Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, P. R. China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jiru Miao
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, P. R. China
| | - Ashuang Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, P. R. China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Chai
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, P. R. China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Xinqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, P. R. China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nafarrate-Valdez RA, Martínez-Martínez RE, Zaragoza-Contreras EA, Áyala-Herrera JL, Domínguez-Pérez RA, Reyes-López SY, Donohue-Cornejo A, Cuevas-González JC, Loyola-Rodríguez JP, Espinosa-Cristóbal LF. Anti-Adherence and Antimicrobial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles against Serotypes C and K of Streptococcus mutans on Orthodontic Appliances. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58070877. [PMID: 35888596 PMCID: PMC9323808 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the main microorganism associated with the presence of dental caries and specific serotypes of this bacteria have been related to several systemic diseases limiting general health. In orthodontics, white spot lesions (WSL), represent a great challenge for clinicians due to the great fluctuation of their prevalence and incidence during conventional orthodontic treatments. Although silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been demonstrated to have great antimicrobial properties in several microorganisms, including S. mutans bacteria, there is no available information about anti adherence and antimicrobial properties of AgNP exposed to two of the most relevant serotypes of S. mutans adhered on orthodontic materials used for conventional therapeutics. The objective of this study was to determine anti-adherence and antimicrobial levels of AgNP against serotypes c and k of S. mutans on conventional orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: An AgNP solution was prepared and characterized using dispersion light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Antimicrobial and anti-adherence activities of AgNP were determined using minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and bacterial adherence testing against serotypes c and k of S. mutans clinically isolated and confirmed by PCR assay. Results: The prepared AgNP had spherical shapes with a good size distribution (29.3 ± 0.7 nm) with negative and well-defined electrical charges (−36.5 ± 5.7 mV). AgNP had good bacterial growth (55.7 ± 19.3 µg/mL for serotype c, and 111.4 ± 38.6 µg/mL for serotype k) and adherence inhibitions for all bacterial strains and orthodontic wires (p < 0.05). The serotype k showed statistically the highest microbial adherence (p < 0.05). The SS wires promoted more bacterial adhesion (149.0 ± 253.6 UFC/mL × 104) than CuNiTi (3.3 ± 6.0 UFC/mL × 104) and NiTi (101.1 ± 108.5 UFC/mL × 104) arches. SEM analysis suggests CuNiTi wires demonstrated better topographical conditions for bacterial adherence while AFM evaluation determined cell wall irregularities in bacterial cells exposed to AgNP. Conclusions: This study suggests the widespread use of AgNP as a potential anti-adherent and antimicrobial agent for the prevention of WSL during conventional orthodontic therapies and, collaterally, other systemic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Amalia Nafarrate-Valdez
- Speciality Program in Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Biomedical Science Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo Avenues, Juarez City 32310, Mexico;
| | - Rita Elizabeth Martínez-Martínez
- Master Program in Advanced Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Manuel Nava Avenue, Universitary Campus, San Luis Potosí 78290, Mexico;
| | - Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
- Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S. C., Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico;
| | - José Luis Áyala-Herrera
- School of Dentistry, Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Universidad Avenue, Lomas del Campestre, Guanajuato 37150, Mexico;
| | - Rubén Abraham Domínguez-Pérez
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Dental Research, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Clavel Street, Prados de La Capilla, Santiago de Querétaro 76176, Mexico;
| | - Simón Yobanny Reyes-López
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Donohue-Cornejo
- Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Mexico; (A.D.-C.); (J.C.C.-G.)
| | - Juan Carlos Cuevas-González
- Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Mexico; (A.D.-C.); (J.C.C.-G.)
| | - Juan Pablo Loyola-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, Ciudad Universitaria, Universitaria, Culiacán 80013, Mexico;
| | - León Francisco Espinosa-Cristóbal
- Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Mexico; (A.D.-C.); (J.C.C.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +55-656-688-1823
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kozak U, Lasota A, Chałas R. Changes in Distribution of Dental Biofilm after Insertion of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5638. [PMID: 34884339 PMCID: PMC8658558 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Good oral hygiene is an important factor in oral and general health, especially in orthodontic patients, because fixed appliances might impede effective oral hygiene and thus increase the risks of tooth decay, periodontal disease and general health complications. This study investigated the impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on the distribution of dental biofilm in teenagers. Supragingival plaque was assessed at T0, T1 and T2. The distribution of the biofilm was analyzed. Approximal Plaque Index (API) and Bonded Bracket Index (BBI) were used to measure the presence of dental plaque. After insertion of the fixed appliance, the dental plaque indices values in the orthodontically treated group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the control group. Fixed orthodontic appliances caused significant changes in the distribution of the biofilm. This was characterized by the change of location of the dental plaque. In the orthodontic group, we observed an increase in the amount of the supragingival plaque on the vestibular surface of the teeth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kozak
- Chair and Department of Jaw Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Lasota
- Chair and Department of Jaw Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Renata Chałas
- Department of Oral Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Charavet C, Graveline L, Gourdain Z, Lupi L. What Are the Cleaning and Disinfection Methods for Acrylic Orthodontic Removable Appliance? A Systematic Review. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8110967. [PMID: 34828679 PMCID: PMC8623359 DOI: 10.3390/children8110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The use of removable orthodontic appliances, which is common in early ages, requires careful hygiene, as several different microorganisms are found on their surface during the orthodontic treatment. (2) Methods: Comprehensive electronic searches were conducted up to May 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCTs), prospective or retrospective, evaluating the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection methods for acrylic removable orthodontic appliances, redacted in the English language, were included. Three independent blinding review authors were involved in study selection, data extraction, and bias assessment. (3) Results: A total of 2491 records were screened and eight studies (six RCTs and two CCTs) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Among the overall cleaning and disinfection methods described in the included studies, four categories could be defined: liquid antimicrobial agents, commercial tablet cleansers, natural plant extracts and incorporation of quaternary ammonium methacryloxy silicate, all of which demonstrated superior efficacy compared to the placebo/negative control. However, the different methods were not compared with each other. (4) Conclusions: Biofilm control on acrylic orthodontic removable appliances can be performed using the different cleaning and disinfection methods considered in the included studies. Further studies are needed to define the most effective technique. Registration: PROSPERO CRD 42021269297.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Charavet
- Université Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 06800 Nice, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Odontologie, 06000 Nice, France
- Laboratoire MICORALIS UPR 7354, Université Côte d'Azur, 06800 Nice, France
| | - Léa Graveline
- Université Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 06800 Nice, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Odontologie, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Zoé Gourdain
- Université Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 06800 Nice, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Odontologie, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Laurence Lupi
- Université Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 06800 Nice, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Odontologie, 06000 Nice, France
- Laboratoire MICORALIS UPR 7354, Université Côte d'Azur, 06800 Nice, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Al-Haifi HAA, Ishaq RAA, Al-Hammadi MSA. Salivary pH changes under the effect of stainless steel versus elastomeric ligatures in fixed orthodontic patients: a single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:544. [PMID: 34686168 PMCID: PMC8539802 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluctuations in pH of saliva during a prolonged treatment course influences the enamel demineralization progress, which is one of the complications of fixed orthodontic treatment. This randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate and compare the short-term effects of stainless steel (SS) versus elastomeric (EM) ligatures on salivary pH in patients scheduled for fixed orthodontic treatment. METHODS Seventy participants were enrolled in the study (54 female, 16 male) aged 19-36 years who met specific inclusion criteria. They were randomly selected and allocated into two equal groups through computer-generated randomization. All patients received fixed orthodontic treatment using conventional orthodontic brackets. Two commonly used archwire ligature methods were used: SS and EMs. An unstimulated (resting) salivary sample was collected before tying of the ligatures at T0 (baseline), 2 weeks, 6 (weeks), and 12 (weeks). Salivary pH was measured using a digital pH meter. The level of significance was set at p value < 0.05. RESULTS The salivary pH level was stable between T0 and T1 (6.72 ± 0.14), then significantly and progressively increased from T1 to T2 (6.78 ± 0.13) and from T2 to T3 (6.81 ± 0.14) with (p < 0.05) in the SS group. In the EM group, the salivary pH level was significantly decreased in all follow-up periods; T0 (6.77 ± 0.16), T1 (6.72 ± 0.14), T2 (6.67 ± 0.13) and T3 (6.64 ± 0.13). CONCLUSION The EM ligatures showed a significant decrease in salivary pH to an unfavorable level, which increased the risk of enamel demineralization. Therefore, EMs as ligature material is preferably should not be recommended in patients with high caries index or inadequate oral hygiene. Trial registration ANZCTR.org. (ACTRN12618001647224) http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12618001647224.aspx . Registration Date: 5/10/2018, "Retrospectively registered".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hend Abulkarem Abdullah Al-Haifi
- Present Address: Department of Biological and Preventive Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Republic of Yemen
| | - Ramy Abdulrahman Ali Ishaq
- Department of Orthodontics, Pedodontics, and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Republic of Yemen
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bationo R, Beugré-Kouassi MLA, Jordana F, Beugré JB. Biodegradation of orthodontic composites by Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro qualitative and quantitative assessment. APOS TRENDS IN ORTHODONTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.25259/apos_21_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degradation products of orthodontic composites (Grengloo, Blugloo, Transbond XT, and Transbond LR) by Streptococcus mutans and then to quantify the levels of released bisphenol A (BPA) using gas-phase chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS).
Materials and Methods:
Orthodontic light-cured composite discs were incubated at 37°C in brain heart infusion (BHI) (control group) and in a culture of S. mutans with BHI (test group). Incubation solutions were collected every 48 h in each group and replaced with fresh solutions. These incubation solutions were accumulated and grouped. The assessment of degradation products from composites was done at 1 and 30 days. Detected BPA was then quantified. The limit of quantification was 0.01 μg/mL.
Results:
Degradation products were present at day 30. For the test group, BPA was detected in Blugloo at day 1 (0.38 μg/mL) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was detected in Grengloo and Transbond LR at day 1.
Conclusion:
S. mutans can hydrolyze long-term orthodontic composites. Monomers such as BPA and TEGDMA may be present in degradation products. It is possible to separate and identify leaching compounds by GC–MS technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Bationo
- Service de Chirurgie Dentaire, CHU de Bogodogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | | | | | - Jean-Bertin Beugré
- UFR d’Odonto-Stomatologie, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on oral microbiome dynamics in Japanese patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21989. [PMID: 33319834 PMCID: PMC7738506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fixed orthodontic appliances are common and effective tools to treat malocclusion. Adverse effects of these appliances, such as dental caries and periodontitis, may be associated with alteration of the microbiome. This study investigated the impact of these appliances on the dynamics of the oral microbiome. Seventy-one patients were selected. Supragingival plaque samples were collected before placement (T0) and six months after placement (T1). Saliva samples were collected at T0 and T1, and then when appliance removal (T2). Microbial DNA was analyzed by 16S rRNA meta-sequencing. The diversity analysis indicated dynamic changes in the structure of the oral microbiome. Taxonomic analysis at phylum level showed a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and Saccharibacteria (formally TM7) and decrease in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria over time, in both plaque and saliva. Genus level analysis of relative abundance indicated a significant increase in anaerobic and facultative anaerobes in both plaque and saliva. Fixed orthodontic appliances induced measurable changes in the oral microbiome. This was characterized by an increase in relative abundance of obligate anaerobes, including periodontal pathogens. It can be concluded that this dysbiosis induced by fixed orthodontic appliances is likely to represent a transitional stage in the shift in microbiome from healthy to periodontitis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xie Y, Zhang M, Zhang W, Liu X, Zheng W, Jiang X. Gold Nanoclusters-Coated Orthodontic Devices Can Inhibit the Formation of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:1239-1246. [PMID: 33464842 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oral health is an issue that has attracted increasing attention recently. Poor oral hygiene may induce the formation of oral biofilm on orthodontic devices, and cause gingivitis and dental caries. Here, we present a strategy for modifying orthodontic devices (e.g., invisalign aligner) with quaternary ammonium (QA)-modified gold nanoclusters (QA-GNCs) as an antibiotic reagent to prevent bacterial contamination and biofilm formation. The QA-GNCs-coated aligner can efficiently inhibit the adhesion of cariogenic pathogenic Streptococcus mutans and the formation of biofilm. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of the coated QA-GNCs can be maintained for at least 3 months and after repeated usage (>3 cycles). Furthermore, the QA-GNCs coating shows excellent biosafety confirmed by the cell viability test, the hemolysis assay, and animal experiments. Our strategy for antibacterial coating has the advantages of broad applications, low cost, good stability, high antibacterial efficiency, good biocompatibility, and low risk of antibiotic contamination, which could be particularly useful in preventing infections involving implantable medical devices or wearable electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhouyun Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, No. 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Peking University School of Stomatology, No. 22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, No. 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomo Liu
- Peking University School of Stomatology, No. 22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenfu Zheng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, No. 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, No. 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Krasniqi S, Sejdini M, Stubljar D, Jukic T, Ihan A, Aliu K, Aliu X. Antimicrobial Effect of Orthodontic Materials on Cariogenic Bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2020; 26:e920510. [PMID: 31959737 PMCID: PMC6993557 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.920510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White spot lesions (WSLs) are a common complication after orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the antimicrobial properties of selenium-containing vs. fluoride-containing orthodontic materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS Antibacterial efficacy of orthodontic materials (SeLECT Defense bonding agent, Adhesive agent, Band Cement, Transbond Plus SEP bonding agent, Transbond Plus Adhesive agent, Fuji I Band cement, Fuji Ortho LC Adhesive agent, Ortho Solo Bonding agent, Transbond XT bonding agent, and Transbond XT primer) was tested with the inhibition of 2 bacterial strains: S. mutans (ATCC 10449) and L. acidophilus (ATCC 4356). The antimicrobial efficacy of the materials was measured by agar diffusion test. The diameters of inhibition zones around each disk were measured in millimeters (mm). RESULTS Materials containing selenium and fluoride showed significant differences from the negative control (both p<0.001). Orthodontic materials containing fluoride as a potential antimicrobial agent showed larger zones of inhibition in total (9.1±2.6 mm), the selenium group was the second-most effective (4.7±4.9 mm), and the group without any potential antimicrobial agent showed the least antimicrobial effect (0.9±1.0 mm). Materials from the group with no antibacterial agent were not significantly different from the negative control group (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Materials containing selenium carried the most significance when comparing microorganisms with the agent, since they were the only ones showing difference between the 2 microorganisms. They showed statistically significant difference in efficacy against S. mutans, and poor antimicrobial effect against L. acidophilus. These data suggest that orthodontic materials containing selenium might have the potential to prevent WSLs due to their antimicrobial properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sokol Krasniqi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Milaim Sejdini
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - David Stubljar
- Department of Research and Development, In-Medico, Metlika, Slovenia
| | - Tomislav Jukic
- Department of Internal Medicine, History of Medicine and Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Alojz Ihan
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kaltrina Aliu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Xhevdet Aliu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University for Business and Technology, Pristina, Kosovo
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental caries is both an infectious and transmissible disease. Maternal transfer of Mutans Streptococci occurs at an early age and is important in the initiation of dental caries in children. The aim of this study was to identify certain strains of Streptococcus mutans in mother-child pairs, of children with early childhood caries. STUDY DESIGN Sixty mother-child pairs of healthy children aged 18-36 months were selected. Mothers with high levels of Streptococcus mutans in their saliva and only children with ECC were included. Dental plaque samples were collected from mother-child pairs. The plaque samples were stored, transferred to the laboratory and analyzed for Streptococcus mutans strains c, f, e and k, present in mother-child pairs using Real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis for level of similarity in Streptococcus mutans strains present in mother-child pairs. RESULTS A similar distribution of Streptococcus mutans strains c, f and k was identified in 28 mother-child pairs. Streptococcus mutans strain e was seen in 18 pairs. CONCLUSION Less than 50% of mother-child pairs showed similarity in distribution of Streptococcus mutans strains.
Collapse
|
11
|
Effectiveness of Enzyme Dentifrices on Oral Health in Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16122243. [PMID: 31242669 PMCID: PMC6617311 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plaque accumulation and white spot lesions are common adverse effects of fixed orthodontic appliance use. This study compared the effects between enzyme-containing and conventional dentifrices on orthodontic patients. This double-blind randomized controlled trial included 42 orthodontic patients (25 women and 17 men: 22.7 ± 4.2 years) from Taipei Medical University Hospital between 2017 and 2018. The patients were randomly divided into three groups and assigned to dentifrice use during the first 3 months of the orthodontic treatment: group 1 used dentifrices containing enzymes including amyloglucosidase and glucose oxidase, group 2 used dentifrices containing 1450 ppm fluoride, and group 3 used natural dentifrices containing no chemical agent. White spot lesion index (WSL), gingival bleeding index (GBI), and visible plaque index (VPI) were recorded and analyzed. WSL, GBI, and VPI values exhibited no significant difference among the three groups. WSL increased significantly in group 3, GBI decreased significantly in all groups, and VPI decreased significantly in groups 1 and 2. No significant difference was observed between the use of enzyme-containing and conventional dentifrices after fixed orthodontic appliance placement.
Collapse
|
12
|
Salehi P, Babanouri N, Roein-Peikar M, Zare F. Long-term antimicrobial assessment of orthodontic brackets coated with nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide against Streptococcus mutans. Prog Orthod 2018; 19:35. [PMID: 30221309 PMCID: PMC6139290 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-018-0236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The antimicrobial properties of orthodontic wire and brackets with nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-doped TiO2) coating have been studied in the past. However, the evaluation period had been short and limited to 30 days. The aim of the present study was to extend the evaluation period (up to 90 days) of assessing the long-term antimicrobial effects of stainless steel orthodontic brackets coated with nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-doped TiO2). Methods A total of 40 stainless steel pre-adjusted premolar brackets were equally divided into two groups; namely the control group (n=20, uncoated brackets) and the experimental group (n=20, coated brackets). RF magnetron sputtering was used to apply a thin film of TiO2 on the bracket surface. The crystalline structure of the thin film was assessed using X-ray diffraction. The antimicrobial property of the brackets against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) was evaluated using the survival rate by colony-forming units (CFU) at four intervals: 24 hours (T0), 30 days (T1), 60 days (T2), and 90 days (T3). 2-way ANOVA Repeated Measures was used to compare the effects between the groups over the time. Results There was no significant interaction between group and time (p = 0.568). The orthodontic brackets coated with the N-doped TiO2 thin film showed a significant CFU reduction (37.71 ± 5.21, 37.81 ± 5.03, 37.98 ± 5.37, and 37.74 ± 5.21 at T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively) compared to the uncoated brackets (400.91 ± 14.67, 401.58 ± 14.01, 400.31 ± 14.68, and 402.04 ± 13.98 at T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively) through visible light (p < 0.001). Conclusion N-doped TiO2 coated orthodontic brackets showed strong antimicrobial property against S. mutans over a period of 90 days, which is effective in preventing enamel decalcification during orthodontic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Salehi
- Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Qom Abad Blv, Ghasrodasht, Shiraz, AV, Iran
| | - Neda Babanouri
- Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Qom Abad Blv, Ghasrodasht, Shiraz, AV, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lipták L, Szabó K, Nagy G, Márton S, Madléna M. Microbiological Changes and Caries-Preventive Effect of an Innovative Varnish Containing Chlorhexidine in Orthodontic Patients. Caries Res 2018; 52:272-278. [DOI: 10.1159/000486140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cervitec Plus® on the level of mutans streptococcus (SM) and lactobacillus (LB) colonies and the development of white spot lesions (WSLs) in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Informed consent was obtained from 32 volunteers (age 16.5 ± 2.75 years). At baseline, levels of the bacterial colonies were determined in saliva and plaque using a chairside test (CRT Bacteria, Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), and the number of WSLs was registered. After placing the fixed appliance, Cervitec Plus® or placebo varnishes (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) were applied monthly around the brackets and tubes, randomly in the right or left (test and placebo) quadrants of the same dental arch. SM and LB colonies in saliva and the SM colonies in plaque were determined on 11–21, 13–23, 15–25, and 16–26 teeth monthly over a 6-month period. At the sixth month, the number of new WSLs was determined. By the end of the study, compared with baseline, the ratio of saliva samples belonging to the low-risk category was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) from the 2nd month regarding the SM (76 vs. 52%) and LB (69 vs. 52%); reduction of SM in plaque was significantly greater on the test than placebo sides (6.69 ± 1.71 and 4.45 ± 1.60, respectively; p ≤ 0.01). The mean number of new WSLs was significantly lower in the test (0.06 ± 1.60) than in the placebo quadrants (1.13 ± 1.50, p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: Monthly use of Cervitec Plus® could result in a significant improvement in oral health of orthodontic patients.
Collapse
|
14
|
Shirozaki MU, Ferreira JTL, Küchler EC, Matsumoto MAN, Aires CP, Nelson-Filho P, Romano FL. Quantification of Streptococcus mutans in Different Types of Ligature Wires and Elastomeric Chains. Braz Dent J 2017; 28:498-503. [PMID: 29160403 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201601401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to test the hypothesis that Streptococcus mutans contamination levels differ according to the type of the orthodontic ligature. Thirteen patients were selected. Each quadrant was randomly subjected to one of the following ligature-use protocols: I) elastomeric chain, II) steel ligature crossed over the archwire, III) steel ligature crossed under the archwire, and IV) steel ligature in a figure-eight pattern under the archwire. After seven days, the devices were removed and the Streptococcus mutans colony-forming unit count per mg of biofilm weight was determined. Twelve specimens (n=3) were also processed for scanning electron microscopy analysis. ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test were used for comparisons to assess S. mutans differences between groups at a 5% significance level. There was no statistical difference in detectable levels of S. mutans among the groups (p=0.294). Scanning electron microscopy results showed abundant biofilms and microbial contamination in all groups. In conclusion, S. mutans contamination levels are similar in the different orthodontic ligatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Umekita Shirozaki
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Tarcísio Lima Ferreira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Erika Calvano Küchler
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mírian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Patrícia Aires
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Lourenço Romano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jeon HS, Jung EH, Kang SM, Lee ES, Lee JW, Kim BI. Improving the efficacy of chlorhexidine-releasing elastomerics using a layer-by-layer coating technique. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:476-481. [PMID: 28420834 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to identify the optimal concentration of coated orthodontic elastomerics using a layer-by-layer technique that can release chlorhexidine (CHX) as an antimicrobial material, and to measure the physical properties and antimicrobial effects of the coated elastomerics. Ethyl cellulose (EC) was used as the polymer, and five study groups with various combinations of solvents (i.e., ethanol and dichloromethane [DCM]) were included. The coated elastomerics were evaluated with a spectrophotometer to confirm the release of CHX, and their surfaces were observed by SEM. The CHX+EC+DCM group sustained antimicrobial release for the longest period (168 h, p<0.001) and exhibited the largest antimicrobial effect in an inhibition zone test using S. mutans for 7 days (p<0.05). This group had most effective physical properties and antimicrobial effects of coated elastomerics produced using a layerby-layer technique, and so its composition should be considered for use in clinical applications in orthodontics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sun Jeon
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Yeoju Institute of Technology.,Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, Yonsei University College of Dentistry
| | - Eun-Ha Jung
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, Yonsei University College of Dentistry.,BK 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry
| | - Si-Mook Kang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, Yonsei University College of Dentistry.,BK 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry
| | - Eun-Song Lee
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, Yonsei University College of Dentistry.,BK 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry
| | - Jeong-Woo Lee
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, Yonsei University College of Dentistry
| | - Baek-Il Kim
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, Yonsei University College of Dentistry.,BK 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry.,Oral Science Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cardoso MDA, Saraiva PP, Maltagliati LÁ, Rhoden FK, Costa CCA, Normando D, Capelozza Filho L. Alterations in plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation promoted by treatment with self-ligating and conventional orthodontic brackets. Dental Press J Orthod 2016; 20:35-41. [PMID: 25992985 PMCID: PMC4445223 DOI: 10.1590/2176-9451.20.2.035-041.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate, comparatively, the periodontal response during orthodontic treatment performed with self-ligating and conventional brackets. METHODS Sixteen Caucasian individuals of both sexes, aged between 12 and 16 years old and in permanent dentition were selected. Eight individuals were treated with conventional brackets installed on the lower dental arch and self-ligating brackets on the upper arch. Another eight individuals received self-ligating brackets in the lower arch and conventional brackets in the upper arch. The subjects received material and instructions for oral hygiene. Visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were evaluated just after installation of orthodontic appliances, and 30, 60 and 180 days later. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare differences between groups (self-ligating and conventional), two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test was used to assess CAL at each site of each tooth. Significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS No significant changes were found with regard to the assessed parameters (VPI, GBI and CAL) in either one of the systems. CONCLUSION No significant changes were found with regard to the periodontal response to orthodontic treatment for the variables assessed and between subjects receiving passive self-ligating and conventional brackets. All individuals had received oral hygiene instructions and had their periodontal conditions monitored.
Collapse
|
17
|
Arnold S, Koletsi D, Patcas R, Eliades T. The effect of bracket ligation on the periodontal status of adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 2016; 54:13-24. [PMID: 27546466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to critically appraise the evidence regarding the effect of bracket ligation type on the periodontal conditions of adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment. DATA Search terms included randomized controlled trial (RCTs), controlled clinical trials, ligation, bracket, periodontal, inflammation. Risk of bias assessment was made using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the quality of evidence was assessed with GRADE. SOURCES Electronic Database search of published and unpublished literature was performed without language restriction in May 25, 2016 (MEDLINE via Pubmed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Clinical Trials.gov and National Research Register). STUDY SELECTION Of 140 articles initially retrieved, 8 were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review, while 4 RCTs with unclear risk of bias were included in the quantitative synthesis, all comparing self-ligating to conventional steel ligated brackets. Random effects meta-analyses were implemented. At 4-6 weeks after bracket placement there was no evidence to support the use of either type of bracket for achieving improved plaque- (PI) and gingival index (GI). At 3-6 months, there was scarce evidence of greater PI increase for conventional brackets. GI and pocket depth pooled estimates did not reveal significant differences between the two systems. The quality of the evidence was moderate according to GRADE for all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, non-significant differences on the periodontal status of adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment with either conventional or self-ligating brackets were detected. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The periodontal status of adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment is of considerable importance. The synthesis of the available evidence on oral hygiene related factors will provide insights to best clinical practice during the course of orthodontic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Arnold
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Despina Koletsi
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Raphael Patcas
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theodore Eliades
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shukla C, Maurya RK, Singh V, Tijare M. Evaluation of changes in Streptococcus mutans colonies in microflora of the Indian population with fixed orthodontics appliances. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2016; 13:309-14. [PMID: 27605987 PMCID: PMC4993057 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.187876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthodontic therapy has oral ecological changes causing increased numbers of mutans streptococci in saliva and plaque. The purpose of this study was to estimate counts and colonization pattern of Streptococcus mutans after application of fixed orthodontic appliances. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plaque samples of randomly selected sixty patients were collected before placement of orthodontic appliances from buccal and labial aspects of the anterior teeth and four first molars and readings were recorded as T0. After placement of appliances (0.22 MBT preadjusted Gemini), i.e., 2(nd) and 3(rd) month, the plaque samples were collected again from same site and readings were recorded as T1 and T2, respectively. Counts of S. mutans in these patients were determined by using DM Strips (Orion Diagnostic, Espoo, Finland). Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to find out significant differences between different time interval for Dentocult score for S. mutans in orthodontic patients (P < 0.001). RESULTS Prior to the treatment, 46 patients (76%) showed mild and 14 patients (24%) showed moderate colonization of S. mutans. After treatment, the severity of colonization increased showing fifty patients (84%) moderate and six patients (10%) showing severe colonization of S. mutans at T1, which further increased in severity at T2 with 54 patients (90%) showing severe colonization with S. mutans. CONCLUSION Results showed that fixed orthodontic appliance increases colonization of S. mutans during orthodontic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandresh Shukla
- Department of Orthodontics, Peoples College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Kumar Maurya
- Department of Orthodontics, Corps Dental Unit, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Baraktullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manisha Tijare
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peoples College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
[Not Available]. Orthod Fr 2016; 87:119-49. [PMID: 27083237 DOI: 10.1051/orthodfr/2016002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
20
|
Othman H, Etteyeb N. Electrochemical comportment of Ni-Ti alloys immersed in two types of artificial saliva. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:778-784. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Houda Othman
- Faculty of Sciences of Gabes; University of Gabes; Cité Erriadh 6072 Zrig Tunisia
| | - Naceur Etteyeb
- High Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine; University of Gabes; Route El Jorf, El Fja 4111 B.P.522 Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tang X, Sensat ML, Stoltenberg JL. The antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine varnish on mutans streptococci in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances: a systematic review of clinical efficacy. Int J Dent Hyg 2015; 14:53-61. [PMID: 26257398 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review aimed to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine varnishes (CHX-V) on mutans streptococci (MS) in patients during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic computerized database search was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus and EMBASE up to September 2014. A Google search was also conducted to further identify articles that met the eligibility criteria. Clinical trials which used CHX-V alone as the intervention to investigate the antimicrobial effect of the varnish in subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment were included. Outcome measures included MS level reduction and/or decreased caries incidence from baseline data. RESULTS Nineteen articles were identified for full-text reading; eleven articles met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Type and concentration of CHX-V, bacterial sampling method, application frequency, sampling schedule, risk of bias and study outcomes are presented. CONCLUSION A limited number of studies with low risk of bias were available to address the antimicrobial efficacy of CHX-V on MS in patients during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Therefore, while the majority of studies found CHX-V to be an effective antimicrobial against MS at an interval of 3-4 weeks, the strength of the recommendation is weak. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether this antimicrobial effect will contribute to clinically significant caries reduction in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Tang
- Division of Dental Hygiene, Department of Primary Dental Care, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M L Sensat
- Private practice at Boger Dental, Plymouth, MN, USA
| | - J L Stoltenberg
- Division of Dental Hygiene, Department of Primary Dental Care, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Levrini L, Mangano A, Montanari P, Margherini S, Caprioglio A, Abbate GM. Periodontal health status in patients treated with the Invisalign(®) system and fixed orthodontic appliances: A 3 months clinical and microbiological evaluation. Eur J Dent 2015; 9:404-410. [PMID: 26430371 PMCID: PMC4569994 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.163218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this prospective study was to compare the periodontal health and the microbiological changes via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances and Invisalign(®) system (Align Technology, Santa Clara, California). MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-seven patients were enrolled in this study and divided into three groups (Invisalign(®) group, fixed orthodontic appliances group and control group). Plaque index, probing depth, bleeding on probing were assessed. Total biofilm mass and periodontal pathogens were analyzed and detected via real-time PCR. All these data were analyzed at the T0 (beginning of the treatment) T1 (1-month) and T2 (3 months); and statistically compared using the Mann-Whitney test for independent groups. RESULTS After 1-month and after 3 months of treatment there was only one sample with periodontopathic anaerobes found in patient treated using fixed orthodontic appliances. The Invisalign(®) group showed better results in terms of periodontal health and total biofilm mass compared to the fixed orthodontic appliance group. A statistical significant difference (P < 0.05) at the T2 in the total biofilm mass was found between the two groups. CONCLUSION Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with the Invisalign(®) System show a superior periodontal health in the short-term when compared to patients in treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. Invisalign(®) should be considered as a first treatment option in patients with risk of developing periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Levrini
- Department of Morphological and Surgical Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mangano
- Oro Cranio Facial Disease and Medicine Research Centre, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Montanari
- Department of Morphological and Surgical Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Margherini
- Department of Morphological and Surgical Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Caprioglio
- Department of Morphological and Surgical Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Abbate
- Department of Morphological and Surgical Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lapirattanakul J, Nakano K. Mother-to-child transmission of mutans streptococci. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:807-23. [PMID: 25046526 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutans streptococci (MS) are the major group of pathogens implicated in dental caries. Like other infectious diseases, transmission of the causative microorganisms is the initial and essential step that should be understood relative to disease control and prevention. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding MS transmission, especially from mothers to their children. Included are methods used to study transmission, sources of MS, initial acquisition, factors concerning transmission and prevention of transmission. Information accumulated over many decades showed the involvement of MS transmission in the pathogenesis of caries, hence several preventive measurements have been proposed. Nevertheless, some essential aspects remain to be elucidated for more benefits of practical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinthana Lapirattanakul
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Eichenauer J, von Bremen J, Ruf S. Microbial contamination of toothbrushes during treatment with multibracket appliances. Head Face Med 2014; 10:43. [PMID: 25301033 PMCID: PMC4197314 DOI: 10.1186/1746-160x-10-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It was aimed to assess the retention of caries-associated microorganisms on two different manual toothbrushes (conventional and tapered) and to evaluate the influence of multibracket appliances (MB) on the microbial contamination of the brush head. Methods 50 MB-patients and 50 subjects without MB received a toothbrush (elmex® interX medium short head or meridol®) plus toothpaste (elmex®) for exclusive use and an information sheet with standardised brushing instructions. After 14 days of regular tooth brushing, the brushes were collected and sluiced in Sputasol solution. The suspension was incubated on selective agar plates and the amount of Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli and Candida albicans for each brush head was assessed. Results Regarding the retention of microorganisms, no differences could be detected between the two bristle designs. However, the amount of S. mutans was significantly higher on brushes used by MB-patients (p < 0.005) than on the brushes of subjects without MB. The number of Lactobacilli and C. albicans was minimal in all cases and below statistical evaluation. Conclusions During treatment with MB appliances, toothbrushes were contaminated more intensely with S. mutans independent of bristle design. A more frequent replacement of toothbrushes may thus be recommended for patients undergoing MB-treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia von Bremen
- Department of Orthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
D’Ercole S, Martinelli D, Tripodi D. Influence of sport mouthguards on the ecological factors of the children oral cavity. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:97. [PMID: 25091394 PMCID: PMC4146445 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of fixed and/or removable dental devices is an attributable factor that may affect the oral cavity homeostasis. The aim of this study was to monitor the oral environmental changes caused by dental devices, as sports mouthguards with the aid of a chair-side test. METHODS Sixty children with sports-mouthguards were analyzed at baseline (T0), after 6 months of dental devices use (T1), after a year (T2) and after almost 6 months without using it (T3). At T0, a clinical monitoring was performed and the DMFT index was recorded. At each time of observation, the following parameters were recorded: FMPS, FMBS, unstimulated-flow rate, saliva consistency, resting pH, stimulated saliva, buffer capacity, the CFU/ml of Streptococcus mutans. RESULTS In 60 subjects, mean age 9.9 ± 1.2, mean value of DMFT 1.55 ± 1.29,dmf-t 3.43 ± 1.21, FMPS and FMBS values increased significantly at T2. The values of unstimulated flow rate vary significantly within the observation times. The pH value and the buffering capacity reduced significantly at T2. The tests for the detection of S. mutans were negative in all the subjects in several observation times. All patients regularly used fluoridated toothpaste and comply with normal standards of oral hygiene; but over time the patients lost their initial motivation. CONCLUSIONS Sport treatment with dental devices dues to changes in oral ecological factors: increases FMPS, FMBS and reduces the buffering capacity and the salivary pH. The use of removable devices increases the retentive plaque surfaces and inhibits the protective effect of saliva.The so-called "chair-side" tests were able to easily monitor patients and to determine the risk of oral disease during sport treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta D’Ercole
- Departments of Sperimental and Clinical Sciences, Dental School, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Sperimental and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti- Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Diego Martinelli
- Departments of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, Dental School, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico Tripodi
- Unit of Pediatric Dentistry, Departments of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, Dental School, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi E, Lynch E. Nanoparticles in orthodontics, a review of antimicrobial and anti-caries applications. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:413-7. [PMID: 24325608 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.859728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles smaller than 100 nm in size. In order to prevent microbial adhesion or enamel demineralization in orthodontic therapy, two broad strategies have been used. These are incorporating certain NPs into orthodontic adhesives/cements or acrylic resins (nanofillers, silver, TiO2, SiO2, hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, fluorohydroxyapatite) and coating surfaces of orthodontic appliances with NPs (i.e. coating bracket surfaces with a thin film of nitrogen-doped TiO2). Although the use of NPs in orthodontics can offer new possibilities, previous studies investigated the antimicrobial or physical characteristic over a short time span, i.e. 24 hours to a few weeks, and the limitations of in vitro studies should be recognized. Information on the long-term performance of orthodontic material using nanotechnology is lacking and necessitates further investigation and so do possible safety issues (toxicity), which can be related to the NP sizes.
Collapse
|
27
|
Effect of 2 elastomeric ligatures on microbial flora and periodontal status in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 145:667-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
28
|
de Freitas AOA, Marquezan M, Nojima MDCG, Alviano DS, Maia LC. The influence of orthodontic fixed appliances on the oral microbiota: a systematic review. Dental Press J Orthod 2014; 19:46-55. [PMID: 24945514 PMCID: PMC4296609 DOI: 10.1590/2176-9451.19.2.046-055.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether there is scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that the presence of orthodontic fixed appliances influences the oral microbiota. METHODS The search for articles was conducted in PubMed; ISI Web of Knowledge and Ovid databases, including articles published in English until May 17th, 2012. They should report human observational studies presenting the following keywords: "fixed orthodontic appliance" AND "microbiological colonization"; OR "periodontal pathogens"; OR "Streptococcus"; OR "Lactobacillus"; OR "Candida"; OR "Tannerella forsythia"; OR "Treponema denticola"; OR "Fusobacterium nucleatum"; OR "Actimomyces actinomycetemcomitans"; OR "Prevotella intermedia"; OR "Prevotella nigrescens"; OR "Porphyromonas gingivalis". Articles were previously selected by title and abstract. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed and classified as having low, moderate or high methodology quality. A new detailed checklist for quality assessment was developed based on the information required for applicable data extraction for reviews. The study design, sample, follow-up period, collection and microbial analysis methods, statistical treatment, results and discussion were assessed. RESULTS The initial search retrieved 305 articles of which 33 articles were selected by title and abstract. After full-text reading, 8 articles met the inclusion criteria, out of which 4 articles were classified as having low and 4 as moderate methodological quality. The moderate methodological quality studies were included in the systematic review. CONCLUSIONS The literature revealed moderate evidence that the presence of fixed appliances influences the quantity and quality of oral microbiota.
Collapse
|
29
|
Tahmourespour A, Nabinejad A, Shirian H, Rosa EAR, Tahmourespour S. Typing of Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from caries free and susceptible subjects by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 44:873-7. [PMID: 24516455 PMCID: PMC3910204 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000300033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was evaluated the clonal diversity of Streptococcus mutans in caries-free and caries-active subjects using MLEE. Strains from caries-free subjects were grouped in a single taxon. Unrooted dendrogram showed that different strains clustered in four different clades, also showed that more than one clonal type can be found in a same individual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Tahmourespour
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Khorasgan-Isfahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Nabinejad
- Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Isfahan Branch, Vet Dept of Agriculture, Amirhamzeh, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hannaneh Shirian
- Biotechnology Lab, Khorasgan, Isfahan branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Sanaz Tahmourespour
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Khorasgan-Isfahan branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
do Nascimento LEAG, de Souza MMG, Azevedo ARP, Maia LC. Are self-ligating brackets related to less formation of Streptococcus mutans colonies? A systematic review. Dental Press J Orthod 2014; 19:60-8. [PMID: 24713561 PMCID: PMC4299422 DOI: 10.1590/2176-9451.19.1.060-068.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify, by means of a systematic review, whether the design of brackets (conventional or self-ligating) influences adhesion and formation of Streptococcus mutans colonies. METHODS SEARCH STRATEGY four databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid ALL EMB Reviews, PubMed and BIREME) were selected to search for relevant articles covering the period from January 1965 to December 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA in first consensus by reading the title and abstract. The full text was obtained from publications that met the inclusion criteria. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently extracted data using the following keywords: conventional, self-ligating, biofilm, Streptococcus mutans, and systematic review; and independently evaluated the quality of the studies. In case of divergence, the technique of consensus was adopted. RESULTS The search strategy resulted in 1,401 articles. The classification of scientific relevance revealed the high quality of the 6 eligible articles of which outcomes were not unanimous in reporting not only the influence of the design of the brackets (conventional or self-ligating) over adhesion and formation of colonies of Streptococcus mutans, but also that other factors such as the quality of the bracket type, the level of individual oral hygiene, bonding and age may have greater influence. Statistical analysis was not feasible because of the heterogeneous methodological design. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that there is no evidence for a possible influence of the design of the brackets (conventional or self-ligating) over colony formation and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans.
Collapse
|
31
|
Alessandri Bonetti G, Incerti Parenti S, Garulli G, Gatto MR, Checchi L. Effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on salivary properties. Prog Orthod 2013; 14:13. [PMID: 24326149 PMCID: PMC4384929 DOI: 10.1186/2196-1042-14-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND So far, a few studies have tried to investigate the relationship between the placement of fixed orthodontic appliances and the change of nonmicrobial salivary properties, mostly with conflicting outcomes and short-term assessment (up to 6 months from bracket placement). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity prior to the beginning of therapy and after 1 year from bracket placement using a simple and commercially available chairside saliva check kit. METHODS The study population consisted of 20 healthy patients (mean age, 16.5±4 years) scheduled for fixed orthodontic treatment. Salivary samples were taken just before bracket bonding (T0; baseline assessment) and after 1 year of treatment (T1; half-treatment assessment) using the GC Saliva-Check Kit (GC Corp., Leuven, Belgium). RESULTS No statistically significant difference was detected between T0 and T1 for the salivary parameters examined in the present study. CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of this study, the placement of fixed orthodontic appliances did not change the salivary pH, buffer capacity and flow rate after 1 year of treatment if compared with the baseline assessment.
Collapse
|
32
|
Jurela A, Repic D, Pejda S, Juric H, Vidakovic R, Matic I, Bosnjak A. The effect of two different bracket types on the salivary levels of S mutans and S sobrinus in the early phase of orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod 2013; 83:140-145. [PMID: 22765642 PMCID: PMC8805532 DOI: 10.2319/030612-187.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the difference in the levels of Streptococcus mutans and S sobrinus in stimulated saliva in orthodontic patients with different bracket types (stainless steel and esthetic brackets) using polymerase chain reaction and cultivation method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two patients, aged 13 to 30 years, were selected following these criteria: 1) orthodontic treatment indication, 2) systemic health, and 3) no tobacco and antibiotic consummation for three months prior to the commencement of the study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the bracket type; 16 patients formed the conventional bracket group (stainless steel brackets), and 16 patients formed the esthetic bracket group (plastic brackets). The levels of S mutans and S sobrinus in stimulated whole saliva samples were collected prior to fixed orthodontic appliance placement (T1) and 12 weeks after placement (T2), as were the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Surface Index (DMFS) and Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S). Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, and chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Statistical analysis (chi-square test) showed no difference in S mutans and S sobrinus counts among patients with different brackets at either T1 or T2. There was no difference in total bacteria counts after fixed orthodontic appliance placement. CONCLUSION The number of colony-forming units of S mutans and S sobrinus in stimulated saliva samples does not seem to be significantly different between patients with stainless steel brackets and patients with plastic brackets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario Repic
- Resident, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Slavica Pejda
- Resident, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Juric
- Professor, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Igor Matic
- Research assistant, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrija Bosnjak
- Professor, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dental caries is a worldwide public health problem. S mutans plays an important role in the etiology of caries. There have been studies that showed the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles are an effective agent to diminish S. mutans. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of silver nanoparticles in addition to the Gantrez S-27 copolymer, on S mutans. METHOD We performed an in vitro experimental study using the liquid microdilution method in order to find the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) with the subcultures obtained. The mixture was obtained by preparing 98 microg/mL of silver nanoparticles (10(3)mol) with Gantrez S-27 2%, in distilled water The readings were performed 24 hours after incubation and on 3 consecutive days. The results showed an average MTC of 6.12 microg /mL and MBC of 6.12 microg /mL. CONCLUSION The addition of Gantrez 2% to silver nanoparticles does not alter its antimicrobial effect.
Collapse
|
34
|
Horiuch S, Kaneko K, Mori H, Kawakami E, Tsukahara T, Yamamoto K, Hamada K, Asaoka K, Tanaka E. Enamel bonding of self-etching and phosphoric acid-etching orthodontic adhesives in simulated clinical conditions: debonding force and enamel surface. Dent Mater J 2009; 28:419-25. [PMID: 19721278 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.28.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of self-etching and phosphoric acid-etching orthodontic adhesives for enamel bonding in simulated clinical conditions. By using two self-etching (Transbond Plus, TP; Beauty Ortho Bond, BB) and two acid-etching (Transbond XT, TX; Superbond Orthomite, SB) adhesives, orthodontic brackets were bonded on human premolars (n=10 for each adhesive). Ten teeth without bracket bonding, i.e., intact enamel surfaces, were used as control for SEM observation. After 7-day storage in lactic acid solution, bracket debonding force by means of debonding pliers, adhesive remnant index (ARI), and enamel surface morphology were examined. All the tested adhesives exhibited sufficient bond strength for clinical use. The ARI scores were almost the same among the four adhesives. In terms of SEM observation, the enamel surfaces in the control and TP groups showed a slight change after immersion in lactic acid solution, while the BB group showed less change on the enamel surface compared with the TP group. Meanwhile, the two acid-etching adhesives caused considerable demineralization. Taken together, these findings indicated that the action of self-etching systems was evidently more conservative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Horiuch
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Oral Sciences, Tokushima, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR for study of Streptococcus mutans diversity and transmission in human populations. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 48:599-602. [PMID: 20007400 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01828-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is considered the "gold standard" for molecular epidemiological study. Repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) is less time-consuming and more suitable for analyzing large numbers of bacterial strains in human populations. PFGE and rep-PCR provide comparable genotyping results for investigating Streptococcus mutans diversity and transmission.
Collapse
|
36
|
Kitada K, de Toledo A, Oho T. Increase in detectable opportunistic bacteria in the oral cavity of orthodontic patients. Int J Dent Hyg 2009; 7:121-5. [PMID: 19416094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was performed to detect the opportunistic bacteria and fungi from the oral cavities of orthodontic patients and examine the ability of the organisms to adhere to saliva-coated metallic brackets. METHODS Opportunistic bacteria and fungi were isolated from 58 patients (orthodontic group: 42; non-orthodontic group: 16) using culture methods and were identified based on their biochemical and enzymatic profiles. Seven opportunistic and four streptococcal strains were tested for their ability to adhere to saliva-coated metallic brackets. RESULTS More opportunistic bacteria and fungi were detected in the orthodontic group than in the non-orthodontic group (P < 0.05). Opportunistic bacteria adhered to saliva-coated metallic brackets to the same degree as oral streptococci. CONCLUSIONS The isolation frequencies of opportunistic bacteria and fungi increase during orthodontic treatment, suggesting the importance of paying special attention to oral hygiene in orthodontic patients to prevent periodontal disease and the aggravation of systemic disease in immunocompromised conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kitada
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ushida N, Ishihara K, Kobayashi N, Matsukubo T, Yakushiji M, Okuda K. Initial acquisition and transmission of Streptococcus mutans from Japanese mothers to children. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0917-2394(09)70159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
38
|
Herczegh A, Ghidán A, Deseo K, Kamotsay K, Tarján I. Comparison of Streptococcus mutans strains from children with caries-active, caries-free and gingivitis clinical diagnosis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2008; 55:419-27. [PMID: 19130749 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.55.2008.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to compare the DNA structure of Streptococcus mutans strains in children with caries-active, caries-free, and gingivitis clinical diagnosis. Twenty-eight Streptococcus mutans strains from 100 children's plaques were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method. The classified strains were closely related to one another, though the strains originated from different disease groups. Three identical pairs were found, but the pairs in two cases belonged to different disease groups. The results of the PFGE experiments suggest that there is no correlation between the different DNA patterns ofS. mutans strains and their cariogenecity. So the different DNA strains ofS. mutans are not the only determining factor in the development of dental caries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herczegh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Szentkirilyi u. 47, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Derks A, Frencken J, Bronkhorst E, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Katsaros C. Effect of chlorhexidine varnish application on mutans streptococci counts in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133:435-9. [PMID: 18331945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enamel demineralization occurs frequently around orthodontic brackets. High levels of mutans streptococci (MS) increase the risk of caries. The hypotheses tested in this study were that high-frequency application of 40% chlorhexidine varnish (40%CHX) results in lower levels of MS in plaque of orthodontic patients compared with low-frequency application, and that bimonthly application of 40%CHX results in lower levels of MS in plaque compared with 1% chlorhexidine/1% thymol varnish (1%CHX). METHODS Eighty adolescent patients were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups: monthly, bimonthly, and quarterly 40%CHX application, and bimonthly application of 1%CHX. Plaque samples were collected monthly and processed for MS counts. Twenty patients dropped out before the evaluation time at 1 month. Data from the remaining 60 adolescents were analyzed by using linear regression models with the plaque bacterial ratio (PBRx) as the dependent variable. The trial was ended after 5 months because of a high number of dropouts. RESULTS High-frequency application of 40%CHX did not provide lower mean PBRx than low-frequency application. Mean PBRx after 40%CHX application was lower than 1%CHX after 1 month (P = .002). This reduction was undiscernible 2 months after the application. CONCLUSIONS 40%CHX application results in greater reduction of MS in plaque than 1%CHX a month after application. A follow-up study with a larger study population is warranted to test the first hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniek Derks
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ristic M, Vlahovic Svabic M, Sasic M, Zelic O. Clinical and microbiological effects of fixed orthodontic appliances on periodontal tissues in adolescents. Orthod Craniofac Res 2008; 10:187-95. [PMID: 17973685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2007.00396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of fixed orthodontic appliances on periodontal health and microbiological composition of subgingival dental plaque. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective longitudinal self-controlled study was conducted on 32 adolescents (13 males, 19 females), who were scheduled for fixed orthodontic treatment between 2002 and 2005. Dental plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation and pocket probing depth were measured at the mesio-vestibular angle of the examined group of teeth followed by collection of subgingival dental plaque samples in the same points. These periodontal indices and microbiological parameters were determined prior to the placement of fixed appliances and 1, 3 and 6 months after the beginning of orthodontic treatment. RESULTS All values of both clinical and microbiological parameters started to increase after the placement of fixed appliances. Maximum values were reached 3 months after fixed appliance placement followed by their decrease in the last registration period of 6 months after the placement of fixed appliances. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with fixed appliances in adolescents may transitionally increase the values of all periodontal indices and stimulate the growth of periodontopathogenic bacteria, but without destructive effects on deep periodontal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ristic
- Department of Orthodontics, Clinic of Stomatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gomes SC, Varela CC, da Veiga SL, Rösing CK, Oppermann RV. Periodontal conditions in subjects following orthodontic therapy. A preliminary study. Eur J Orthod 2007; 29:477-81. [PMID: 17693428 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjm050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the periodontal conditions in dental students after appliance removal (mean period 7.16 +/- 3.5 years) compared with an untreated control group. Twenty-five subjects in the treated group (16 females and 9 males: 23.0 +/- 2.04 years) and 29 in a control group (15 females and 14 males: 23.99 +/- 2.46 years) underwent a periodontal examination: visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal probing depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) of canines, premolars, and banded first molars and unbanded second molars. Statistical analysis was performed using a Mann-Whitney test, a Student's t-test, and Tukey's analysis of variance. The level of significance was set at 5 per cent. The median percentage of positive sites for the treated and control groups for VPI (1.25 +/- 2.37 and 1.25 +/- 5.45), GBI (0.95 +/- 1.81 and 1.23 +/- 2.14), and BOP (0.83 +/- 6.45 and 0.83 +/- 3.43) did not differ between groups. Mean PPD values were 1.33 +/- 0.19 and 1.34 +/- 0.14 for the treated and 1.40 +/- 0.24 and 1.39 +/- 0.25 for the control group. No intra- or intergroup differences were observed. For the control group, the smallest PPD was at the canines followed by premolars and molars. PPD was less for premolars than molars but similar to the canines in the treated group. No differences in CAL were observed between the examined teeth in the control group. For the treated group, the canines showed lower CAL values than the first molars. The results indicate that the use of orthodontic appliances is not necessarily related to a worsening of periodontal conditions.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lessa FCR, Enoki C, Ito IY, Faria G, Matsumoto MAN, Nelson-Filho P. In-vivo evaluation of the bacterial contamination and disinfection of acrylic baseplates of removable orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 131:705.e11-7. [PMID: 17561044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This randomized clinical trial assessed, by using microbial culture and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the contamination by mutans streptococci (MS) colonies/biofilms on acrylic baseplates of removable orthodontic appliances and evaluated the efficacy of antimicrobial sprays (Periogard [Colgate-Palmolive Ind. Brasileira, Osasco, SP, Brazil], Cepacol [Merrell Lepetit Farmacêutica e Industrial Ltda, Santo Amaro, SP, Brazil], and sterile tap water [control]) on their disinfection. METHODS Seventeen children were randomly enrolled in a 3-stage changeover system with a 1-week interval between each stage. All solutions were used in all stages by a different group of children. The acrylic baseplates were worn full time except at meals. At the end of each week of the trial, the baseplates were submitted to a randomized disinfection protocol and were sent for microbiologic analysis. New baseplates were constructed, and the same sequence of procedures was repeated 2 more times. Acrylic baseplates representing each test solution were examined by SEM. The Friedman test assessed differences at the 5% significance level among the solutions for MS biofilm formation on acrylic surface. RESULTS Cepacol and Periogard reduced the formation of MS colonies/biofilms, and both solutions differed statistically from sterile tap water (P <.001). However, Periogard was significantly more effective against MS than Cepacol (P <.001). When MS colonies/biofilms were detected on acrylic surfaces under stereomicroscopy, this was confirmed with SEM. CONCLUSIONS Acrylic baseplates of removable orthodontic appliances worn by children were contaminated by MS colonies/biofilms in all cases after 1 week. Although Cepacol had better results than sterile tap water, spraying with Periogard showed significantly greater efficacy in reducing MS colonies/biofilms on acrylic surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Campos Rosetti Lessa
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, Preventive and Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Motegi M, Takagi Y, Yonezawa H, Hanada N, Terajima J, Watanabe H, Senpuku H. Assessment of genes associated with Streptococcus mutans biofilm morphology. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:6277-87. [PMID: 16957255 PMCID: PMC1563623 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00614-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, the major pathogen responsible for dental caries in humans, is a biofilm-forming bacterium. In the present study, 17 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of genomic DNA were identified in S. mutans organisms isolated clinically from whole saliva. The S. mutans isolates showed different abilities to form biofilms on polystyrene surfaces in semidefined minimal medium cultures. Following cultivation in a flow cell system in tryptic soy broth with 0.25% sucrose and staining using a BacLight LIVE/DEAD system, two strains, designated FSC-3 and FSC-4, showed the greatest and least, respectively, levels of biofilm formation when examined with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Further, image analyses of spatial distribution and architecture were performed to quantify the merged green (live cells) and red (dead cells) light. The light intensity of the FSC-3 biofilm was greater than that of the FSC-4 biofilm in the bottom area but not in the top area. S. mutans whole-genome array results showed that approximately 3.8% of the genes were differentially expressed in the two strains, of which approximately 2.2%, including bacitracin transport ATP-binding protein gene glrA and a BLpL-like putative immunity protein gene, were activated in FSC-3. In addition, about 1.6% of the genes, including those associated with phosphotransferase system genes, were repressed. Analyses of the glrA-deficient strains and reverse transcription-PCR confirmed the role of the gene in biofilm formation. Differential assessment of biofilm-associated genes in clinical strains may provide useful information for understanding the morphological development of streptococcal biofilm, as well as for colonization of S. mutans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Motegi
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu J, Bian Z, Fan M, He H, Nie M, Fan B, Peng B, Chen Z. Typing of Mutans Streptococci by Arbitrarily Primed PCR in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment. Caries Res 2004; 38:523-9. [PMID: 15528906 DOI: 10.1159/000080581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2003] [Accepted: 01/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the genotypic stability of mutans streptococci (MS) longitudinally during orthodontic treatment. Plaque samples were obtained from the supragingival smooth surface of the upper right teeth at four stages: prior to and after 1, 3 and 6 months of orthodontic treatment. Levels of total viable count, total streptococci and MS in dental plaque of 17 patients were recorded. Streptococci isolated from dental plaque samples were identified as MS on the basis of their morphological and biochemical properties. DNA was prepared from 713 strains of MS and the strains were then identified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) again. Arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) fingerprinting was applied in determining the genotypes of MS. The results indicated that levels of total viable count, total streptococci and MS increased significantly after the fixed appliances were bonded. A maximum of 3 different genotypes were found in an individual. All the genotypes were found again after the application of the fixed appliances in 17 patients. A new AP-PCR typing pattern was found after the application of fixed appliances for 1 month in patient 1. That strain was not detected either prior to or after 3, or 6 months of treatment. The result indicated that the MS clones were very stable during orthodontic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ruby JD, Li Y, Luo Y, Caufield PW. Genetic diversity of Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 2 in mother–child pairs. Arch Oral Biol 2003; 48:851-5. [PMID: 14596875 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(03)00179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 2 (gsp-2) are members of the autochthonous oral flora. Chromosomal DNA fingerprinting (CDF) with SmaI revealed extensive genetic diversity among A. naeslundii gsp-2 strains within individual mothers and children. There was a low prevalence of genotype match among A. naeslundii gsp-2 strains between all mother and child pairs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Ruby
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|