1
|
Focșa IO, Budișteanu M, Bălgrădean M. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of primary ciliopathies (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:176. [PMID: 34278440 PMCID: PMC8354309 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies comprise a group of complex disorders, with involvement of the majority of organs and systems. In total, >180 causal genes have been identified and, in addition to Mendelian inheritance, oligogenicity, genetic modifications, epistatic interactions and retrotransposon insertions have all been described when defining the ciliopathic phenotype. It is remarkable how the structural and functional impairment of a single, minuscule organelle may lead to the pathogenesis of highly pleiotropic diseases. Thus, combined efforts have been made to identify the genetic substratum and to determine the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the clinical presentation, in order to diagnose and classify ciliopathies. Yet, predicting the phenotype, given the intricacy of the genetic cause and overlapping clinical characteristics, represents a major challenge. In the future, advances in proteomics, cell biology and model organisms may provide new insights that could remodel the field of ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Ofelia Focșa
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila', 021901 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Magdalena Budișteanu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, 'Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia' Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Bălgrădean
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children 'Maria Skłodowska Curie', 077120 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adamo L, Kassif E, Jacobson JM, Achiron R. Prenatal Diagnosis of Jeune Syndrome by Whole-Exome Sequencing in a Case With Mild Skeletal Changes. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2020; 39:1869-1871. [PMID: 32154601 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Adamo
- Prenatal Diagnostic Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eran Kassif
- Prenatal Diagnostic Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jeffrey M Jacobson
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Reuven Achiron
- Prenatal Diagnostic Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Çapan K, Çalışkan MN. Tekrarlayan akciğer enfeksiyonunun nadir bir nedeni: Jeune sendromu. EGE TIP DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.19161/etd.416010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
4
|
Anesthetic Approach for a Patient with Jeune Syndrome. Case Rep Anesthesiol 2015; 2015:509196. [PMID: 26366306 PMCID: PMC4561095 DOI: 10.1155/2015/509196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Jeune syndrome (JS) is an autosomal recessive disease also known as asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. A narrow bell-shaped thoracic wall and short extremities are the most typical features of the syndrome. Prognosis in JS depends on the severity of the pulmonary hypoplasia caused by the chest wall deformity. Most patient deaths are due to respiratory problems at early ages. Herein, we report a case of JS patient, who was scheduled for femoral extension under general anesthesia. The severity of respiratory problems in JS patients is thought to diminish with age. Our case supported this theory, and we managed the anesthetic process uneventfully.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang DC, Shannon P, Toi A, Chitayat D, Mohan U, Barkova E, Keating S, Tomlinson G, Glanc P. Temporal lobe dysplasia: a characteristic sonographic finding in thanatophoric dysplasia. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2014; 44:588-594. [PMID: 24585534 DOI: 10.1002/uog.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of temporal lobe dysplasia (TLD) detected on prenatal ultrasound in thanatophoric dysplasia (TD) over an 11-year period in a tertiary referral center. METHODS An 11-year retrospective review of perinatal autopsies from 2002 to 2013 was performed to identify cases of TD. The ultrasound images and corresponding reports of all TD cases were examined for the presence of TLD. The same set of images subsequently underwent a retrospective review by a perinatal radiologist with knowledge of the features of TLD to determine whether they could be identified. RESULTS Thirty-one cases of TD underwent perinatal autopsy, and prenatal ultrasound imaging was available for review in 24 (77%). Mean gestational age at diagnosis of TD was 21.3 (range, 18-36) weeks. TLD was identified and reported in 6/24 (25%) cases; all six cases occurred after 2007. Retrospective interpretation of the ultrasound images identified features of TLD in 10 additional cases. In total, 16/24 (67%) cases displayed sonographic evidence of TLD. Temporal trends showed that TLD features were present in 50% (5/10) of all TD cases between 2002 and 2006 and in 79% (11/14) of those detected between 2007 and 2013. CONCLUSIONS At present, the detection rate of TLD by ultrasound is low but may be increased by modified brain images that enhance visualization of the temporal lobes. Prenatal identification of TLD may help in the prenatal diagnosis of TD and thus provide more accurate prenatal counseling and guide molecular investigations to confirm the specific diagnosis of TD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tonni G, Panteghini M, Bonasoni M, Pattacini P, Ventura A. Prenatal ultrasound and MRI Diagnosis of Jeune syndrome type I (asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy) with histology and post-mortem three-dimensional CT confirmation. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2013; 32:123-32. [PMID: 22594482 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2012.681427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD) also known as Jeune syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive multisystem disorder with an incidence estimated in 1:100.000-130.000 live births. Associated findings may include hepatic fibrosis and renal cysts. A prenatal ultrasound and MRI diagnosis performed in the early second-trimester of pregnancy is reported together with DNA analysis. Post-mortem diagnostic investigations such as radiograph and three-dimensional CT scan and histology have been useful in the final diagnosis of this rare skeletal dysplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Tonni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyncology, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Guastalla, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rahmani R, Sterling CL, Bedford HM. Prenatal diagnosis of Jeune-like syndromes with two-dimensional and three-dimensional sonography. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2012; 40:222-226. [PMID: 22105337 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to describe the use of three-dimensional sonography as an adjuvant to two-dimensional sonography facilitating an earlier and more definitive diagnosis of Jeune and Jeune-like syndromes in the second trimester. We report two cases in which three-dimensional sonography facilitated the diagnosis of these malformations. A diagnosis of Jeune syndrome was made in our first case. Our second case was found to be short-rib polydactyly syndrome Type IV. Three-dimensional skeletal survey visualized short ribs, short limbs, the presence of normal scapulae, and the absence of polydactyly in both cases. Three-dimensional sonography can assist two-dimensional sonography in providing a more accurate display of skeletal anomalies, limb abnormalities, and facial features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rose Rahmani
- Women's Imaging Health Center, Medical Director, 790 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Giancotti A, Castori M, Spagnuolo A, Binni F, D'Ambrosio V, Pasquali G, Pizzuti A, Grammatico P. Early ultrasound suspect of thanatophoric dysplasia followed by first trimester molecular diagnosis. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1756-8. [PMID: 21671381 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Giancotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Keppler-Noreuil KM, Adam MP, Welch J, Muilenburg A, Willing MC. Clinical insights gained from eight new cases and review of reported cases with Jeune syndrome (asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy). Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1021-32. [PMID: 21465651 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Jeune syndrome, originally described as asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy by Jeune et al. [Jeune et al. (1955); Arch Fr Pediatr 12:886-891], is an autosomal recessive osteochondrodysplasia with characteristic skeletal abnormalities, and variable renal, hepatic, pancreatic, and retinal complications. We present eight patients, including two brothers with Jeune syndrome, and an extensive review of 118 cases in the published literature with the purposes of: (1) defining the clinical and radiological diagnostic criteria for Jeune syndrome; (2) comparing our cases to those in the literature meeting the documented clinical and radiological findings of Jeune syndrome, in order to: (3) provide an accurate clinical characterization of Jeune syndrome with frequency of associated complications and outcome data. In order to estimate the frequency of phenotypic abnormalities in Jeune syndrome as precisely as possible, we did not include reports in the literature with incomplete descriptions of the radiologic and clinical findings, nor those reports having additional findings overlapping with other syndromes. We found that the occurrence of renal, hepatic, and ophthalmologic complications is variable; does not correlate with severity of the skeletal phenotype; nor is it predictable even with the presence of a well-defined skeletal phenotype, as in this study. Based upon these cases with Jeune syndrome, renal and hepatic abnormalities occur in approximately 30% of cases, with renal failure occurring in 38% of those with kidney involvement. Eye abnormalities are reported in 15%, but it is unclear whether this represents under-ascertainment. There is a 1.2:1 ratio between living and deceased patients; a respiratory cause of death is most common, occurring almost exclusively in those less than 2 years of age, and a renal etiology accounts for all deaths between the ages of 3-10 years of age. There is a paucity of affected individuals reported in the literature greater than age 20 years, and a lack of longitudinal data to obtain accurate data on morbidity and mortality of Jeune syndrome at older ages. This study provides a well-defined group of patients with Jeune syndrome with delineation of the frequency of associated findings, which may form a basis for current and future genotype-phenotype studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Keppler-Noreuil
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khalil A, Pajkrt E, Chitty LS. Early prenatal diagnosis of skeletal anomalies. Prenat Diagn 2011; 31:115-24. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
11
|
Yamada T, Nishimura G, Nishida K, Sawai H, Omatsu T, Kimura T, Nishihara H, Shono R, Shimada S, Morikawa M, Mizushima M, Yamada T, Cho K, Tanaka S, Shirato H, Minakami H. Prenatal diagnosis of short-rib polydactyly syndrome type 3 (Verma-Naumoff type) by three-dimensional helical computed tomography. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2010; 37:151-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Jeune syndrome: description of 13 cases and a proposal for follow-up protocol. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169:77-88. [PMID: 19430947 PMCID: PMC2776156 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-009-0991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Jeune syndrome (asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy, ATD) is a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia characterized by a small, narrow chest and variable limb shortness with a considerable neonatal mortality as a result of respiratory distress. Renal, hepatic, pancreatic and ocular complications may occur later in life. We describe 13 cases with ages ranging from 9 months to 22 years. Most patients experienced respiratory problems in the first years of their life, three died, one experienced renal complications, and one had hepatic problems. With age, the thoracic malformation tends to become less pronounced and the respiratory problems decrease. The prognosis of ATD seems better than described in literature and in our opinion this justifies long term intensive treatment in the first years. We also propose a follow-up protocol for patients with ATD.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hall T, Bush A, Fell J, Offiah A, Smith V, Abel R. Ciliopathy spectrum expanded? Jeune syndrome associated with foregut dysmotility and malrotation. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009; 44:198-201. [PMID: 19137595 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the association and surgical management of gastrointestinal dysmotility and malrotation with Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (JATD), an autosomal recessive condition that often results in respiratory failure due to a small rib cage. A 4-month-old male with JATD presented with vomiting and aspiration pneumonitis compounding already severe respiratory morbidity. A contrast study revealed esophageal and gastric dysmotility with associated malrotation. This was treated surgically with good results. Some cases of JATD are caused by missense mutations in the gene IFT80, which encodes a protein implicated in the process of intraflagellar transport of primary cilia. We speculate that these abdominal complications might also be part of the extending spectrum of ciliopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hall
- Department of Paediatrics, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Familial asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD), also known as Jeune's syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with variable severity and multiple musculo-skeletal manifestations. Respiratory distress may be severe, resulting in death during infancy. Surgical repair techniques have typically involved median sternotomy (with graft interposition), resulting in poor outcomes. Acquired ATD may rarely result from impairment of chest wall growth following "open" (Ravitch-type) repair of pectus excavatum or carinatum deformities. Symptomatic patients may have profound restriction of pulmonary function. Repair techniques typically involve re-do Ravitch-type procedures or median sternotomy with rib graft interposition. Mild to moderate improvements in pulmonary function tests have been documented.
Collapse
|
15
|
Deshpande C, Hennekam RCM. Genetic syndromes and prenatally detected renal anomalies. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2008; 13:171-80. [PMID: 18162447 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Renal anomalies are frequently detected on the routine second trimester scan offered to all pregnant women in the UK. These anomalies may be isolated but can also be associated with other congenital anomalies. Many combinations of ultrasound scan findings constitute recognised genetic entities. Knowledge of these conditions is essential for adequate management of the pregnancy and subsequent balanced parental counselling. This short review discusses the common genetic syndromes associated with the renal abnormalities identified on the antenatal ultrasound scan, and also provides an overview of renal symptoms in chromosome imbalances and after teratogenic influences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Deshpande
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Alanay Y, Krakow D, Rimoin DL, Lachman RS. Angulated femurs and the skeletal dysplasias: experience of the International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry (1988-2006). Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:1159-68. [PMID: 17486589 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Angulated or bent femur (isolated or associated with other long bone bowing) in the fetus or newborn is relatively common when evaluating patients with skeletal dysplasias. To determine the extent and heterogeneity of disorders associated with angulated or bent femurs, we analyzed cases in the radiographic database (1998-2006) of the International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry (ISDR) and determined which established skeletal dysplasias and genetic syndromes are associated with this finding. The results show that more than 40 distinct disorders with varying frequency (very rare to more commonly occurring disorders) can be associated with bowed/bent/angulated femurs. Sixty-six percent of the cases with angulated femurs belonged to three well described groups of disorders; campomelic disorders (24.4%), thanatophoric dysplasia (23.9%) and osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) (18.1%). With specific emphasis on these, this cross-sectional cohort provides discussion of data on other rare disorders associated with angulated femurs and the importance of the finding relative to its occurrence within a diagnostic group. This study aims to provide differential diagnosis of entities to be considered when a fetus or newborn is found to have congenital bowing/angulation of the femur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Alanay
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ngo C, Viot G, Aubry MC, Tsatsaris V, Grange G, Cabrol D, Pannier E. First-trimester ultrasound diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia associated with increased nuchal translucency thickness. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2007; 30:221-6. [PMID: 17582228 DOI: 10.1002/uog.4028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of five cases of skeletal dysplasia is reported in which the diagnosis was reached at the 11-14-week routine ultrasound examination in our referral center. All five cases had increased nuchal translucency thickness (NT) associated with bone abnormalities. We review the current literature on skeletal dysplasia in the first trimester of pregnancy associated with increased NT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ngo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maternité Port-Royal, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen SH, Chung MT, Chang FM. Early prenatal diagnosis of Jeune syndrome in a low-risk pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 2003; 23:606-7. [PMID: 12868098 DOI: 10.1002/pd.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
19
|
den Hollander NS, Wessels MW, Niermeijer MF, Los FJ, Wladimiroff JW. Early fetal anomaly scanning in a population at increased risk of abnormalities. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2002; 19:570-574. [PMID: 12047536 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of early fetal anomaly scanning in a population at risk of fetal anomalies. DESIGN A prospective study in a tertiary center of 101 consecutive fetuses at risk of congenital anomalies at 11-14 weeks of gestation. RESULTS The principal (93/101 = 92%) reason for referral was having a previously affected infant. Nine (9/101 = 9%) fetuses were shown to have structural anomalies at the 11-14-week scan. In five of nine structurally affected fetuses, the nature of the anomalies was similar to that established in a previously affected pregnancy, four of which had a recurrence of an autosomal recessive syndrome. In two fetuses with a normal 11-14-week scan, anomalies were detected at the 18-21-week (arthrogryposis) or 30-week (cardiomyopathy) scans. CONCLUSIONS The majority of fetal anomalies can be diagnosed in the late first/early second trimesters of pregnancy. This will be of particular advantage to those women who are at high risk of having affected offspring. However, as fetal anomalies may present at varying gestational ages, the standard 18-21-week scan cannot be abandoned. The effectiveness of the early pregnancy scan depends on the natural history of anomalies (gestational age at onset) and the variable phenotypic expression of anomalies/syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S den Hollander
- Department of Obstetrics, Academic Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|