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Hemba-Waduge RUS, Liu M, Li X, Sun JL, Budslick EA, Bondos SE, Ji JY. Metabolic control by the Bithorax Complex-Wnt signaling crosstalk in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.31.596851. [PMID: 38853890 PMCID: PMC11160800 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.31.596851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Adipocytes distributed throughout the body play crucial roles in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Regional differences among adipocytes influence normal function and disease susceptibility, but the mechanisms driving this regional heterogeneity remain poorly understood. Here, we report a genetic crosstalk between the Bithorax Complex ( BX-C ) genes and Wnt/Wingless signaling that orchestrates regional differences among adipocytes in Drosophila larvae. Abdominal adipocytes, characterized by the exclusive expression of abdominal A ( abd-A ) and Abdominal B ( Abd-B ), exhibit distinct features compared to thoracic adipocytes, with Wnt signaling further amplifying these disparities. Depletion of BX-C genes in adipocytes reduces fat accumulation, delays larval-pupal transition, and eventually leads to pupal lethality. Depleting Abd-A or Abd-B reduces Wnt target gene expression, thereby attenuating Wnt signaling-induced lipid mobilization. Conversely, Wnt signaling stimulated abd-A transcription, suggesting a feedforward loop that amplifies the interplay between Wnt signaling and BX-C in adipocytes. These findings elucidate how the crosstalk between cell-autonomous BX-C gene expression and Wnt signaling define unique metabolic behaviors in adipocytes in different anatomical regions of fat body, delineating larval adipose tissue domains.
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Parra-Peralbo E, Talamillo A, Barrio R. Origin and Development of the Adipose Tissue, a Key Organ in Physiology and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:786129. [PMID: 34993199 PMCID: PMC8724577 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.786129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a dynamic organ, well known for its function in energy storage and mobilization according to nutrient availability and body needs, in charge of keeping the energetic balance of the organism. During the last decades, adipose tissue has emerged as the largest endocrine organ in the human body, being able to secrete hormones as well as inflammatory molecules and having an important impact in multiple processes such as adipogenesis, metabolism and chronic inflammation. However, the cellular progenitors, development, homeostasis and metabolism of the different types of adipose tissue are not fully known. During the last decade, Drosophila melanogaster has demonstrated to be an excellent model to tackle some of the open questions in the field of metabolism and development of endocrine/metabolic organs. Discoveries ranged from new hormones regulating obesity to subcellular mechanisms that regulate lipogenesis and lipolysis. Here, we review the available evidences on the development, types and functions of adipose tissue in Drosophila and identify some gaps for future research. This may help to understand the cellular and molecular mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of this fascinating key tissue, contributing to establish this organ as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Talamillo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Rosa Barrio
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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Mase A, Augsburger J, Brückner K. Macrophages and Their Organ Locations Shape Each Other in Development and Homeostasis - A Drosophila Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630272. [PMID: 33777939 PMCID: PMC7991785 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, macrophages are known for their functions in innate immunity, but they also play key roles in development and homeostasis. Recent insights from single cell profiling and other approaches in the invertebrate model organism Drosophila melanogaster reveal substantial diversity among Drosophila macrophages (plasmatocytes). Together with vertebrate studies that show genuine expression signatures of macrophages based on their organ microenvironments, it is expected that Drosophila macrophage functional diversity is shaped by their anatomical locations and systemic conditions. In vivo evidence for diverse macrophage functions has already been well established by Drosophila genetics: Drosophila macrophages play key roles in various aspects of development and organogenesis, including embryogenesis and development of the nervous, digestive, and reproductive systems. Macrophages further maintain homeostasis in various organ systems and promote regeneration following organ damage and injury. The interdependence and interplay of tissues and their local macrophage populations in Drosophila have implications for understanding principles of organ development and homeostasis in a wide range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjeli Mase
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jordan Augsburger
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Katja Brückner
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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4
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Chen L, Cheng D, Chu J, Zhang T, Dong Z, Lou H, Zhu L, Liu Y. A Novel Method to Image Macropinocytosis in Vivo. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:324. [PMID: 29867333 PMCID: PMC5962816 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we described an experimental protocol for in vivo imaging of macropinocytosis and subsequent intracellular events. By microinjection, we delivered fluorescence dextrans together with or without ATPγS into transparent Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Using a confocal microscope for live imaging, we monitored the generation of dextran-positive macropinosomes and subsequent intracellular events. Our protocol provides a continent and reliable way for investigating macropinocytosis and its underlying mechanisms, especially when combined with genetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunhao Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daxiao Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiachen Chu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoer Dong
- Middle School Attached to Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huifang Lou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Choe SS, Huh JY, Hwang IJ, Kim JI, Kim JB. Adipose Tissue Remodeling: Its Role in Energy Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:30. [PMID: 27148161 PMCID: PMC4829583 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 672] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue is a central metabolic organ in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis. The white adipose tissue functions as a key energy reservoir for other organs, whereas the brown adipose tissue accumulates lipids for cold-induced adaptive thermogenesis. Adipose tissues secrete various hormones, cytokines, and metabolites (termed as adipokines) that control systemic energy balance by regulating appetitive signals from the central nerve system as well as metabolic activity in peripheral tissues. In response to changes in the nutritional status, the adipose tissue undergoes dynamic remodeling, including quantitative and qualitative alterations in adipose tissue-resident cells. A growing body of evidence indicates that adipose tissue remodeling in obesity is closely associated with adipose tissue function. Changes in the number and size of the adipocytes affect the microenvironment of expanded fat tissues, accompanied by alterations in adipokine secretion, adipocyte death, local hypoxia, and fatty acid fluxes. Concurrently, stromal vascular cells in the adipose tissue, including immune cells, are involved in numerous adaptive processes, such as dead adipocyte clearance, adipogenesis, and angiogenesis, all of which are dysregulated in obese adipose tissue remodeling. Chronic overnutrition triggers uncontrolled inflammatory responses, leading to systemic low-grade inflammation and metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance. This review will discuss current mechanistic understandings of adipose tissue remodeling processes in adaptive energy homeostasis and pathological remodeling of adipose tissue in connection with immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Sik Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Jae Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong In Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae Bum Kim,
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Pokrzywa M, Dacklin I, Vestling M, Hultmark D, Lundgren E, Cantera R. Uptake of aggregating transthyretin by fat body in a Drosophila model for TTR-associated amyloidosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14343. [PMID: 21179560 PMCID: PMC3002944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A functional link has been established between the severe neurodegenerative disorder Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and the enhanced propensity of the plasma protein transthyretin (TTR) to form aggregates in patients with single point mutations in the TTR gene. Previous work has led to the establishment of an experimental model based on transgenic expression of normal or mutant forms of human TTR in Drosophila flies. Remarkably, the severity of the phenotype was greater in flies that expressed a single copy than with two copies of the mutated gene. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we analyze the distribution of normal and mutant TTR in transgenic flies, and the ultrastructure of TTR-positive tissues to clarify if aggregates and/or amyloid filaments are formed. We report the formation of intracellular aggregates of 20 nm spherules and amyloid filaments in thoracic adipose tissue and in brain glia, two tissues that do not express the transgene. The formation of aggregates of nanospherules increased with age and was more considerable in flies with two copies of mutated TTR. Treatment of human neuronal cells with protein extracts prepared from TTR flies of different age showed that the extracts from older flies were less toxic than those from younger flies. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that the uptake of TTR from the circulation and its subsequent segregation into cytoplasmic quasi-crystalline arrays of nanospherules is part of a mechanism that neutralizes the toxic effect of TTR.
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Brody T, Rasband W, Baler K, Kuzin A, Kundu M, Odenwald WF. cis-Decoder discovers constellations of conserved DNA sequences shared among tissue-specific enhancers. Genome Biol 2007; 8:R75. [PMID: 17490485 PMCID: PMC1929141 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-5-r75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
: The use of cis-Decoder, a new tool for discovery of conserved sequence elements that are shared between similarly regulating enhancers, suggests that enhancers use overlapping repertoires of highly conserved core elements. A systematic approach is described for analysis of evolutionarily conserved cis-regulatory DNA using cis-Decoder, a tool for discovery of conserved sequence elements that are shared between similarly regulated enhancers. Analysis of 2,086 conserved sequence blocks (CSBs), identified from 135 characterized enhancers, reveals most CSBs consist of shorter overlapping/adjacent elements that are either enhancer type-specific or common to enhancers with divergent regulatory behaviors. Our findings suggest that enhancers employ overlapping repertoires of highly conserved core elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brody
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wayne Rasband
- Office of Scientific Director, IRP, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Baler
- Office of Scientific Director, IRP, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Kuzin
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mukta Kundu
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ward F Odenwald
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Mulinari S, Häcker U, Castillejo-López C. Expression and regulation of Spätzle-processing enzyme in Drosophila. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5406-10. [PMID: 16996061 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster Toll receptor controls embryonic dorsal-ventral axis formation and is crucial for the innate immune response. In both cases, Toll is activated by the enzymatically cleaved form of its ligand Spätzle (Spz). During axis formation, Spz is cleaved by the maternally provided serine protease Easter while the Spätzle-processing enzyme (SPE) activates Spz after infection. We confirm the role of SPE in immunity and show that it is a zygotic gene specifically expressed in immune tissues implying that the dual activation of Spz is achieved by differential spatiotemporal expression of two similar but distinct serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Mulinari
- Department of Experimental Medical Science and Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, BMC B13, Klinikgatan 26, 22184 Lund, Sweden
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9
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Perera RJ, Marcusson EG, Koo S, Kang X, Kim Y, White N, Dean NM. Identification of novel PPARgamma target genes in primary human adipocytes. Gene 2005; 369:90-9. [PMID: 16380219 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is the process by which undifferentiated precursor cells differentiate into fat laden adipocytes. The nuclear proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play a central role in adipocyte differentiation. The goals of this study were to identify novel PPARgamma responsive genes and to determine their role in regulating human adipocyte differentiation. Affymetrix profiling of gene expression in human adipocytes identified about 1000 genes that were significantly up-regulated subsequent to induction of differentiation. PPARgamma expression was reduced prior to induction of differentiation using a novel, chemically modified antisense oligonucleotide. Affymetrix microarray profiling of these cells identified 278 statistically significantly down-regulated genes. Eight genes were found to contain previously documented PPARgamma recognition element (PPRE) in their upstream nucleotide (promoter) sequence. Four of these genes are novel and have not previously been characterized. Chromatin immuno-precipitation experiments confirmed the binding of PPARgamma to the PPRE of three of these genes. The ortholog of one of these genes, hypothetical protein FLJ 20920, has previously been reported to be involved in the control of body fat composition in Caenorhabditis elegans. Inhibition of expression of this protein was found to also inhibit differentiation of human adipocytes. MAST/MEME algorithm analysis was used to identify novel commonly occurring sequence motifs in the 5' upstream region of transcripts for subset of down-regulated genes, which were grouped according to their sequence similarities. A number of clusters were identified and the largest cluster contained similar motifs from 26 genes with the literature supporting 7 of the 26 genes as being involved in fatty acid metabolism or PPARgamma interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan J Perera
- Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Dr., Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
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Ruden DM, De Luca M, Garfinkel MD, Bynum KL, Lu X. DROSOPHILANUTRIGENOMICS CAN PROVIDE CLUES TO HUMAN GENE-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS. Annu Rev Nutr 2005; 25:499-522. [PMID: 16011476 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nutrigenomics refers to the complex effects of the nutritional environment on the genome, epigenome, and proteome of an organism. The diverse tissue- and organ-specific effects of diet include gene expression patterns, organization of the chromatin, and protein post-translational modifications. Long-term effects of diet range from obesity and associated diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease to increased or decreased longevity. Furthermore, the diet of the mother can potentially have long-term health impacts on the children, possibly through inherited diet-induced chromatin alterations. Drosophila is a unique and ideal model organism for conducting nutrigenomics research for numerous reasons. Drosophila, yeast, and Caenorhabditis elegans all have sophisticated genetics as well as sequenced genomes, and researchers working with all three organisms have made valuable discoveries in nutrigenomics. However, unlike yeast and C. elegans, Drosophila has adipose-like tissues and a lipid transport system, making it a closer model to humans. This review summarizes what has already been learned in Drosophila nutrigenomics (with an emphasis on lipids and sterols), critically evaluates the data, and discusses fruitful areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Ruden
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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Ranz JM, Namgyal K, Gibson G, Hartl DL. Anomalies in the expression profile of interspecific hybrids of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans. Genome Res 2004; 14:373-9. [PMID: 14962989 PMCID: PMC353219 DOI: 10.1101/gr.2019804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
When females of Drosophila melanogaster and males of Drosophila simulans are mated, the male progeny are inviable, whereas the female progeny display manifold malformations and are sterile. These abnormalities result from genetic incompatibilities accumulated since the time the lineages of the species diverged, and may have their origin in aberrant gene transcription. Because compensatory changes within species may obscure differences at the regulatory level in conventional comparisons of the expression profile between species, we have compared the gene-expression profile of hybrid females with those of females of the parental species in order to identify regulatory incompatibilities. In the hybrid females, we find abnormal levels of messenger RNA for a large fraction of the Drosophila transcriptome. These include a gross underexpression of genes preferentially expressed in females, accompanying gonadal atrophy. The hybrid females also show significant overexpression of male-biased genes, which we attribute to incompatibilities in the regulatory mechanisms that normally act to control the expression of these genes in females. The net result of the multiple incompatibilities is that the gene-expression profiles of the parental females are more similar to each other than either is to that of the hybrid.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breeding/methods
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA, Complementary/classification
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Drosophila/embryology
- Drosophila/genetics
- Drosophila melanogaster/embryology
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/abnormalities
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/chemistry
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Genes, Insect/genetics
- Genes, Lethal/genetics
- Hybridization, Genetic/genetics
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- Sex Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Ranz
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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