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Dellinger M, Steele SE, Sprockel E, Philip J, Pálsson A, Benhaïm D. Variation in personality shaped by evolutionary history, genotype and developmental plasticity in response to feeding modalities in the Arctic charr. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20232302. [PMID: 38087921 PMCID: PMC10716646 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal personality has been shown to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and shaped by natural selection. Currently, little is known about mechanisms influencing the development of personality traits. This study examines the extent to which personality development is genetically influenced and/or environmentally responsive (plastic). We also investigated the role of evolutionary history, assessing whether personality traits could be canalized along a genetic and ecological divergence gradient. We tested the plastic potential of boldness in juveniles of five Icelandic Arctic charr morphs (Salvelinus alpinus), including two pairs of sympatric morphs, displaying various degrees of genetic and ecological divergence from the ancestral anadromous charr, split between treatments mimicking benthic versus pelagic feeding modalities. We show that differences in mean boldness are mostly affected by genetics. While the benthic treatment led to bolder individuals overall, the environmental effect was rather weak, suggesting that boldness lies under strong genetic influence with reduced plastic potential. Finally, we found hints of differences by morphs in boldness canalization through reduced variance and plasticity, and higher consistency in boldness within morphs. These findings provide new insights on how behavioural development may impact adaptive diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Dellinger
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Hólar, Iceland
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sarah E. Steele
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Evert Sprockel
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Hólar, Iceland
- HAS University of Applied Sciences, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Philip
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Hólar, Iceland
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arnar Pálsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - David Benhaïm
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Hólar, Iceland
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2
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Espel D, Coux C, Pertierra LR, Eymar-Dauphin P, Lembrechts JJ, Renault D. Functional Niche Partitioning Occurs over Body Size but Not Nutrient Reserves nor Melanism in a Polar Carabid Beetle along an Altitudinal Gradient. INSECTS 2023; 14:123. [PMID: 36835692 PMCID: PMC9967798 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity can favor the emergence of different morphotypes specialized in specific ranges of environmental conditions. The existence of intraspecific partitioning confers resilience at the species scale and can ultimately determine species survival in a context of global changes. Amblystogenium pacificum is a carabid beetle endemic to the sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands, and it has two distinctive morphotypes based on body coloration. For this study, A. pacificum specimens of functional niches were sampled along an altitudinal gradient (as a proxy for temperature), and some morphological and biochemical traits were measured. We used an FAMD multivariate analysis and linear mixed-effects models to test whether these traits were related to morphotype, altitude, and sexual dimorphism. We then calculated and compared the functional niches at different altitudes and tested for niche partitioning through a hypervolume approach. We found a positive hump-shaped correlation between altitude and body size as well as higher protein and sugar reserves in females than in males. Our functional hypervolume results suggest that the main driver of niche partitioning along the altitudinal gradient is body size rather than morphotype or sex, even though darker morphotypes tended to be more functionally constrained at higher altitudes and females showed limited trait variations at the highest altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Espel
- CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), UMR 6553, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Camille Coux
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Luis R. Pertierra
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Pauline Eymar-Dauphin
- CNRS, LEHNA (Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés), UMR 5023, University of Lyon 1, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jonas J. Lembrechts
- Research Group Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - David Renault
- CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), UMR 6553, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
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3
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Závorka L, Blanco A, Chaguaceda F, Cucherousset J, Killen SS, Liénart C, Mathieu-Resuge M, Němec P, Pilecky M, Scharnweber K, Twining CW, Kainz MJ. The role of vital dietary biomolecules in eco-evo-devo dynamics. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:72-84. [PMID: 36182405 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The physiological dependence of animals on dietary intake of vitamins, amino acids, and fatty acids is ubiquitous. Sharp differences in the availability of these vital dietary biomolecules among different resources mean that consumers must adopt a range of strategies to meet their physiological needs. We review the emerging work on omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, focusing predominantly on predator-prey interactions, to illustrate that trade-off between capacities to consume resources rich in vital biomolecules and internal synthesis capacity drives differences in phenotype and fitness of consumers. This can then feedback to impact ecosystem functioning. We outline how focus on vital dietary biomolecules in eco-eco-devo dynamics can improve our understanding of anthropogenic changes across multiple levels of biological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Závorka
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-university Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria.
| | - Andreu Blanco
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, EcoCost, Campus de Vigo, As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Fernando Chaguaceda
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julien Cucherousset
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (UMR 5174 EDB), CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Shaun S Killen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Camilla Liénart
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, Hanko, 10900, Finland
| | - Margaux Mathieu-Resuge
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-university Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria; Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, Brittany, France; UMR DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), Ifremer, INRAE, Institut Agro, Plouzané, France
| | - Pavel Němec
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Pilecky
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-university Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria; Danube University Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek Straße 30, A-3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Kristin Scharnweber
- University of Potsdam, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cornelia W Twining
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Seestrasse 79, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Martin J Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-university Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria; Danube University Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek Straße 30, A-3500 Krems, Austria
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4
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Horta-Lacueva QJB, Snorrason SS, Morrissey MB, Leblanc CAL, Kapralova KH. Multivariate analysis of morphology, behaviour, growth and developmental timing in hybrids brings new insights into the divergence of sympatric Arctic charr morphs. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:170. [PMID: 34493202 PMCID: PMC8422654 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying the development of fitness related traits in hybrids from populations diverging in sympatry is a fundamental approach to understand the processes of speciation. However, such traits are often affected by covariance structures that complicate the comprehension of these processes, especially because the interactive relationships between traits of different nature (e.g. morphology, behaviour, life-history) remain largely unknown in this context. In a common garden setup, we conducted an extensive examination of a large suit of traits putatively involved in the divergence of two morphs of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), and investigated the consequences of potential patterns of trait covariance on the phenotype of their hybrids. These traits were measured along ontogeny and involved growth, yolk sac resorption, developmental timing (hatching and the onset of exogeneous feeding), head morphology and feeding behaviour. RESULTS Growth trajectories provided the strongest signal of phenotypic divergence between the two charr. Strikingly, the first-generation hybrids did not show intermediate nor delayed growth but were similar to the smallest morph, suggesting parental biases in the inheritance of growth patterns. However, we did not observe extensive multivariate trait differences between the two morphs and their hybrids. Growth was linked to head morphology (suggesting that morphological variations in early juveniles relate to simple allometric effects) but this was the only strong signal of covariance observed between all the measured traits. Furthermore, we did not report evidence for differences in overall phenotypic variance between morphs, nor for enhanced phenotypic variability in their hybrids. CONCLUSION Our study shed light on the multivariate aspect of development in a context of adaptive divergence. The lack of evidence for the integration of most traits into a single covariance structure suggested that phenotypic constraints may not always favour nor impede divergence toward ecological niches differing in numerous physical and ecological variables, as observed in the respective habitats of the two charr. Likewise, the role of hybridization as a disruptive agent of trait covariance may not necessarily be significant in the evolution of populations undergoing resource polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin J-B Horta-Lacueva
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja - Náttúrufræðihús, Sturlugötu 7, 102, Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | - Sigurður S Snorrason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja - Náttúrufræðihús, Sturlugötu 7, 102, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Michael B Morrissey
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Sir Harold Mitchell Building, Greenside Place, St Andrews, UK
| | - Camille A-L Leblanc
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Háeyri 1, 550, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| | - Kalina H Kapralova
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja - Náttúrufræðihús, Sturlugötu 7, 102, Reykjavík, Iceland
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5
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Borovikova EA, Kodukhova JV, Semenova AV. Phenotypic Plasticity and Allometry of Craniological Characters of Anadromous and Lacustrine Forms of Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus, 1758) as an Indication of the Wrong Species Status of Coregonus pidschian. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425520060049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Koene JP, Elmer KR, Adams CE. Intraspecific variation and structuring of phenotype in a lake-dwelling species are driven by lake size and elevation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The fragmented, heterogeneous and relatively depauperate ecosystems of recently glaciated lakes present contrasting ecological opportunities for resident fish. Across a species, local adaptation may induce diverse and distinct phenotypic responses to various selection pressures. We tested for intraspecific phenotypic structuring by population in a common native lake-dwelling fish species across a medium-scale geographic region with considerable variation in lake types. We investigated potential lake-characteristic drivers of trophic morphology. Using geometric morphometric techniques, we quantified the head shapes of 759 adult brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) from 28 lakes and reservoirs across Scotland. Multivariate statistical analyses showed that almost all populations differed from one another. Trout from larger and deeper lakes had deeper, but shorter heads, and smaller eyes. Higher elevation lakes were associated with fish with shorter heads and jaws. Within-population shape variation also differed by population, and was positively correlated with lake surface area and depth. Trout within reservoirs differed subtly from those in natural lakes, having larger eyes, shorter jaws and greater variability. This study documents an extraordinary morphological variation between and within populations of brown trout, and demonstrates the role of the extrinsic environment in driving phenotypic structuring over a medium-scale and varied geographic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peter Koene
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment (SCENE), University of Glasgow, Rowardennan, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathryn R Elmer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin E Adams
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment (SCENE), University of Glasgow, Rowardennan, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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7
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Swartwout MC, Vogrinc P, Baecher JA, Kross C, Willson JD. Prey Size and Feeding Rate Do Not Influence Trophic Morphology of Juvenile Water Snakes (Nerodia sipedon). HERPETOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-18-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C. Swartwout
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Philip Vogrinc
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - J. Alex Baecher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Chelsea Kross
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - John D. Willson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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8
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Závorka L, Larranaga N, Lovén Wallerius M, Näslund J, Koeck B, Wengström N, Cucherousset J, Johnsson JI. Within-stream phenotypic divergence in head shape of brown trout associated with invasive brook trout. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Competition with a non-native species can lead to morphological changes in native organisms induced by phenotypic plasticity, and by selection against individuals that do not adjust their morphology to the novel selection pressure. The morphological changes in native organisms are often associated with rapid behavioural responses to competition with the invader. However, knowledge of the interaction between the behaviour and morphology of native organisms competing with a non-native species remains scarce. Here, we investigated the effect of competition with non-native brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis on head shape of native brown trout Salmo trutta in a stream system where changes in diet and territorial behaviour of sympatric brown trout have previously been demonstrated. We found that sympatric brown trout had smaller eyes, shorter lower jaws and more terminal mouth than allopatric conspecifics. These differences in head shape were highly repeatable over a period of 12 months. Apparent survival indicated that the selection on head shape of brown trout was weaker in the sympatric than in the allopatric stretch of the stream. The results suggest that these changes reinforce divergences of foraging strategies between the allopatric and sympatric brown trout, which can negatively affect their population dynamics and trophic function in the food-web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Závorka
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK
| | - Nicolas Larranaga
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lovén Wallerius
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joacim Näslund
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Koeck
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK
| | - Niklas Wengström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Swedish Anglers Association, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julien Cucherousset
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, ENFA, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jörgen I Johnsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Garduno-Paz MV, Huntingford FA, Garrett S, Adams CE. A phenotypically plastic magic trait promoting reproductive isolation in sticklebacks? Evol Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-019-10015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study identifies one possible mechanism whereby gene flow is interrupted in populations undergoing evolutionary divergence in sympatry; this is an important issue in evolutionary biology that remains poorly understood. Variation in trophic morphology was induced in three-spined stickleback by exposing them from an early age either to large benthic or to small pelagic prey. At sexual maturity, females given a choice between two breeding males, showed positive assortative mate choice for males raised on the same diet as themselves. The data indicate that this was mediated through a preference for males with trophic morphology similar to that of fish with which the females were familiar (from their pre-testing holding tanks). In trials where the female did not choose the most familiar male, the evidence suggests that either she had difficulty discriminating between two similar males or was positively choosing males with more extreme morphologies (more benthic-like or pelagic-like). This study has shown for the first time that expression of a plastic trait induced at an early age, not only results in specialisation for local foraging regimes but can also play a significant role in mate choice. This is equivalent to an environmentally induced, plastic version of the “magic traits” that promote ecologically-driven divergence in sympatry, hence the proposed descriptor “plastic magic trait”.
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10
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Gidmark NJ, Pos K, Matheson B, Ponce E, Westneat MW. Functional Morphology and Biomechanics of Feeding in Fishes. FEEDING IN VERTEBRATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Esin EV, Markevich GN, Pichugin MY. Juvenile divergence in adaptive traits among seven sympatric fish ecomorphs arises before moving to different lacustrine habitats. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1018-1034. [PMID: 29672982 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the mechanisms initiating sympatric diversification in vertebrates has remained a conceptual challenge. Here, we analyse an assemblage of sympatric charr (Salvelinus malma) morphs from landlocked Lake Kronotskoe basin as a model to uncover the divergence pathways in freshwater fishes during the early life history stages. All morphs have distinct developmental biology, but a similar developmental rate retardation compared to the ancestor. Our study reveals that adult morphological differences, which acquire functionality at maturation, originate in the early juvenile stages due to heterochrony in skeletogenesis and allometric changes triggered by variation in metabolic activity. The craniofacial differences among the morphs result from asynchronous development of several skeletal modules. The accelerated ossification of teeth-armed bones occurs in predatory feeding morphs, whereas cranial cover ossification is promoted in benthivorous morphs. These contrasting growth patterns have led to seven phenotypes that span a range far beyond the ancestral variability. The most distinct morphs are a riverine spawning, epilimnetic predator and a lacustrine spawning, profundal benthic feeder. Taken together, we argue that the adaptive morphological differentiation in these sympatric freshwater fishes is driven by diverging patterns in ossification rate and metabolic activity against a background of uneven somatic growth. This divergence is primarily associated with basic environmental differences on the nursery grounds that might be unrelated to resource use. This nonheritable phenotype divergence is then exposed to natural selection that could result in further adaptive genetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny V Esin
- Kronotsky State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Yelizovo, Russian Federation
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12
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Piggott CVH, Verspoor E, Greer R, Hooker O, Newton J, Adams CE. Phenotypic and resource use partitioning amongst sympatric, lacustrine brown trout, Salmo trutta. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla V H Piggott
- Scottish Centre for Ecology & the Natural Environment, IBAHCM, University of Glasgow, Rowardennan, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eric Verspoor
- The Rivers and Lochs Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | | | - Oliver Hooker
- Scottish Centre for Ecology & the Natural Environment, IBAHCM, University of Glasgow, Rowardennan, Glasgow, UK
- PR Statistics, Hope Park Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jason Newton
- NERC Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility, SUERC, East Kilbride, UK
| | - Colin E Adams
- Scottish Centre for Ecology & the Natural Environment, IBAHCM, University of Glasgow, Rowardennan, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Paredes JF, Lopez-Olmeda JF, Muñoz-Cueto JA, Sánchez-Vázquez F. Circadian expression of DNA methylation and demethylation genes in zebrafish gonads. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:920-932. [PMID: 29509082 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1440403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed at investigating the light synchronization and endogenous origin of daily expression rhythms of eight key genes involved in epigenetic mechanisms (DNA methylation and demethylation) in zebrafish gonads. To this end, 84 zebrafish were distributed into six tanks, each one containing 14 fish (7 males and 7 females). Animals were subjected to 12 h light:12 h dark cycles (LD, lights on at ZT0 h) and fed randomly three times a day during the light phase. Locomotor activity rhythms were recorded in each tank for 20 days to test their synchronization to light. Then, zebrafish were fasted for one day and gonad samples were collected every 4 h during a 24 h cycle (ZT2, 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 h). The results revealed that most of the epigenetic genes investigated exhibited a significant daily rhythm. DNA methylation genes (dnmt4, dnmt5, dnmt7) exhibited a daily rhythm of expression with a nocturnal acrophase (ZT14:01~ZT22:17 h), except for dnmt7 in males (ZT2:25 h). Similarly, all DNA demethylation genes (tet2, tdg, mb4, gadd45aa, and apobec2b) revealed the existence of statistically significant daily rhythms, except for gadd45aa in females. In females, tdg, mb4, and apobec2b presented a nocturnal peak (ZT14:20 ~ ZT22:04 h), whereas the tet2 acrophase was diurnal (ZT4:02 h). In males, tet2, tdg, and gadd45aa had nocturnal acrophases (ZT18:26~ZT21:31 h), whereas mb4 and apobec2b displayed diurnal acrophases (ZT5:28 and ZT4:02 h, respectively). To determine the endogenous nature of gene expression rhythms, another experiment was performed: 12 groups of 14 fish (7 males and 7 females) were kept in complete darkness (DD) and sampled every 4 h during a 48 h cycle (CT2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, and 46 h). Under DD, most of the genes (7 out of 8) presented circadian rhythmicity with different endogenous periodicities (tau), suggesting that the epigenetic mechanisms of DNA methylation and demethylation in the gonads follow an internal control, functioning as part of the translation network linking the environment into somatic signals in fish reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Fernando Lopez-Olmeda
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology , University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,c Kalrsruhe Institute of Technology , Institute of Toxicology and Genetics , Eggenstein , Germany
| | - Jose A Muñoz-Cueto
- d Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences , University of Cadiz , Cádiz , Spain.,e CACYTMAR , Research Institutes , Puerto Real , Spain
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14
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Recknagel H, Hooker OE, Adams CE, Elmer KR. Ecosystem size predicts eco-morphological variability in a postglacial diversification. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5560-5570. [PMID: 28811875 PMCID: PMC5552947 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the processes by which new phenotypes and species emerge has been a long‐standing effort in evolutionary biology. Young adaptive radiations provide a model to study patterns of morphological and ecological diversification in environmental context. Here, we use the recent radiation (ca. 12k years old) of the freshwater fish Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) to identify abiotic and biotic environmental factors associated with adaptive morphological variation. Arctic charr are exceptionally diverse, and in postglacial lakes there is strong evidence of repeated parallel evolution of similar morphologies associated with foraging. We measured head depth (a trait reflecting general eco‐morphology and foraging ecology) of 1,091 individuals across 30 lake populations to test whether fish morphological variation was associated with lake bathymetry and/or ecological parameters. Across populations, we found a significant relationship between the variation in head depth of the charr and abiotic environmental characteristics: positively with ecosystem size (i.e., lake volume, surface area, depth) and negatively with the amount of littoral zone. In addition, extremely robust‐headed phenotypes tended to be associated with larger and deeper lakes. We identified no influence of co‐existing biotic community on Arctic charr trophic morphology. This study evidences the role of the extrinsic environment as a facilitator of rapid eco‐morphological diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Recknagel
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health & Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Oliver E Hooker
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health & Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK.,PR Statistics Glasgow UK
| | - Colin E Adams
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health & Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Kathryn R Elmer
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health & Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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Chavarie L, Muir AM, Zimmerman MS, Baillie SM, Hansen MJ, Nate NA, Yule DL, Middel T, Bentzen P, Krueger CC. Challenge to the model of lake charr evolution: shallow- and deep-water morphs exist within a small postglacial lake. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Chavarie
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability; Michigan State University; 115 Manly Miles Building, 1405 South Harrison Road East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Andrew M. Muir
- Great Lakes Fishery Commission; 2100 Commonwealth Blvd. Suite 100 Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Mara S. Zimmerman
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; 600 Capitol Way N. Olympia Washington USA
| | - Shauna M. Baillie
- Department of Biology; Dalhousie University; 1355 Oxford St. Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Michael J. Hansen
- United States Geological Survey; Hammond Bay Biological Station; 11188 Ray Road Millersburg Michigan USA
| | - Nancy A. Nate
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability; Michigan State University; 115 Manly Miles Building, 1405 South Harrison Road East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Daniel L. Yule
- United States Geological Survey; Lake Superior Biological Station; 2800 Lakeshore Drive Ashland Wisconsin USA
| | - Trevor Middel
- Harkness Laboratory of Fisheries Research; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry; Trent University; 2140 East Bank Drive Peterborough Ontario Canada
| | - Paul Bentzen
- Department of Biology; Dalhousie University; 1355 Oxford St. Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Charles C. Krueger
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability; Michigan State University; 115 Manly Miles Building, 1405 South Harrison Road East Lansing Michigan USA
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16
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Fine-scale behavioural differences distinguish resource use by ecomorphs in a closed ecosystem. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24369. [PMID: 27098197 PMCID: PMC4838883 DOI: 10.1038/srep24369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal differences in habitat use and foraging specialisms between ecomorphs represent aspects of behavioural phenotype that are poorly understood with regard to the origin and maintenance of ecological diversity. We tested the role of behaviour in resource use divergence of two Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) phenotypes, a slim, putatively pelagic-dwelling morph and a robust, putatively littoral-dwelling generalist morph, over an annual cycle, using biotelemetry and stable isotopes. Pelagic morph charr exhibited significantly greater δC13 depletion, concordant with increased zooplanktivory, than for the Littoral morph. Although three-dimensional space-use of the morphs strongly overlapped, on average, the Littoral morph used that habitat 19.3% more than the Pelagic morph. Pelagic morph fish were significantly more active, further from the lake bed and at greater depth than Littoral fish (annual means respectively, Pelagic, 0.069BLs−1, 8.21 m and 14.11 m; Littoral, 0.047BLs−1, 5.87 m and 10.47 m). Patterns of habitat use differed between ecomorphs at key times, such as during autumn and at ice break, likely related to spawning and resumption of intensive foraging respectively. Extensive space-use overlap, but fine-scale differences in habitat use between charr ecomorphs, suggests the importance of competition for generating and maintaining polymorphism, and its potential for promoting reproductive isolation and evolution in sympatry.
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17
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Lajus D, Yurtseva A, Birch G, Booth DJ. Fluctuating asymmetry as a pollution monitor: The Australian estuarine smooth toadfish Tetractenos glaber (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:758-767. [PMID: 26443385 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between pollution level in estuarine sediment and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of resident smooth toadfish Tetractenos glaber was evaluated. A total of 188 fish from Sydney and Hawkesbury River estuaries (5 locations from each) were analysed for 28 bilateral skull bone characters. Sediment pollution was quantified based on analysis of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, DDD, DDE, chlordane, dieldrin, lindane). Sediment toxicity was characterized using the mean quotient approach (MERMQ) and ranged from low to moderate level for heavy metals and from low to severe for organochlorides. The mean shape and directional asymmetry of fish bones differed among locations, suggesting a response to local environments. FA was positively correlated with organochlorine pesticides across locations, but not with heavy metals. These results suggest that fish FA could be a useful estimator of stress caused by organic toxicity based on the MERMQ approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lajus
- Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 16 linia V.O. 29, St. Petersburg 199178, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Yurtseva
- Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 16 linia V.O. 29, St. Petersburg 199178, Russia.
| | - Gavin Birch
- Environmental Geology Group, School of Geosciences, Sydney University, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - David J Booth
- Fish Ecology Lab, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
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18
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Skoglund S, Siwertsson A, Amundsen PA, Knudsen R. Morphological divergence between three Arctic charr morphs - the significance of the deep-water environment. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3114-29. [PMID: 26357540 PMCID: PMC4559054 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological divergence was evident among three sympatric morphs of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) that are ecologically diverged along the shallow-, deep-water resource axis in a subarctic postglacial lake (Norway). The two deep-water (profundal) spawning morphs, a benthivore (PB-morph) and a piscivore (PP-morph), have evolved under identical abiotic conditions with constant low light and temperature levels in their deep-water habitat, and were morphologically most similar. However, they differed in important head traits (e.g., eye and mouth size) related to their different diet specializations. The small-sized PB-morph had a paedomorphic appearance with a blunt head shape, large eyes, and a deep body shape adapted to their profundal lifestyle feeding on submerged benthos from soft, deep-water sediments. The PP-morph had a robust head, large mouth with numerous teeth, and an elongated body shape strongly related to their piscivorous behavior. The littoral spawning omnivore morph (LO-morph) predominantly utilizes the shallow benthic–pelagic habitat and food resources. Compared to the deep-water morphs, the LO-morph had smaller head relative to body size. The LO-morph exhibited traits typical for both shallow-water benthic feeding (e.g., large body depths and small eyes) and planktivorous feeding in the pelagic habitat (e.g., streamlined body shape and small mouth). The development of morphological differences within the same deep-water habitat for the PB- and PP-morphs highlights the potential of biotic factors and ecological interactions to promote further divergence in the evolution of polymorphism in a tentative incipient speciation process. The diversity of deep-water charr in this study represents a novelty in the Arctic charr polymorphism as a truly deep-water piscivore morph has to our knowledge not been described elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Skoglund
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anna Siwertsson
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Per-Arne Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
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19
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Life history as a constraint on plasticity: developmental timing is correlated with phenotypic variation in birds. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 115:379-88. [PMID: 26039409 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding why organisms vary in developmental plasticity has implications for predicting population responses to changing environments and the maintenance of intraspecific variation. The epiphenotype hypothesis posits that the timing of development can constrain plasticity-the earlier alternate phenotypes begin to develop, the greater the difference that can result amongst the final traits. This research extends this idea by considering how life history timing shapes the opportunity for the environment to influence trait development. We test the prediction that the earlier an individual begins to actively interact with and explore their environment, the greater the opportunity for plasticity and thus variation in foraging traits. This research focuses on life history variation across four groups of birds using museum specimens and measurements from the literature. We reasoned that greater phenotypic plasticity, through either environmental effects or genotype-by-environment interactions in development, would be manifest in larger trait ranges (bills and tarsi) within species. Among shorebirds and ducks, we found that species with relatively shorter incubation times tended to show greater phenotypic variation. Across warblers and sparrows, we found little support linking timing of flight and trait variation. Overall, our results also suggest a pattern between body size and trait variation, consistent with constraints on egg size that might result in larger species having more environmental influences on development. Taken together, our results provide some support for the hypothesis that variation in life histories affects how the environment shapes development, through either the expression of plasticity or the release of cryptic genetic variation.
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20
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Stringwell R, Lock A, Stutchbury CJ, Baggett E, Taylor J, Gough PJ, Garcia de Leaniz C. Maladaptation and phenotypic mismatch in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar released in the wild. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 85:1927-45. [PMID: 25469952 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Changes in body shape, fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and crypsis were compared among Atlantic salmon Salmo salar fry kept as controls in captivity and those released and subsequently recaptured in the wild according to a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design. Hatchery fish that survived in the wild became more cryptic and displayed a much lower incidence of fin erosion and of asymmetric individuals than control fish kept in captivity. Significant differences in body shape were also apparent, and survivors had longer heads, thicker caudal peduncles and a more streamlined body shape than hatchery controls as early as 20 days following stocking, most likely as a result of phenotypic plasticity and non-random, selective mortality of maladapted phenotypes. Hatchery-reared fish typically perform poorly in the wild and the results of this study indicate that this may be due to phenotypic mismatch, i.e. because hatcheries generate fish that are phenotypically mismatched to the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stringwell
- Swansea University, Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, Department of BioSciences, Swansea SA2 8PP, U.K
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21
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Diet induces phenotypic plasticity of Percichthys trucha (Valenciennes, 1833) (Perciformes, Percichthyidae) in Patagonia. ZOOL ANZ 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Patterns of Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in the Bushy-Tailed Woodrat (Neotoma cinerea) Across Western North America. J MAMM EVOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-013-9232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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24
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GARDUÑO-PAZ MONICAV, ADAMS COLINE, VERSPOOR ERIC, KNOX DAVID, HARROD CHRIS. Convergent evolutionary processes driven by foraging opportunity in two sympatric morph pairs of Arctic charr with contrasting post-glacial origins. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Forister ML, Dyer LA, Singer MS, Stireman III JO, Lill JT. Revisiting the evolution of ecological specialization, with emphasis on insect–plant interactions. Ecology 2012; 93:981-91. [DOI: 10.1890/11-0650.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Etheridge EC, Adams CE, Bean CW, Durie NC, Gowans ARD, Harrod C, Lyle AA, Maitland PS, Winfield IJ. Are phenotypic traits useful for differentiating among a priori Coregonus taxa? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 80:387-407. [PMID: 22268437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A key for three putative species apparently found in three geographic areas, i.e. Coregonus clupeoides (in Scotland), Coregonus stigmaticus (in England), and Coregonus pennantii (in Wales) given in a recent review was tested quantitatively using 544 individuals from nine populations. The classification success of the key was very low (27%). It was concluded that there is currently no robust evidence for the recognition of the three putative species. Furthermore, the use of phenotypic characters alone to distinguish putative species in postglacial fish species such as those of the genus Coregonus that show homoplasy in many of these traits is questioned. In the absence of further evidence, it was concluded that a single highly variable species best describes the pattern of phenotypic variation in these U.K. populations. On this basis it is argued that taxonomic subdivision of U.K. European coregonids is inappropriate and that Coregonus lavaretus should prevail as the species name applicable to all populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Etheridge
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, University of Glasgow, Rowardennan, Glasgow G63 0AW, UK.
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27
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CORRIGAN LJ, LUCAS MC, WINFIELD IJ, HOELZEL AR. Environmental factors associated with genetic and phenotypic divergence among sympatric populations of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). J Evol Biol 2011; 24:1906-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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28
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RUZZANTE DANIELE, WALDE SANDRAJ, MACCHI PATRICIOJ, ALONSO MARCELO, BARRIGA JUANP. Phylogeography and phenotypic diversification in the Patagonian fish Percichthys trucha: the roles of Quaternary glacial cycles and natural selection. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Solem O, Berg OK. Morphological differences in parr of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from three regions in Norway. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:1451-1469. [PMID: 21539553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Morphological characters were compared in parr (total length 33-166 mm) of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar sampled from eight wild populations in three regions, three in northern, two in the middle and three in southern Norway, covering a distance of 1700 km (from 70° N to 58° N). On the basis of morphological characters 94·6% of the individuals were correctly classified into the three regions. Discrimination between populations within these three regions also had a high degree of correct classification (89·0-95·8%). Principle component analysis identified largest differences to be in head characters, notably eye diameter and jawbone, with the smallest diameter and head size among the northernmost populations. Fish from the southern rivers had a deeper body form whereas fish from the middle region had larger heads and pectoral fins. This illustrates that S. salar already in the early parr stage has morphological traits, which can be used in discrimination between regions and populations and that these differences are discernible in spite of the volume of escaped farmed fish spawning in Norwegian rivers during the past 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Solem
- Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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30
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Arbour JH, Hardie DC, Hutchings JA. Morphometric and genetic analyses of two sympatric morphs of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in the Canadian High Arctic. CAN J ZOOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/z10-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multivariate morphometric analyses were used to examine variation in head, body, and fin shape between two sympatric morphotypes of Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus (L., 1758)) from Lake Hazen, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. Population structure of the Lake Hazen Arctic char was examined using five microsatellite loci. The “small” morph was found to have a larger (primarily deeper) head, larger and more elongate fins, and a deeper lateral profile than the “large” morph. The morphs also differed in allometric growth patterns. The large and small morphs do not appear to represent genetically distinct populations. The head morphology of the Lake Hazen small and large morphs exhibited similarities to benthic and pelagic morphs (respectively) from other lakes. We hypothesize that the large morph may be adapted to high-efficiency swimming and that the small morph may be adapted to low-efficiency, high-acceleration swimming. Such functional trade-offs are not uncommon among fish specializing in dispersed or mobile prey (fish and plankton) and benthic prey, respectively. The lack of apparent genetic differentiation between the morphs may suggest that the morphological differences result, to some extent, from phenotypic plasticity. Based on these results and previous analyses, it seems reasonable to conclude that Lake Hazen Arctic char represent a resource polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Arbour
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada
| | - D. C. Hardie
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada
| | - J. A. Hutchings
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada
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31
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GARDUÑO-PAZ MÓNICAV, COUDERC SÉBASTIEN, ADAMS COLINE. Habitat complexity modulates phenotype expression through developmental plasticity in the threespine stickleback. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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J. Khalili K, Keramat Am A. Comparison of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Morphological and Electrophoretic Characteristics in the Southern Coast of the Caspian Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/jfas.2010.200.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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33
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Claessen D, Andersson J, Persson L, de Roos A. The Effect of Population Size and Recombination on Delayed Evolution of Polymorphism and Speciation in Sexual Populations. Am Nat 2008; 172:E18-34. [DOI: 10.1086/588062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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34
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Andersson J, Bystrom P, Claessen D, Persson L, De Roos AM. Stabilization of Population Fluctuations due to Cannibalism Promotes Resource Polymorphism in Fish. Am Nat 2007; 169:820-9. [PMID: 17479467 DOI: 10.1086/516846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Resource polymorphism is a well-known phenomenon in many taxa, assumed to be a consequence of strong competition for resources and to be facilitated by stable environments and the presence of several profitable resources on which to specialize. In fish, resource polymorphism, in the form of planktivore-benthivore pairs, is found in a number of species. We gathered literature data on life-history characteristics and population dynamics for 15 fish species and investigated factors related to the presence of such resource polymorphism. This investigation indicated that early cannibalism and low overall population variability are typically associated with the presence of resource polymorphism. These findings match previously reported patterns of population dynamics for size-structured fish populations, whereby early cannibalism has been shown to decrease temporal variation in population dynamics and to equalize the profitability of the zooplankton and macroinvertebrate resources. Our study suggests that competition alone is not a sufficient condition for the development of resource polymorphism because overly strong competition is typically associated with increased temporal variation (environmental instability). We conclude that although resource competition is an important factor regulating the development of resource polymorphism, cannibalism may also play a fundamental role by dampening population oscillations and possibly by equalizing the profitability of different resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Andersson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden.
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35
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Keeley ER, Parkinson EA, Taylor EB. The origins of ecotypic variation of rainbow trout: a test of environmental vs. genetically based differences in morphology. J Evol Biol 2007; 20:725-36. [PMID: 17305838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although morphological plasticity has been observed in a variety of taxa, few experimental studies have compared the relative proportion of morphological variability that is accounted for by environmentally induced plasticity, and how much is because of genetically based differences among populations. We compared the morphology of six rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations from different ecotypic categories that were raised under flowing vs. standing-water conditions. Our data indicate that both environmental conditions and ecotypic differences account for a significant proportion of variation in morphology. Among ecotype effects, however, accounted for a much larger proportion of morphological variability than environmental conditions. Rainbow trout from stream populations had deeper caudal peduncles, and longer fins than lake populations, and rainbow trout from a piscivorous population had larger mouth and head lengths than all other ecotypes. Environmentally induced differences in morphology were primarily related to differences in mouth and head lengths, as well as fin length. Relative to morphometric differences from natural rainbow trout populations, most characteristics deviated in the same direction in our experimental populations. Our data indicate that morphological differences across rainbow trout populations have a genetic basis and may represent locally adaptive characteristics and highlight the role of ecology in promoting phenotypic divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Keeley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA.
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36
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Does prey size induce head skeleton phenotypic plasticity during early ontogeny in the snake Boa constrictor ? J Zool (1987) 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952836905007624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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ANDERSSON JENS, BYSTRÖM PÄR, PERSSON LENNART, DE ROOS ANDREM. Plastic resource polymorphism: effects of resource availability on Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) morphology. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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CRAIG JKEVIN, FOOTE CHRISJ, WOOD CHRISC. Countergradient variation in carotenoid use between sympatric morphs of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) exposes nonanadromous hybrids in the wild by their mismatched spawning colour. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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ADAMS COLINE, HUNTINGFORD FELICITYA. Incipient speciation driven by phenotypic plasticity? Evidence from sympatric populations of Arctic charr. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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