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Eldon B, Riquet F, Yearsley J, Jollivet D, Broquet T. Current hypotheses to explain genetic chaos under the sea. Curr Zool 2016; 62:551-566. [PMID: 29491945 PMCID: PMC5829445 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaotic genetic patchiness (CGP) refers to surprising patterns of spatial and temporal genetic structure observed in some marine species at a scale where genetic variation should be efficiently homogenized by gene flow via larval dispersal. Here we review and discuss 4 mechanisms that could generate such unexpected patterns: selection, sweepstakes reproductive success, collective dispersal, and temporal shifts in local population dynamics. First, we review examples where genetic differentiation at specific loci was driven by diversifying selection, which was historically the first process invoked to explain CGP. Second, we turn to neutral demographic processes that may drive genome-wide effects, and whose effects on CGP may be enhanced when they act together. We discuss how sweepstakes reproductive success accelerates genetic drift and can thus generate genetic structure, provided that gene flow is not too strong. Collective dispersal is another mechanism whereby genetic structure can be maintained regardless of dispersal intensity, because it may prevent larval cohorts from becoming entirely mixed. Theoretical analyses of both the sweepstakes and the collective dispersal ideas are presented. Finally, we discuss an idea that has received less attention than the other ones just mentioned, namely temporal shifts in local population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarki Eldon
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und
Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Florentine Riquet
- Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5,
France
- ISEM - CNRS, UMR 5554, SMEL, 2 rue des Chantiers, Sète 34200, France
| | - Jon Yearsley
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and UCD Earth Institute,
University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Didier Jollivet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Team Adaptation and Biology of
Invertebrates in Extreme Environments, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff 29680,
France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Unité Mixte de
Recherche 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff 29680, France
| | - Thomas Broquet
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Unité Mixte de
Recherche 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff 29680, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Team Diversity and
Connectivity of Coastal Marine Landscapes, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff 29680,
France
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2
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Dussex N, Broquet T, Yearsley JM. Contrasting dispersal inference methods for the greater white-toothed shrew. J Wildl Manage 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dussex
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Anatomy; University of Otago; Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Thomas Broquet
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jon M. Yearsley
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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3
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Thirty years of tick population genetics: A comprehensive review. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 29:164-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Ishibashi Y, Zenitani J, Saitoh T. Male-biased Dispersal Causes Intersexual Differences in the Subpopulation Structure of the Gray-sided Vole. J Hered 2013; 104:718-24. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/est034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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5
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Yearsley JM, Viard F, Broquet T. THE EFFECT OF COLLECTIVE DISPERSAL ON THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF A SUBDIVIDED POPULATION. Evolution 2013; 67:1649-59. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Yearsley
- School of Biology & Environmental Science; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Frédérique Viard
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Team Div& Co; Lab. Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff; 29682 Roscoff France
- UPMC Univ Paris; 06, UMR 7144 AD2M; Station Biologique de Roscoff; 29682 Roscoff France
| | - Thomas Broquet
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Team Div& Co; Lab. Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff; 29682 Roscoff France
- UPMC Univ Paris; 06, UMR 7144 AD2M; Station Biologique de Roscoff; 29682 Roscoff France
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6
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Helfer V, Broquet T, Fumagalli L. Sex-specific estimates of dispersal show female philopatry and male dispersal in a promiscuous amphibian, the alpine salamander (Salamandra atra). Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4706-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L. Fumagalli
- Laboratory for Conservation Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Biophore; CH-1015; Lausanne; Switzerland
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Yannic G, Basset P, Büchi L, Hausser J, Broquet T. SCALE-SPECIFIC SEX-BIASED DISPERSAL IN THE VALAIS SHREW UNVEILED BY GENETIC VARIATION ON THE Y CHROMOSOME, AUTOSOMES, AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA. Evolution 2012; 66:1737-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Sex-biased dispersal is expected to generate differences in the fine-scale genetic structure of males and females. Therefore, spatial analyses of multilocus genotypes may offer a powerful approach for detecting sex-biased dispersal in natural populations. However, the effects of sex-biased dispersal on fine-scale genetic structure have not been explored. We used simulations and multilocus spatial autocorrelation analysis to investigate how sex-biased dispersal influences fine-scale genetic structure. We evaluated three statistical tests for detecting sex-biased dispersal: bootstrap confidence intervals about autocorrelation r values and recently developed heterogeneity tests at the distance class and whole correlogram levels. Even modest sex bias in dispersal resulted in significantly different fine-scale spatial autocorrelation patterns between the sexes. This was particularly evident when dispersal was strongly restricted in the less-dispersing sex (mean distance <200 m), when differences between the sexes were readily detected over short distances. All tests had high power to detect sex-biased dispersal with large sample sizes (n ≥ 250). However, there was variation in type I error rates among the tests, for which we offer specific recommendations. We found congruence between simulation predictions and empirical data from the agile antechinus, a species that exhibits male-biased dispersal, confirming the power of individual-based genetic analysis to provide insights into asymmetries in male and female dispersal. Our key recommendations for using multilocus spatial autocorrelation analyses to test for sex-biased dispersal are: (i) maximize sample size, not locus number; (ii) concentrate sampling within the scale of positive structure; (iii) evaluate several distance class sizes; (iv) use appropriate methods when combining data from multiple populations; (v) compare the appropriate groups of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C Banks
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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9
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Genetic population structure of the paper wasp Polistes olivaceus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Bangladesh. POPUL ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-011-0290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Koné N, Bouyer J, Ravel S, Vreysen MJB, Domagni KT, Causse S, Solano P, de Meeûs T. Contrasting population structures of two vectors of African trypanosomoses in Burkina Faso: consequences for control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1217. [PMID: 21738812 PMCID: PMC3125141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African animal trypanosomosis is a major obstacle to the development of more efficient and sustainable livestock production systems in West Africa. Riverine tsetse species such as Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank and Glossina tachinoides Westwood are the major vectors. A wide variety of control tactics is available to manage these vectors, but their removal will in most cases only be sustainable if the control effort is targeting an entire tsetse population within a circumscribed area. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, genetic variation at microsatellite DNA loci was used to examine the population structure of G. p. gambiensis and G. tachinoides inhabiting four adjacent river basins in Burkina Faso, i.e. the Mouhoun, the Comoé, the Niger and the Sissili River Basins. Isolation by distance was significant for both species across river basins, and dispersal of G. tachinoides was ∼3 times higher than that of G. p. gambiensis. Thus, the data presented indicate that no strong barriers to gene flow exists between riverine tsetse populations in adjacent river basins, especially so for G. tachinoides. Conclusions/Significance Therefore, potential re-invasion of flies from adjacent river basins will have to be prevented by establishing buffer zones between the Mouhoun and the other river basin(s), in the framework of the PATTEC (Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign) eradication project that is presently targeting the northern part of the Mouhoun River Basin. We argue that these genetic analyses should always be part of the baseline data collection before any tsetse control project is initiated. Tsetse flies are insects that transmit trypanosomes to humans (sleeping sickness) and animals (nagana). Controlling these vectors is a very efficient way to control these diseases. In Burkina Faso, a tsetse eradication campaign is presently targeting the northern part of the Mouhoun River Basin. To attain this objective, the approach has to be area-wide, i.e. the control effort targets an entire pest population within a circumscribed area. To assess the level of this isolation, we studied the genetic structure of Glossina palpalis gambiensis and Glossina tachinoides populations in the target area and in the adjacent river basins of the Comoé, the Niger and the Sissili River Basins. Our results suggest an absence of strong genetic isolation of the target populations. We therefore recommend establishing permanent buffer zones between the Mouhoun and the other river basin(s) to prevent reinvasion. This kind of study may be extended to other areas on other tsetse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naférima Koné
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, University of Abidjan, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
- Centre International en Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Cirad, UMR CIRAD-INRA Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Émergentes, Montpellier, France
- Isra-Lnerv, Service de Parasitologie, Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Ravel
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR177 IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc J. B. Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kouadjo T. Domagni
- Centre International en Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- UEMOA, Département du Développement Rural, des Ressources Naturelles et de l'Environnement (DDRE), Direction des Ressources Animales et Halieutiques (DRAH), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sandrine Causse
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR177 IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Solano
- Centre International en Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR177 IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry de Meeûs
- Centre International en Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR177 IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Délégation Languedoc-Roussillon, Montpellier, France
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11
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Ortego J, Aguirre MP, Cordero PJ. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure and within population male-biased gene-flow in the grasshopper Mioscirtus wagneri. Evol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-011-9462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Cooper JD, Waser PM, Gopurenko D, Hellgren EC, Gabor TM, DeWoody JA. Measuring sex-biased dispersal in social mammals: comparisons of nuclear and mitochondrial genes in collared peccaries. J Mammal 2010. [DOI: 10.1644/09-mamm-a-313.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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13
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Broquet T, Petit EJ. Molecular Estimation of Dispersal for Ecology and Population Genetics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Broquet
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Eric J. Petit
- INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Univ. Rennes 1, UMR 1099 BiO3P (Biology of Organisms and Populations applied to Plant Protection), Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu, France;
- University Rennes 1/CNRS, UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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14
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Pérez-González J, Carranza J. Female-biased dispersal under conditions of low male mating competition in a polygynous mammal. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:4617-30. [PMID: 19840261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex-biased dispersal is a common phenomenon in birds and mammals. Competition for mates has been argued to be an important selective pressure favouring dispersal. Sexual differences in the level of intrasexual competition may produce asymmetries in the costs-benefits balance of dispersal and philopatry for males and females, which may favour male-biased dispersal in polygynous species such as most mammals. This being the case, condition-dependent dispersal predicts that male-bias should decrease if mating competition relaxes. We test this expectation for red deer, where male-biased dispersal is the norm. In southwestern Spain, red deer populations located in nonfenced hunting estates presented altered structures with sex ratio strongly biased to females and high proportion of young males. As a consequence, mate competition in these populations was lower than in other, most typical red deer populations. We found that, under such conditions of altered population structure, dispersal was female-biased rather than male-biased. Additionally, mate competition positively related to male dispersal but negatively to female dispersal. Other factors such as resource competition, age of individuals and sex ratio were not related to male or female dispersal. Males may not disperse if intrasexual competition is low and then females may disperse as a response to male philopatry. We propose hypotheses related to female mate choice to explain female dispersal under male philopatry. The shift of the sex-biased dispersal pattern along the gradient of mate competition highlights its condition-dependence as well as the interaction between male and female dispersal in the evolution of sex-biased dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pérez-González
- Biology and Ethology, University of Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain.
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15
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Cooper JD, Vitalis R, Waser PM, Gopurenko D, Hellgren EC, Gabor TM, DeWoody JA. Quantifying male-biased dispersal among social groups in the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) using analyses based on mtDNA variation. Heredity (Edinb) 2009; 104:79-87. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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16
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BROQUET THOMAS, YEARSLEY JONATHAN, HIRZEL ALEXANDREH, GOUDET JÉRÔME, PERRIN NICOLAS. Inferring recent migration rates from individual genotypes. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:1048-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.04058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Charlesworth B. Fundamental concepts in genetics: effective population size and patterns of molecular evolution and variation. Nat Rev Genet 2009; 10:195-205. [PMID: 19204717 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 977] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effective size of a population, N(e), determines the rate of change in the composition of a population caused by genetic drift, which is the random sampling of genetic variants in a finite population. N(e) is crucial in determining the level of variability in a population, and the effectiveness of selection relative to drift. This article reviews the properties of N(e) in a variety of different situations of biological interest, and the factors that influence it. In particular, the action of selection means that N(e) varies across the genome, and advances in genomic techniques are giving new insights into how selection shapes N(e).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Charlesworth
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
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18
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Ramachandran S, Rosenberg NA, Feldman MW, Wakeley J. Population differentiation and migration: coalescence times in a two-sex island model for autosomal and X-linked loci. Theor Popul Biol 2008; 74:291-301. [PMID: 18817799 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionists have debated whether population-genetic parameters, such as effective population size and migration rate, differ between males and females. In humans, most analyses of this problem have focused on the Y chromosome and the mitochondrial genome, while the X chromosome has largely been omitted from the discussion. Past studies have compared F(ST) values for the Y chromosome and mitochondrion under a model with migration rates that differ between the sexes but with equal male and female population sizes. In this study we investigate rates of coalescence for X-linked and autosomal lineages in an island model with different population sizes and migration rates for males and females, obtaining the mean time to coalescence for pairs of lineages from the same deme and for pairs of lineages from different demes. We apply our results to microsatellite data from the Human Genome Diversity Panel, and we examine the male and female migration rates implied by observed F(ST) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Ramachandran
- Society of Fellows, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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Schweizer M, Excoffier L, Heckel G. Fine-scale genetic structure and dispersal in the common vole (Microtus arvalis). Mol Ecol 2008; 16:2463-73. [PMID: 17561906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The genetic structure and demography of local populations is tightly linked to the rate and scale of dispersal. Dispersal parameters are notoriously difficult to determine in the field, and remain often completely unknown for smaller organisms. In this study, we investigate spatial and temporal genetic structure in relation to dispersal patterns among local populations of the probably most abundant European mammals, the common vole (Microtus arvalis). Voles were studied in six natural populations at distances of 0.4-2.5 km in three different seasons (fall, spring, summer) corresponding to different life-history stages. Field observations provided no direct evidence for movements of individuals between populations. The analysis of 10 microsatellite markers revealed a persistent overall genetic structure among populations of 2.9%, 2.5% and 3% FST in the respective season. Pairwise comparisons showed that even the closest populations were significantly differentiated from each other in each season, but there was no evidence for temporal differentiation within populations or isolation by distance among populations. Despite significant genetic structure, assignment analyses identified a relatively high proportion of individuals as being immigrants for the population where they were captured. The immigration rate was not significantly lower for females than for males. We suggest that a generally low and sex-dependent effective dispersal rate as the consequence of only few immigrants reproducing successfully in the new populations together with the social structure within populations may explain the maintenance of genetic differentiation among populations despite migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schweizer
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Lab (CMPG), Zoological Institute, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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20
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HARDY OLIVIERJ, PEARCY MORGAN, ARON SERGE. Small-scale spatial genetic structure in an ant species with sex-biased dispersal. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Kraaijeveld-Smit FJL, Lindenmayer DB, Taylor AC, MacGregor C, Wertheim B. Comparative genetic structure reflects underlying life histories of three sympatric small mammal species in continuous forest of south-eastern Australia. OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.16087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Abstract
In many instances, there are large sex differences in mutation rates, recombination rates, selection, rates of gene flow, and genetic drift. Mutation rates are often higher in males, a difference that has been estimated both directly and indirectly. The higher male mutation rate appears related to the larger number of cell divisions in male lineages but mutation rates also appear gene- and organism-specific. When there is recombination in only one sex, it is always the homogametic sex. When there is recombination in both sexes, females often have higher recombination but there are many exceptions. There are a number of hypotheses to explain the sex differences in recombination. Sex-specific differences in selection may result in stable polymorphisms or for sex chromosomes, faster evolutionary change. In addition, sex-dependent selection may result in antagonistic pleiotropy or sexually antagonistic genes. There are many examples of sex-specific differences in gene flow (dispersal) and a number of adaptive explanations for these differences. The overall effective population size (genetic drift) is dominated by the lower sex-specific effective population size. The mean of the mutation, recombination, and gene flow rates over the two sexes can be used in a population genetics context unless there are sex-specific differences in selection or genetic drift. Sex-specific differences in these evolutionary factors appear to be unrelated to each other. The evolutionary explanations for sex-specific differences for each factor are multifaceted and, in addition, explanations may include chance, nonadaptive differences, or mechanistic, nonevolutionary factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Hedrick
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA.
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23
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Skalski GT. Joint estimation of migration rate and effective population size using the island model. Genetics 2007; 177:1043-57. [PMID: 17720905 PMCID: PMC2034612 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.078998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the island model of population demography, I report that the demographic parameters migration rate and effective population size can be jointly estimated with equilibrium probabilities of identity in state calculated using a sample of genotypes collected at a single point in time from a single generation. The method, which uses moment-type estimators, applies to dioecious populations in which females and males have identical demography and monoecious populations with no selfing and requires that offspring genotypes are sampled following reproduction and prior to migration. I illustrate the estimation procedure using the infinite-island model with no mutation and the finite-island model with three kinds of mutation models. In the infinite-island model with no mutation, the estimators can be expressed as simple functions of estimates of the F-statistic parameters F(IT) and F(ST). In the finite-island model with mutation among k alleles, mutation rate, migration rate, and effective population size can be simultaneously estimated. The estimates of migration rate and effective population size are somewhat robust to violations in assumptions that may arise in empirical applications such as different kinds of mutation models and deviations from temporal equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrick T Skalski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
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Abstract
Sex-biased dispersal is an almost ubiquitous feature of mammalian life history, but the evolutionary causes behind these patterns still require much clarification. A quarter of a century since the publication of seminal papers describing general patterns of sex-biased dispersal in both mammals and birds, we review the advances in our theoretical understanding of the evolutionary causes of sex-biased dispersal, and those in statistical genetics that enable us to test hypotheses and measure dispersal in natural populations. We use mammalian examples to illustrate patterns and proximate causes of sex-biased dispersal, because by far the most data are available and because they exhibit an enormous diversity in terms of dispersal strategy, mating and social systems. Recent studies using molecular markers have helped to confirm that sex-biased dispersal is widespread among mammals and varies widely in direction and intensity, but there is a great need to bridge the gap between genetic information, observational data and theory. A review of mammalian data indicates that the relationship between direction of sex-bias and mating system is not a simple one. The role of social systems emerges as a key factor in determining intensity and direction of dispersal bias, but there is still need for a theoretical framework that can account for the complex interactions between inbreeding avoidance, kin competition and cooperation to explain the impressive diversity of patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Lawson Handley
- Theoretical and Molecular Population Genetics Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.
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Janečka JE, Blankenship TL, Hirth DH, William Kilpatrick C, Tewes ME, Grassman LI. Evidence for Male-biased Dispersal in Bobcats Lynx Rufus Using Relatedness Analysis. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[38:efmdib]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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26
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Broquet T, Johnson CA, Petit E, Thompson I, Burel F, Fryxell JM. Dispersal and genetic structure in the American marten, Martes americana. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:1689-97. [PMID: 16629821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natal dispersal in a vagile carnivore, the American marten (Martes americana), was studied by comparing radio-tracking data and microsatellite genetic structure in two populations occupying contrasting habitats. The genetic differentiation determined among groups of individuals using F(ST) indices appeared to be weak in both landscapes, and showed no increase with geographical distance. Genetic structure investigated using pairwise genetic distances between individuals conversely showed a pattern of isolation by distance (IBD), but only in the population occurring in a homogeneous high-quality habitat, therefore showing the advantage of individual-based analyses in detecting within-population processes and local landscape effects. The telemetry study of juveniles revealed a leptokurtic distribution of dispersal distances in both populations, and estimates of the mean squared parent-offspring axial distance (sigma2) inferred both from the genetic pattern of IBD and from the radio-tracking survey showed that most juveniles make little contribution to gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Broquet
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Université Rennes1, France.
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27
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Waser PM, Busch JD, McCormick CR, DeWoody JA. Parentage analysis detects cryptic precapture dispersal in a philopatric rodent. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:1929-37. [PMID: 16689908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Locating birthplaces using genetic parentage determination can increase the precision and accuracy with which animal dispersal patterns are established. We re-analyse patterns of movement away from the birthplace as a function of time, sex and population density for a sample of 303 banner-tailed kangaroo rats, Dipodomys spectabilis. We located birth sites using a combination of likelihood-based parentage analysis with live-trapping of mothers during the breeding season. The results demonstrate that natal-breeding site distances are density dependent in this species; in particular, both sexes emigrate earlier in the year, and females disperse farther than males, at low population densities. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats were chosen as a study system because live-trapping easily detects maternal and offspring locations; nevertheless, parentage analysis reveals that some offspring evade early detection and move substantial distances before their first capture. In a few cases, the approach even detects dispersal out of the natal 'deme' prior to first capture. Parentage analysis confirms the extreme philopatry of both sexes but indicates that prior estimates of median dispersal distance were too low. For D. spectabilis, more accurate location of individual birthplaces clarifies patterns of sex bias and density dependence in dispersal, and may resolve apparent discrepancies between direct and indirect estimates of dispersal distance. For species in which mothers can be more reliably trapped than juveniles, using offspring genotypes to locate parents is a novel way that genetic techniques can contribute to the analysis of animal dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Waser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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28
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Rollins LA, Woolnough AP, Sherwin WB. Population genetic tools for pest management: a review. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/wr05106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Population genetic tools have the potential to answer key questions in pest management including quantifying the number of genetically distinct populations represented in an invasion, the number of individuals present, whether populations are expanding or contracting, identifying the origin of invasive individuals, the number of separate introduction events that have occurred and in which order, and the rate that individuals are moving between populations. Genetic methods have only recently gained sufficient resolution to address these questions due to advances in laboratory techniques coupled with an increase in computational power. In combination, these methods may lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of invasions. The expansion of the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) into Western Australia is used as an applied example of how genetic methods can be integrated to provide vital information to improve pest-management strategies. Invasion events also may provide a unique opportunity to test some of these methodologies.
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29
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Prugnolle F, Roze D, Théron A, DE Meeûs T. F-statistics under alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction: a model and data from schistosomes (platyhelminth parasites). Mol Ecol 2005; 14:1355-65. [PMID: 15813776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Accurate inferences on population genetics data require a sound underlying theoretical null model. Nearly nothing is known about the gene dynamics of organisms with complex life cycles precluding any biological interpretation of population genetics parameters. In this article, we used an infinite island model to derive the expectations of those parameters for the life cycle of a dioecious organism obligatorily alternating sexual and asexual reproductions as it is the case for schistosomes (plathyhelminth parasites). This model allowed us to investigate the effects of the degree of mixing among individuals coming from different subpopulations at each new generation (represented in the model by the migration rates before and after clonal reproductions) and the variance in the reproductive success of individuals during the clonal phase. We also consider the effects of different migration rates and degrees of clonal reproductive skew between male and female individuals. Results show that the variance in the reproductive success of clones is very important in shaping the distribution of the genetic variability both within and among subpopulations. Thus, higher variance in the reproductive success of clones generates heterozygous excesses within subpopulations and also increases genetic differentiation between them. Migration occurring before and after asexual reproduction has different effects on the patterns of F(IS) and F(ST). When males and females display different degrees of reproductive skew or migration rates, we observe differences in their respective population genetic structure. While results of the model apply to any organism alternating sexual and clonal reproductions (e.g. all parasitic trematodes, many plants, and all aphididae), we finally confront some of these theoretical expectations to empirical data from Schistosoma mansoni infecting Rattus rattus in Guadeloupe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Prugnolle
- Equipe ESS, GEMI, UMR-2724, IRD de Montpellier, 911 av. Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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30
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Palo JU, Lesbarrères D, Schmeller DS, Primmer CR, Merilä J. Microsatellite marker data suggest sex-biased dispersal in the common frog Rana temporaria. Mol Ecol 2004; 13:2865-9. [PMID: 15315697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite being important models in ecological, evolutionary and conservation biology research, very little is known about the dispersal in anuran amphibians, and juvenile dispersal in particular. Using microsatellite data, we assessed signatures of sex-biased migration in the common frog (Rana temporaria) in Scandinavia. Significant heterozygosity deficiency (FIS) and lower assignment value (mAIc) among females suggest that dispersal in R. temporaria is female biased. Also variance of assignment (vAIc), estimated separately for the two sexes, was consistent with this inference, although the difference was not statistically significant. Possible proximate and ultimate explanations for female-biased dispersal in amphibians are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J U Palo
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 65, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Proctor MF, McLellan BN, Strobeck C, Barclay RM. Gender-specific dispersal distances of grizzly bears estimated by genetic analysis. CAN J ZOOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/z04-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Natal dispersal is difficult to quantify, and long-distance events are often undetected, leading to biased estimates. Following offspring from their natal home range to their postdispersal adult breeding home range is challenging, and gathering sufficient data for large mammals with long generation times is particularly difficult. Here we measure average sex-specific dispersal distances in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos L., 1758) using individual-based genetic analysis. We genetically sampled and generated 15-locus microsatellite genotypes for 711 grizzly bears over a range of 100 000 km2in southwestern Canada. Microsatellite markers are inherited in a Mendelian fashion, allowing us to use likelihood-based parentage analyses to estimate parent–offspring dyads. We used the distance between individually captured females of parent–offspring pairs (i.e., mother–daughter) to estimate female natal dispersal distances and found that, on average, females dispersed 14.3 km from the center of their natal home range. We used the distance between males of parent–offspring pairs (i.e., father–son) to estimate average male dispersal distances and found that males dispersed, on average, 41.9 km from their natal, or maternal, home range (mother–son dispersal distance). We used a simulation model to estimate the bias associated with measuring the father–son (male–male) distance as an estimate of the mother–son distance.
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32
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Fontanillas P, Petit E, Perrin N. ESTIMATING SEX-SPECIFIC DISPERSAL RATES WITH AUTOSOMAL MARKERS IN HIERARCHICALLY STRUCTURED POPULATIONS. Evolution 2004; 58:886-94. [PMID: 15154563 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A recent study suggests that sex-specific dispersal rates can be quantitatively estimated on the basis of sex- and state-specific (pre- vs. postdispersal) F-statistics. In the present paper, we extend this approach to account for the hierarchical structure of natural populations, and we validate it through individual-based simulations. The model is applied to an empirical data set consisting of 536 individuals (males, females, and predispersal juveniles) of greater white-toothed shrews (Crocidura russula), sampled according to a hierarchical design and typed for seven autosomal microsatellite loci. From this dataset, dispersal is significantly female biased at the local scale (breeding-group level), but not at the larger scale (among local populations). We argue that selective pressures on dispersal are likely to depend on the spatial scale considered, and that short-distance dispersal should mainly respond to kin interactions (inbreeding or kin competition avoidance), which exert differential pressure on males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Fontanillas
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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33
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De Meeûs T, Lorimier Y, Renaud F. Lyme borreliosis agents and the genetics and sex of their vector, Ixodes ricinus. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:299-304. [PMID: 15026017 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The tick Ixodes ricinus is responsible for the transmission and maintenance of a wide variety of pathogenic organisms in the Northern Hemisphere, among which Lyme disease represents a major threat to humans. Despite numerous studies, the epidemiology of the different bacterial species responsible for this disease remains unclear. Recent evidence for a sex-biased genetic structure of its European vector leads us to analyse the consequences of this pattern on Borrelia transmission. Here we show that male and female ticks are not equivalently infected by Borrelia burgdorferi, that Borrelia afzelii affects tick migration capabilities, especially for the most vagile sex (i.e., male) and that Lyme borreliosis agents are consequently vectorised in a much more complex way than usually thought. Such results change the epidemiological perception of Lyme borreliosis and suggest new co-evolutionary pathways between the ticks and the borrelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry De Meeûs
- Centre d'Etude sur le Polymorphisme des Micro-Organismes, UMR CNRS-IRD 9926, Equipe Evolution des Systèmes Symbiotiques, Unite Mixte de Recherches, 911 Avenue d'Agropolis, B.P. 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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34
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de Meeûs T. Molecular epidemiology pitfalls: some important clarifications. Trends Parasitol 2004; 20:57-8. [PMID: 14747016 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Fontanillas P, Petit E, Perrin N. ESTIMATING SEX-SPECIFIC DISPERSAL RATES WITH AUTOSOMAL MARKERS IN HIERARCHICALLY STRUCTURED POPULATIONS. Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/03-432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Stolz U, Velez S, Wood KV, Wood M, Feder JL. Darwinian natural selection for orange bioluminescent color in a Jamaican click beetle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:14955-9. [PMID: 14623957 PMCID: PMC299859 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2432563100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Jamaican click beetle Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) is unique among all bioluminescent organisms in displaying a striking light color polymorphism [Biggley, W. H., Lloyd, J. E. & Seliger, H. H. (1967) J. Gen. Physiol. 50, 1681-1692]. Beetles on the island vary in the color of their ventral light organs from yellow-green to orange and their dorsal organs from green to yellow-green. The genetic basis for the color variation involves specific amino acid substitutions in the enzyme luciferase. Here, we show that dorsal and ventral light color in P. plagiophthalamus are under separate genetic control, we resolve the allelic basis for color variation, and, through analyses of luciferase sequence variation, we demonstrate that natural selection has produced a long-term adaptive trend for longer wavelength (more orange) ventral light on Jamaica. Our results constitute a novel example connecting the selective fixation of specific nucleotides in nature to their precisely determined phenotypic effects. We also present evidence suggesting that a recently derived ventral orange luciferase allele on the island has deterministically increased in frequency. Thus, the current luciferase polymorphism for P. plagiophthalamus appears to be mirroring the long-term anagenic trend on Jamaica, revealing a possible ongoing adaptive color transition in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Stolz
- Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 369, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA
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37
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Lawler RR, Richard AF, Riley MA. Genetic population structure of the white sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, southwest Madagascar (1992-2001). Mol Ecol 2003; 12:2307-17. [PMID: 12919470 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene flow within and between social groups is contingent on behaviourally mediated patterns of mating and dispersal. To understand how these patterns affect the genetic structure of primate populations, long-term data are required. In this study, we analyse 10 years of demographic and genetic data from a wild lemur population (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, southwest Madagascar. Our goal is to specify how patterns of mating and dispersal determine kinship and genetic diversity among animals in the population. Specifically, we use microsatellite, parentage, and census data to obtain estimates of genetic subdivision (FST), within group homozygosity (FIS), and relatedness (r) within and among social groups in the population. We analyse different classes of individuals (i.e. adults, offspring, males, females) separately in order to discern which classes most strongly influence aspects of population structure. Microsatellite data reveal that, across years, offspring are consistently more heterozygous than expected within social groups (FIS mean = -0.068) while adults show both positive and negative deviations from expected genotypic frequencies within groups (FIS mean = 0.003). Offspring cohorts are more genetically subdivided than adults (FST mean = 0.108 vs. 0.052) and adult females are more genetically subdivided than adult males (FST mean = 0.098 vs. 0.046). As the proportion of females in social groups increases, the proportion of offspring sired by resident males decreases. Offspring are characterized by a heterozygote excess as resident males (vs. nonresident males) sire the majority of offspring within groups. We link these genetic data to patterns of female philopatry, male dispersal, exogamy, and offspring sex-ratio. Overall, these data reveal how mating and dispersal tactics influence the genetic population structure in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Lawler
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.
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38
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Caizergues A, Bernard-Laurent A, Brenot JF, Ellison L, Rasplus JY. Population genetic structure of rock ptarmigan Lagopus mutus in Northern and Western Europe. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:2267-74. [PMID: 12859645 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alpine species may be losing habitat because of global warming. Setting management priorities for such species is thus urgent and cannot be achieved without data on population structure. We studied the structure of rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) populations in the Pyrenees, Alps and Norway, using six microsatellites. We found that rock ptarmigan in the Pyrenees were genetically impoverished compared with those in the Alps and Norway, and displayed a greater divergence (Pyrenees vs. Alps or Norway: theta(ST) = 0.16, Alps vs. Norway, theta(ST) = 0.04). In the Alps, despite a weak genetic differentiation between localities up to 200 km apart (theta(ST) = 0.011), a significant isolation-by-distance (IBD) effect was detected. When computed for each sex separately this IBD effect was significant for males but not for females, suggesting that males are highly philopatric.
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39
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess breeding and dispersal patterns of both males and females in a monogyne (a single queen per colony) population of ants. Monogyny is commonly associated with extensive nuptial flights, presumably leading to considerable gene flow over large areas. Opposite to these expectations we found evidence of both inbreeding and sex-biased gene flow in a monogyne population of Formica exsecta. We found a significant degree of population subdivision at a local scale (within islands) for queens (females heading established colonies) and workers, but not for colony fathers (the males mated to the colony queens). However, we found little evidence of population subdivision at a larger scale (among islands). More conclusive support for sex-biased gene flow comes from the analysis of isolation by distance on the largest island, and from assignment tests revealing differences in female and male philopatry. The genetic similarity between pairs of queens decreased significantly when geographical distance increased, demonstrating limited dispersal and isolation by distance in queens. By contrast, we found no such pattern for colony fathers. Furthermore, a significantly greater fraction of colony queens were assigned as having originated from the population of residence, as compared to colony fathers. Inbreeding coefficients were significantly positive for workers, but not for mother queens. The queen-male relatedness coefficient of 0.23 (regression relatedness) indicates that mating occurs between fairly close relatives. These results suggest that some monogyne species of ants have complex dispersal and mating systems that can result in genetic isolation by distance over small geographical scales. More generally, this study also highlights the importance of identifying the relevant scale in analyses of population structure and dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselotte Sundström
- University of Lausanne, Institute of Ecology, Biology Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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40
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Sundström L, Keller L, Chapuisat M. INBREEDING AND SEX-BIASED GENE FLOW IN THE ANT FORMICA EXSECTA. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/02-490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Prugnolle F, de Meeus T. Inferring sex-biased dispersal from population genetic tools: a review. Heredity (Edinb) 2002; 88:161-5. [PMID: 11920116 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2001] [Accepted: 10/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-biased dispersal, where individuals of one sex stay or return to their natal site (or group) to breed while individuals of the other sex are prone to disperse, is a wide-spread pattern in vertebrate organisms. In general, mammals exhibit male-biased dispersal whereas birds exhibit female-bias. Dispersal estimates are often difficult to obtain from direct field observations. Here we describe different methods for inferring sex-specific dispersal using population genetic tools and discuss the problems they can raise. We distinguish two types of methods: those based on bi-parental markers (eg comparison of male/female relatedness, F(st) and assignment probabilities) and those relying on the comparison between markers with different modes of inheritance (eg mtDNA markers and microsatellites). Finally, we discuss statistical problems that are encountered with these different methods (eg pseudoreplication, problems due to the comparison of distinct markers). While the genetic methods to detect sex-biased dispersal are now relatively well developed, their interpretation can prove problematic due to the confounding effects of factors such as the mating system of the species. Moreover, the relative power of these methods is not well known and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Prugnolle
- Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme des Micro-organismes, UMR 9926 CNRS-IRD, Institut de Recherche et Développement, 911 av. Agropolis BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier cedex 1, France.
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