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Dosis reducida vs. dosis completa de BCG en el cáncer de vejiga: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis. Actas Urol Esp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Choi SY, Ha MS, Kim JH, Chi BH, Kim JW, Chang IH, Kim TH, Myung SC. Low-dose versus standard-dose bacille Calmette–Guérin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Investig Clin Urol 2022; 63:140-150. [PMID: 35244987 PMCID: PMC8902423 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20210340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intravesical BCG (bacille Calmette–Guérin) instillation in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer decreases the risk for tumor recurrence and progression. After one BCG product was discontinued, a chronic global BCG shortage occurred. We focused on identifying a reduced dose of BCG that could maintain efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Materials and Methods We conducted a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify randomized controlled trials through April 2021. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the low and standard doses in nine studies were compared. A low dose was defined as a low volume of BCG compared with the standard BCG dose (Armand Frappier, 120 mg; Connaught, 81 mg; Danish 1331, 120 mg; modified Danish 1331, 120 mg; Tokyo 172, 80 mg). Results The low-dose group experienced aggravated recurrence (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.09–1.94; p=0.01) but similar progression (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.76–1.62; p=0.59), similar cancer-specific survival (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.60–1.75; p=0.93), similar overall survival (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.76–1.56; p=0.65), favorable adverse effects (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.28–0.62; p<0.0001), and favorable withdrawal (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.25–0.71; p=0.001). Conclusions Low-dose BCG had more unfavorable outcomes than did standard-dose BCG in terms of recurrence. Tumor progression, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival were similar between the doses. Low-dose BCG improved adverse effects and withdrawal. In the setting of BCG shortage, low-dose BCG may have strong potential as an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Young Choi
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Soo Ha
- Department of Urology, Hyundae General Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Namyangju, Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Kim
- Department of Urology, Hanil General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Hoon Chi
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Kim
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Ho Chang
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Chul Myung
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Koguchi D, Matsumoto K, Hirayama T, Moroo S, Kobayashi M, Katsumata H, Ikeda M, Iwamura M. Impact of maintenance therapy using a half dose of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin Tokyo strain on recurrence of intermediate and high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: a retrospective single-center study. BMC Urol 2020; 20:194. [PMID: 33298034 PMCID: PMC7726881 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-020-00766-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data are scarce regarding intravesical maintenance therapy (MT) with the low-dose bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) Tokyo strain. We investigated the efficacy and safety of MT with a half dose of the Tokyo strain for patients following transurethral resection of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Methods This study retrospectively reviewed clinical data on 78 patients diagnosed with intermediate or high-risk NMIBC followed by either MT (n = 38) or IT alone (n = 40) between January 2012 and March 2018. Statistical analysis was performed to compare recurrence-free survival (RFS) and adverse effects between the two groups. BCG was instilled once weekly for 6 weeks as IT, then once weekly in 2-week for a total of 20 instillations over 3 years. Results Kaplan–Meier analyses showed that patients undergoing MT had significantly better RFS than did those undergoing IT alone (hazard ratio (HR):0.32, 95% confidence interval (CI):0.12–0.89, P = 0.02). The 3-year RFS was 65.0% in the IT group and 89.5% in the MT group. Multivariate analysis showed that MT was associated with a reduced risk of recurrence (HR: 0.32, 95% CI:0.11–0.93, P = 0.03). One MT patient (2.6%) exhibited progression. Conclusions The BCG Tokyo strain showed acceptable efficacy and safety in patients undergoing MT; thus, it is a potential treatment for preventing bladder cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Koguchi
- Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Hirayama
- Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Moroo
- Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Momoko Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroki Katsumata
- Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masaomi Ikeda
- Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Iwamura
- Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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Carneiro BD, Sanches BC, Andrade DL, Voris BR, Reis LO. Moreau Strain Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Low Versus Standard Dose in the Treatment of High-Grade T1 Bladder Cancer: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:e779-e783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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A systematic review of preventive and therapeutic options for symptoms of cystitis in patients with bladder cancer receiving intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin immunotherapy. Anticancer Drugs 2019; 30:517-522. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang Z, Xiao H, Wei G, Zhang N, Wei M, Chen Z, Peng Z, Peng S, Qiu S, Li H, Long J. Low-dose Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus full-dose for intermediate and high-risk of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a Markov model. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1108. [PMID: 30419836 PMCID: PMC6233591 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the efficacy of low dose (27 mg) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and a full dose (81 mg) BCG immunotherapy for patients with intermediate and high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after a typical transurethral bladder resection. METHODS We constructed a Markov model for a 20-year simulation of the disease to compare the overall survival of patients with intermediate and high-risk of NMIBC between the full-dose therapy (FD group) and the low-dose therapy (LD group). Base case analysis, one-way and two-way sensitivity analysis and a second-order Monte Carlo analysis were performed based on data from 15 published articles. RESULTS The expected overall survivals were 9.56 (9.55-9.57) years for FD group and 9.63 (9.61-9.64) years for LD group(P < 0.001). The estimated mortality in the FD group at 5, 10, and 20 years were 34.23%, 57.51% and 83.14%, respectively. The corresponding values in the LD group were 34.11%, 57.17%, 82.16%, respectively. Age-specific mortality and metastatic rate after undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) were the most two sensitive parameters in both groups. The rate of disease recurrence with disease worsening is the determining factor when choosing the optimal dose of BCG treatment. CONCLUSIONS A low-dose BCG treatment may act slightly better than a full-dose BCG treatment for patients with intermediate and high-risk of NMIBC. This finding will require further high-quality studies to validate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongren Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangyan Wei
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengchao Wei
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zebin Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenwei Peng
- Department of Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sui Peng
- Department of Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaopeng Qiu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Heping Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianting Long
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Quan Y, Jeong CW, Kwak C, Kim HH, Kim HS, Ku JH. Dose, duration and strain of bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8300. [PMID: 29049231 PMCID: PMC5662397 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) instillation is widely used as an adjuvant therapy after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) in patients with intermediate- and high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, the effective dose, duration, and strain of BCG have not yet been clearly determined. We aimed to elucidate the relationship between dose, duration, and strain of BCG and clinical outcomes in NMIBC patients treated with TURBT. METHODS We conducted a literature search in Embase, Scopus, and PubMed databases for all relevant articles published up to October 2016 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines. The relative risks of clinical outcomes, including recurrence, progression, cancer-specific mortality, and all-cause mortality according to dose (standard vs low), duration (induction vs maintenance), and strain of BCG were presented as the pooled risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Nineteen studies meeting the inclusion criteria were finally selected in this meta-analysis. The risk of recurrence was significantly highly observed in case of low-dose BCG (RR, 1.17; 95% CI 1.06-1.30) and induction BCG (RR, 1.33; 95% CI 1.17-1.50) only group without heterogeneity among the included studies. Although there were no significant differences between dose or duration and other clinical outcomes. On direct comparison in each study comparing BCG strains, the Tice stain showed a relatively high probability of recurrence compared with the Connaught (RR, 1.29; 95% CI 1.01-1.64) and RIVM (RR, 2.04, 95% CI 1.28-3.25) strains. Funnel plot testing revealed no significant publication bias. CONCLUSION The use of standard dose and maintenance BCG instillation may be effective to reduce recurrence rate after TURBT for NMIBC. Further large scale, well-designed, and prospective studies, with stratification of the patients into risk group at randomization, will be required to determine the optimal guideline of BCG use to improve clinical outcomes in NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Quan
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul
| | - Chang Wook Jeong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul
| | - Cheol Kwak
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul
| | - Hyeon Hoe Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul
| | - Hyung Suk Kim
- Department of Urology, Dongguk University Ilsan Medical Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ja Hyeon Ku
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul
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Jiang SJ, Ye LY, Meng FH. Comparison of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin and mitomycin C administration for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2751-2756. [PMID: 27073547 PMCID: PMC4812557 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present meta-analysis was to compare the benefits of Bacillus Calmetter-Guerin (BCG) and mitomycin C in the treatment of patients with superficial bladder cancer. The present meta-analysis analyzed the benefits of BCG and mitomycin C in the treatment of patients with superficial bladder cancer by comparing progression-free survival (PFS) rates in patients treated with either of the drugs following transurethral resection. The Medline, Cochrane and EMBASE databases were searched between January 1966 and August 31, 2014 for studies that investigated the efficacy of the intravesical instillation of chemotherapy in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer who had been treated with transurethral resection. Search terms included: ‘Urinary bladder neoplasms’, ‘superficial bladder cancer’ and ‘non-muscle invasive bladder cancer’; ‘bacillus Calmette-Guerin’ or ‘BCG’; ‘mitomycin C’; and ‘intravesical administration’. Sensitivity and data quality analyses were performed. A total of 6 randomized controlled studies were included with 1,289 patients. Complete 5-year PFS data for patients who received intravesical resection and were treated with mitomycin C or BCG was provided for 3 of the 6 studies, which were therefore included in the meta-analysis. The overall analysis revealed a significant benefit of BCG compared with mitomycin C in terms of 5-year PFS rate (odds ratio, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.38–0.75; P<0.001), indicating that BCG was superior to mitomycin C therapy in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer following transurethral resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Jun Jiang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The People's Hospital of Fuyang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yin Ye
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The People's Hospital of Fuyang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Hua Meng
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The People's Hospital of Fuyang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
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Zeng S, Yu X, Ma C, Zhang Z, Song R, Chen X, Sun Y, Xu C. Low-Dose Versus Standard Dose of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the Treatment of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2176. [PMID: 26656345 PMCID: PMC5008490 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether low-dose Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment can reduce the side effects while maintaining efficacy for patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is controversial.To investigate whether low-dose BCG treatment can reduce the side effects while maintaining efficacy for patients with NMIBC when compared with standard-dose BCG treatment.A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and CENTRAL databases was conducted to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCT) or quasi-randomized controlled trials (qRCT) that have assessed the efficacy of low- and standard-dose BCG therapy for patients with NMIBC. Systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Criteria.Six RCTs and 2 qRCTs were eligible for meta-analysis. Low-dose BCG instillation was not inferior to reduce the risk of bladder tumor recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.31; P = 0.05), meanwhile no difference was found regarding tumor progression (HR = 1.08; 95%CI, 0.83-1.42; P = 0.57). However, low-dose BCG provided a significantly lower incidence of overall side effects (RR = 0.75; 95%CI, 0.60-0.94; P = 0.01), systemic side effects (RR = 0.57; 95%CI, 0.34-0.97; P = 0.04), severe side effects (RR = 0.52; 95%CI, 0.36-0.74; P = 0.0003), and withdrawal due to BCG toxicity (RR = 0.49; 95%CI, 0.26-0.91; P = 0.02). In contrast, local side effects were comparable between low- and standard-dose arms (RR = 0.89; 95%CI, 0.73-1.08; P = 0.24).Low-dose BCG instillation significantly reduces the incidence of overall side effects, especially severe and systemic symptoms in patients with NMIBC, while the oncological control efficacy of low-dose BCG is not inferior to standard-dose BCG. Further studies with stratification using different risk factors at randomization are required to assess whether the efficacy of low-dose BCG is comparable to standard dose BCG for different risk of patients.PROSPERO registration No CRD42014014871 (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Zeng
- From the Department of Urology(SZ, CM, ZZ, RS, XC, YS, CX); and Department of Geriatrics(XY), Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Zheng YQ, Naguib YW, Dong Y, Shi YC, Bou S, Cui Z. Applications of bacillus Calmette–Guerin and recombinant bacillus Calmette–Guerin in vaccine development and tumor immunotherapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1068124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-qiang Zheng
- 1Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, China
| | - Youssef W Naguib
- 2Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yixuan Dong
- 2Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yan-chun Shi
- 1Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, China
| | - Shorgan Bou
- 3National Research Center for Animal Transgenic Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- 1Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, China
- 2Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Kandeel W, Abdelal A, Elmohamady BN, Sebaey A, Elshaaer W, Elbarky E, Abdelwahab O. A comparative study between full-dose and half-dose intravesical immune bacille Calmette-Guérin injection in the management of superficial bladder cancer. Arab J Urol 2015; 13:233-7. [PMID: 26609439 PMCID: PMC4656796 DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether a half-dose of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can reduce toxicity without affecting its efficacy in the management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS From January 2012 to January 2014, 80 patients with superficial bladder cancer and in the intermediate-risk group were simply randomised to receive two different doses of BCG, i.e., a full dose of 90 mg (group A) or a half-dose of 45 mg (group B). There were no significant differences in clinical and pathological characteristics between the groups. At completion of the study, 40 patients could be evaluated in each group. RESULTS All patients were evaluated for a follow-up of 12 months after treatment. There was no significant difference in recurrence rate (15 patients, 38%, in group A and 16, 40%, in group B) in the two groups, and no difference in progression rate of the disease, at eight patients (20%) in each group. There were significant differences between groups A and B in toxicity (grade 1 adverse events, 70% vs. 60%; grade 2, 18% vs. 7.5%, respectively). Grade 3 adverse events were only reported in group A (2.5%). CONCLUSION The half dose of intravesical BCG instillation can reduce the toxicity and side-effects that are associated with the treatment of superficial bladder cancer, without affecting the efficacy of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Kandeel
- Urology Department, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Abdelal
- Urology Department, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Sebaey
- Urology Department, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
| | - Waleed Elshaaer
- Urology Department, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
| | - Ehab Elbarky
- Urology Department, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
| | - Osama Abdelwahab
- Urology Department, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
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Prophylactic effects of Bacille Calmette-Guérin intravesical instillation therapy: time period-related comparison between Japan and Western countries. Curr Urol Rep 2013; 15:374. [PMID: 24370981 PMCID: PMC3890048 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-013-0374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Guidelines change every few years regarding the prophylactic use of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) against non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. We performed a retrospective comparison to clarify the differences in BCG efficacy, based on time period, between Japan and Western countries . Published literature on 18 Japanese and 28 Western patient studies were compared to evaluate differences in BCG efficacy. Additionally, Internet searches were performed to obtain comparative Japanese and Western data. BCG efficacy in Japanese literature tended to show decreasing non-recurrence rates by time period. Non-recurrence rates in Western countries increased each year. This discrepancy may stem from a number of factors, including changes in accepted BCG indications, the introduction of restaging transurethral resection (re-TUR), the concept of BCG maintenance, and the evolution of histopathological diagnostic criteria.
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A magnetic chitosan hydrogel for sustained and prolonged delivery of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin in the treatment of bladder cancer. Biomaterials 2013; 34:10258-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhu S, Tang Y, Li K, Shang Z, Jiang N, Nian X, Sun L, Niu Y. Optimal schedule of bacillus calmette-guerin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of comparative studies. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:332. [PMID: 23829273 PMCID: PMC3722001 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the necessity of maintenance, efficacy of low-dose and superiority of various combination therapies of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in treatment of superficial bladder cancer (BCa). Methods Comprehensive searches of electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library) were performed, then a systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis of 21 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 9 retrospective comparative studies were carried out according to predefined inclusion criteria. Results Significantly better recurrence-free survivals (RFS) were observed respectively in patients who received BCG maintenance, standard-dose and BCG plus epirubicin therapy comparing to those received induction, low-dose and BCG alone. BCG maintenance therapy was also associated with significantly better progression-free survival (PFS), but there were more incidences of adverse events. Pooled results showed no remarkable advantage of BCG combined with Mitomycin C or with interferon α-2b in improving oncologic outcomes. Sensitivity-analyses stratified by study-design and tumor stage led to very similar overall results and often to a decrease of the between-study heterogeneity. Our data confirmed that non-RCT only affected strength rather than direction of the overall results. Conclusions All patients with superficial BCa should be encouraged to accept BCG maintenance therapy with standard-dose if well tolerated. Patients can benefit from BCG combined with epirubicin but not from BCG combined with Mitomycin C or interferon α-2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimiao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Pingjiang Road 23, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Inamoto T, Ubai T, Nishida T, Fujisue Y, Katsuoka Y, Azuma H. Comparable effect with minimal morbidity of low-dose Tokyo 172 strain compared with regular dose Connaught strain as an intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin prophylaxis in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: Results of a randomized prospective comparison. Urol Ann 2013; 5:7-12. [PMID: 23662001 PMCID: PMC3643329 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7796.106873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim was to compare patients' morbidity and response of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) prophylaxis after the intravesical instillation of low-dose Tokyo 172 strain and regular dose Connaught strain in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a randomized, active-controlled, open-label, monocenter study. Thirty-eight, NMIBC patients were treated sequentially, in a random order, with low-dose Tokyo 172 strain and regular dose Connaught strain, receiving each therapy for 6 weeks. A total of 18 and 20 patients were randomly assigned to a Tokyo 172 strain arm and a Connaught strain arm, respectively. Complication, morbidity, and recurrence-free survival (RFS) after each treatment were compared. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the 1-year RFS rate in patients treated with Tokyo 172 strain and Connaught strain (72.2% vs. 83.5%, respectively; P = 0.698). There were no significant differences in adverse events between the arms. Severe adverse events (>Grade 3) were seen in 15% of the Connaught strain group while no severe adverse events were observed as a result of Tokyo 172 strain. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that low-dose Tokyo 172 strain decreased adverse events although it was not significant, and the RFS difference was not statistically significant between the two arms. Further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Inamoto
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Okamura T, Ando R, Akita H, Hashimoto Y, Iwase Y, Naiki T, Kawai N, Tozawa K, Kohri K. Are there Time-period-related Differences in the Prophylactic Effects of Bacille Calmette-Guérin Intravesical Instillation Therapy in Japan? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:4357-61. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.9.4357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Immunotherapy of genitourinary malignancies. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:397267. [PMID: 22481927 PMCID: PMC3317259 DOI: 10.1155/2012/397267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most cancer patients are treated with some combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Despite recent advances in local therapy with curative intent, chemotherapeutic treatments for metastatic disease often remain unsatisfying due to severe side effects and incomplete long-term remission. Therefore, the evaluation of novel therapeutic options is of great interest. Conventional, along with newer treatment strategies target the immune system that suppresses genitourinary (GU) malignancies. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma and non-muscle-invasive bladder caner represent the most immune-responsive types of all human cancer. This review examines the rationale and emerging evidence supporting the anticancer activity of immunotherapy, against GU malignancies.
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Yoneyama T, Ohyama C, Imai A, Ishimura H, Hagisawa S, Iwabuchi I, Mori K, Kamimura N, Koie T, Yamato T, Suzuki T. Low-Dose Instillation Therapy with Bacille Calmette-Guérin Tokyo 172 Strain After Transurethral Resection: Historical Cohort Study. Urology 2008; 71:1161-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Han RF, Pan JG. Can intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin reduce recurrence in patients with superficial bladder cancer? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Urology 2006; 67:1216-23. [PMID: 16765182 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 10/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) administration reduces recurrence after transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer using a meta-analysis. METHODS Published data of randomized clinical trials comparing transurethral resection plus intravesical BCG to either resection alone or resection plus another treatment were analyzed, considering possible confounding factors such as disease type, maintenance therapy, and others. Both the fixed effect model and the randomized effect model were applied, and the odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was used as the effect size estimate. RESULTS We searched 176 trials, eliminated 151 of them, and identified 25 trials with recurrence information on 4767 patients. Of 2342 patients undergoing BCG therapy, 949 (40.5%) had tumor recurrence compared with 1205 (49.7%) of 2425 patients in the non-BCG group. In the combined results, a statistically significant difference in the OR for tumor recurrence between the BCG and no BCG-treated groups was found (randomized combined effect OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.80, P <0.0001). Stratified by BCG maintenance and disease type, the combined results of the individual reports showed statistical significance for BCG maintenance (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.78, P = 0.004) and treatment of papillary carcinoma (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.75, P = 0.0008). Chemotherapy and BCG plus chemotherapy/immunotherapy were not better than BCG alone. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant intravesical BCG with maintenance treatment is effective for the prophylaxis of tumor recurrence in superficial bladder cancer. For patients with papillary carcinoma, adjuvant intravesical BCG with maintenance therapy should be offered as the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fa Han
- Tianjin Institute of Urologic Surgery, Tianjin, China.
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20
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Raviv G, Pinthus JH, Shefi S, Mor Y, Kaufman-Francis K, Levron J, Weissenberg R, Ramon J, Madgar I. Effects of intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy on semen analysis. Urology 2005; 65:765-7. [PMID: 15833524 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2004] [Revised: 10/03/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effect of intravesical chemo-immunotherapy on the sperm parameters of young patients. METHODS Twelve young male patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma, all younger than 40 years old at surgery, were included in this prospective study. The mean patient age was 34.8 years (range 22 to 40). Of the 12 patients, 8 had superficial transitional cell carcinoma, grade 2-3, and 4 had proven invasion to the lamina propria; 1 patient had accompanying carcinoma in situ. Accordingly, adjuvant intravesical treatment with either bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG; 6 patients) or mitomycin C (6 patients) was indicated on the basis of the initial stage and grade. Sperm analysis was performed before bladder irrigation and subsequently 3 months after completion of intravesical therapy. RESULTS All 12 patients had normal follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels after surgery. All 12 patients had normal-volume ejaculate, except for 1 who had undergone multiple prior transurethral tumor resections. Of the 6 patients who were treated with mitomycin C, only a few minor insignificant changes in the sperm quality were noted, and 2 of them later fathered healthy children. However, in 3 of the BCG-treated patients, remarkable changes in all sperm quality parameters were evident, with a statistically significant decrease in the sperm count (P = 0.0021). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that potential adverse effects on spermatogenesis can be induced by intravesical therapy with BCG and that, consequently, routine pretreatment semen preservation should be considered as a precaution before instillation of intravesical BCG to prevent subsequent fertility difficulties in young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Raviv
- Division of Andrology and Male Infertility, Department of Urology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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21
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Mugiya S, Ozono S, Nagata M, Takayama T, Ito T, Maruyama S, Hadano S, Nagae H. Long-term Outcome of a Low-dose Intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guerin Therapy for Carcinoma In Situ of the Bladder: Results After Six Successive Instillations of 40 mg BCG. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2005; 35:395-9. [PMID: 15976065 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyi111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Japan, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG: Tokyo 172 strain) instillation is generally performed at a dose of 80 mg once weekly for eight consecutive weeks; however, many adverse effects including severe ones have been reported. We employed a dose of 40 mg once a week for six consecutive weeks in principle for carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the bladder, and retrospectively evaluated its effectiveness and safety. METHODS A total of 43 patients with CIS of the bladder were treated by this method and followed-up for a subsequent 12-79 months (median, 54 months). The patients consisted of 35 males and eight females aged 45-87 years (mean, 67.5 years). Intravesical BCG instillation at a dose of 40 mg was conducted once a week for six consecutive weeks. RESULTS A complete response (CR) was achieved in 84% of the patients, in whom the recurrence-free rate was 72.4% after 3 years and 61.9% after 5 years. The median CR duration was 37.5 months. Two patients underwent total cystectomy, but none died of bladder cancer. As adverse effects, bladder irritation symptoms were observed in 48.8%, pyuria in 46.5%, macroscopic hematuria in 18.6% and fever (>37.5 degrees C) in 9.3%. There were no severe adverse effects requiring discontinuation of drug administration. CONCLUSION Our present study corroborated both the effectiveness and safety of low-dose BCG therapy for CIS of the bladder. This therapy warrants further study by prospective randomized trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Mugiya
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
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Ikeda N, Honda I, Yano I, Koyama A, Toida I. BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN TOKYO172 SUBSTRAIN FOR SUPERFICIAL BLADDER CANCER: CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTITUMOR EFFECT. J Urol 2005; 173:1507-12. [PMID: 15821469 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000154354.06892.ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the preparation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Tokyo172 substrain (Japan BCG Laboratory, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) on the characteristics of bacilli and antitumor activity in a mouse model in comparison with a preparation of the Connaught substrain (Aventis Pasteur, Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada). MATERIALS AND METHODS Lyophilized BCG preparations of Tokyo172 and Connaught for superficial bladder cancer were tested. The number of bacilli and cfu per dose, dispersion, size and attachment to murine bladder tumor cells were determined after reconstitution. Antitumor activity was assessed by intradermal injection of tumor cells with various doses of either BCG preparation into the flanks of syngeneic mice, followed by the observation of tumor suppression and survival in mice. RESULTS Each dose of Tokyo172 had about half the bacilli in a dose of Connaught but the cfu content was about 13-fold higher for Tokyo172 than for Connaught. After reconstitution Tokyo172 bacilli were better dispersed with fewer aggregates than Connaught bacilli. Tokyo172 bacilli were about half as long as Connaught bacilli and Tokyo172 bacilli showed better attachment to tumor cells in vitro. In mice Tokyo172 achieved similar tumor suppression at a lower dose than Connaught. CONCLUSIONS High viability, good dispersion and efficient binding to tumor cells by BCG bacilli in the Tokyo172 preparation seem to be the main reasons for the lower clinical dose of this preparation compared with the Connaught preparation (18 vs 81 mg dry weight).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Ikeda
- Central Laboratory, Japan BCG Laboratory, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Koga H, Kuroda M, Kudo S, Yamaguchi A, Usami M, Suzuki T, Naito S. Adverse drug reactions of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillation and risk factors of the development of adverse drug reactions in superficial cancer and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Int J Urol 2005; 12:145-51. [PMID: 15733108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2005.01000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the incidence and severity of adverse drug reactions following intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) instillation for superficial bladder cancer including carcinoma in situ. We investigated the relationship between adverse drug reactions and patient background to clarify risk factors for the development of adverse drug reactions. METHODS A total of 123 patients who underwent intravesical BCG instillation for treatment and prophylaxis between April 1997 and June 2000 were included in this study. Adverse drug reactions were divided into local and systemic categories and the severity of reactions was classified according to the presence or absence of postponement or discontinuation of instillation, with or without treatment for the reaction itself. RESULTS Of 123 patients, 95.9% showed adverse drug effects and 50.4% needed some sort of treatment. Discontinuation of instillation due to adverse drug reactions was observed in nine patients. Regarding the necessity of treatment for adverse drug effects, the purpose of instillation and BCG dose were independent significant factors on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Although there was a high rate of adverse drug reactions after intravesical BCG instillation, the rate of discontinuation of instillation was not high and serious adverse reactions were rare. The scale of the present study was small, but these results suggest that BCG instillation was well tolerated. When instillation is being performed for the purpose of treatment, and the BCG dose is 80 mg, greater attention might be needed to monitor for the development of adverse drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Koga
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Wilson SS, Crawford ED. Genitourinary malignancies. CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS 2005; 22:485-513. [PMID: 16110626 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(04)22022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shandra S Wilson
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Anschuz Cancer, Aurora, CO 80010, USA.
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Falkensammer C, Gozzi C, Hager M, Maier H, Bartsch G, Höltl L, Rehder P. Late occurrence of bilateral tuberculous-like epididymo-orchitis after intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin therapy for superficial bladder carcinoma. Urology 2005; 65:175. [PMID: 15667898 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of bilateral tuberculous-like epididymo-orchitis occurring 3 years after intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin instillation therapy in an 83-year-old patient with proven superficial bladder carcinoma. The patient had no previous history of tuberculosis. Because of persistent inflammation and painful swelling of the epididymides and testes, the patient underwent bilateral orchiectomy. This case demonstrates the late adverse effects that can occur after intravesical BCG therapy, which in our patient ended in surgical removal of both gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Falkensammer
- Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Patard JJ, Rodriguez A, Lobel B. The current status of intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2003; 13:357-62. [PMID: 12917511 DOI: 10.1097/00042307-200309000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To analyse recent advances in intravesical instillation therapy for superficial bladder cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Although intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin has been used for many years in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer, its mechanism of action remains unclear, its poor tolerance remains a problem, the prediction of its efficacy has still to be validated, and its long-term effects on progression and survival are controversial. The exact timing and place of intravesical chemotherapy needs to be better defined, as well as the place of some new molecules. Finally, new approaches need to be explored for overcoming the limitations of the usual intravesical agents. SUMMARY No dramatic advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms of action of bacillus Calmette-Guérin during the past year. However, a careful dissection of this complex immunological pathway continues and immunological criteria are promising for predicting the response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Evidence has been accumulating to suggest that a dose reduction during the initial treatment remains effective and reduces side-effects. In addition, bacillus Calmette-Guérin maintenance therapy is useful for high-risk patients. However, long-term tolerance remains an important issue, and the optimal protocol has not yet been defined. On the other hand, it has been proved that intravesical chemotherapy, when administered early after transurethral resection, is effective in preventing frequent recurrences, whereas maintenance chemotherapy is ineffective. Finally, new approaches, including instillations of activated immune cells or targeted gene therapy, are being explored.
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