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Graham A, Hikspoors JPJM, Lamers WH, Anderson RH, Bamforth SD. Morphogenetic processes in the development and evolution of the arteries of the pharyngeal arches: their relations to congenital cardiovascular malformations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1259175. [PMID: 37900278 PMCID: PMC10602722 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1259175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart and aortic arch arteries in amniotes form a double circulation, taking oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. These major vessels are formed in embryonic development from a series of paired and symmetrical arteries that undergo a complex remodelling process to form the asymmetric arch arteries in the adult. These embryonic arteries form in the pharyngeal arches, which are symmetrical bulges on the lateral surface of the head. The pharyngeal arches, and their associated arteries, are found in all classes of vertebrates, but the number varies, typically with the number of arches reducing through evolution. For example, jawed vertebrates have six pairs of pharyngeal arch arteries but amniotes, a clade of tetrapod vertebrates, have five pairs. This had led to the unusual numbering system attributed to each of the pharyngeal arch arteries in amniotes (1, 2, 3, 4, and 6). We, therefore, propose that these instead be given names to reflect the vessel: mandibular (1st), hyoid (2nd), carotid (3rd), aortic (4th) and pulmonary (most caudal). Aberrant arch artery formation or remodelling leads to life-threatening congenital cardiovascular malformations, such as interruption of the aortic arch, cervical origin of arteries, and vascular rings. We discuss why an alleged fifth arch artery has erroneously been used to interpret congenital cardiac lesions, which are better explained as abnormal collateral channels, or remodelling of the aortic sac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Graham
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wouter H. Lamers
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Robert H. Anderson
- Centre for Life, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D. Bamforth
- Centre for Life, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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2
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do Nascimento FAC, de Sá RO, Garcia PCDA. Larval morphology of Amazonia foam-nesting frogs of the genus Engystomops (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). J Morphol 2022; 283:1299-1317. [PMID: 35971644 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The highly differentiated anuran larvae make them an interesting and complementary source of information to understand anuran evolution. Among neotropical foam-nesting frogs, the available information on tadpole morphology for the subfamily Leiuperinae remains largely incomplete and variably reported among genera; in the monophyletic genus Engystomops it is still incipient. Herein, we summarize available information on larval morphology for five of the nine known species of Engystomops, three of them for the first time, reporting external morphology, buccopharyngeal cavity, and skeleton. The tadpoles of the genus have an overall generalized morphology and many traits are conserved across species. Nevertheless, many characters are systematically informative and some are diagnostic for some species, as the paravertebral gland in E. petersi and the dorsally directed spiracle in E. puyango. Other characters provide support for some subclades within the genus. Moreover, some traits, such as the direction of the vent tube, supports the close relationship between Engystomops and Physalaemus, whereas other support the existence of these two as distinct genera, such as the overall shape of the lateral ridge papillae and the presence of a processus pseudopterygoideus. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe A C do Nascimento
- Setor de Herpetologia, Museu de História Natural, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael O de Sá
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paulo C de A Garcia
- Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Lukas P, Ziermann JM. Sequence of chondrocranial development in basal anurans-Let's make a cranium. Front Zool 2022; 19:17. [PMID: 35505372 PMCID: PMC9066780 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-022-00462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The craniofacial skeleton is an evolutionary innovation of vertebrates. Due to its complexity and importance to protect the brain and aid in essential functions (e.g., feeding), its development requires a precisely tuned sequence of chondrification and/or ossification events. The comparison of sequential patterns of cartilage formation bears important insights into the evolution of development. Discoglossus scovazzi is a basal anuran species. The comparison of its chondrocranium (cartilaginous neuro- & viscerocranium) development with other basal anurans (Xenopus laevis, Bombina orientalis) will help establishing the ancestral pattern of chondrification sequences in anurans and will serve as basis for further studies to reconstruct ancestral conditions in amphibians, tetrapods, and vertebrates. Furthermore, evolutionary patterns in anurans can be studied in the light of adaptations once the ancestral sequence is established. Results We present a comprehensive overview on the chondrocranium development of D. scovazzi. With clearing and staining, histology and 3D reconstructions we tracked the chondrification of 44 elements from the first mesenchymal Anlagen to the premetamorphic cartilaginous head skeleton and illustrate the sequential changes of the skull. We identified several anuran and discoglossoid traits of cartilage development. In D. scovazzi the mandibular, hyoid, and first branchial arch Anlagen develop first followed by stepwise addition of the branchial arches II, III, and IV. Nonetheless, there is no strict anterior to posterior chondrification pattern within the viscerocranium of D. scovazzi. Single hyoid arch elements chondrify after elements of the branchial arch and mandibular arch elements chondrify after elements of the branchial arch I. Conclusions In Osteichthyes, neurocranial elements develop in anterior to posterior direction. In the anurans investigated so far, as well as in D. scovazzi, the posterior parts of the neurocranium extend anteriorly, while the anterior parts of the neurocranium, extend posteriorly until both parts meet and fuse. Anuran cartilaginous development differs in at least two crucial traits from other gnathostomes which further supports the urgent need for more developmental investigations among this clade to understand the evolution of cartilage development in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lukas
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Janine M Ziermann
- Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
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A decharming metamorphosis: The larval and adult morphology of the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus. ZOOL ANZ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Zhang M, Zhu W, Wang B, Wang S, Chang L, Zhao T, Jiang J. Osteological development of a small and fast metamorphic frog, Microhyla fissipes (Anura, Neobatrachia, Microhylidae). J Anat 2021; 239:1318-1335. [PMID: 34268788 PMCID: PMC8602016 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Describing osteological development is of great importance for understanding vertebrate phenotypic variations, form-functional transitions and ecological adaptations. Anurans exhibit dramatic changes in their morphology, habitat preferences, diet and behaviour between the tadpole and frog stages. However, the anatomical details of their cranial and postcranial development have not been extensively studied, especially in Microhylidae. In this work, we studied the microhylid Microhyla fissipes, commonly known as the ornamented pygmy frog, a small-sized frog with fast metamorphosis. Its osteological development was comprehensively described based on 120 cleared and stained specimens, including six tadpoles for each stage between 28 and 45, six juveniles and six adults. Additionally, 22 osteological traits of these specimens involved in food acquisition, respiration, audition and locomotion were selected and measured to reflect the changes in tadpole ecological functions during metamorphosis. Our study provides the first detailed qualitative and quantitative developmental information about these structures. Our results have confirmed that skeletal elements (viz., neopalatines, omosternum, clavicles and procoracoids) absent in adults are not detected during development. Our data reveal that morphologically, radical transformations of the cranial structures related to feeding and breathing are completed within stages 42-45 (72 h), but the relative length and width of these skeletons have changed in earlier stages. The postcranial skeletons correlated with locomotion are well developed before stage 42 and approach the adult morphology at stage 45. Indeed, the relative length of the pectoral girdle and forelimb reaches the adult level at stage 42 and stage 45, respectively, whereas that of the vertebral column, pelvic girdle and hind limbs increases from their appearance until reaching adulthood. Based on published accounts of 19 species from Neobatrachia, Mesobatrachia and Archaeobatrachia, cranial elements are among the first ossified skeletons in most studied species, whereas sphenethmoids, neopalatines, quadratojugals, mentomeckelians, carpals and tarsals tend to ossify after metamorphosis. These results will help us to better understand the ecomorphological transformations of anurans from aquatic to terrestrial life. Meanwhile, detailed morphological and quantitative accounts of the osteological development of Microhyla fissipes will provide a foundation for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Wei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Bin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Shouhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Liming Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Tian Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Jianping Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
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Araújo OGS, Pugener LA, Haddad CFB, Da Silva HR. Ontogeny as a way to understand morphology of nasal capsule structures in Pipidae, with focus on Pipa arrabali (Lissamphibia: Anura). Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
After more than one-hundred years of studies, there is still no consensus regarding the names for the nasal elements in Pipidae and their correspondence to that of other frogs. Names vary depending on authors’ preferences for an explanatory process associated with the observed state of the structure. Some of the names indicate absence, while others indicate fusion. As naming morphological structures relates to some sort of consensus regarding systematics’ knowledge, one would expect results of the two activities to go hand-in-hand. Within the monophyletic Pipidae, one would expect that the names of structures would be all settled. However, the situation is the contrary. Our efforts to pursue such a research and properly name the involved structures resulted in a deeper understanding of the evolution within the taxa involved. Herein we present the results of the study of embryos and juveniles of P. arrabali; based on which we offer additional evidence for the proper naming of the involved elements of the nasal region. Furthermore, using key structures as topographical markers, and by comparing our evaluation to those presented by previous researchers, we have sorted out the compound nature of some key structures and present a proper naming for the morphology investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G S Araújo
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 199, CEP, Brazil
| | - L A Pugener
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Uruguay 151, Código Postal 6300, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - C F B Haddad
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro ode Aquicultura, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 199, CEP, Brazil
| | - H R Da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 74524, CEP, Brazil
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Pereyra MO, Blotto BL, Baldo D, Chaparro JC, Ron SR, Elias-Costa AJ, Iglesias PP, Venegas PJ, C. Thomé MT, Ospina-Sarria JJ, Maciel NM, Rada M, Kolenc F, Borteiro C, Rivera-Correa M, Rojas-Runjaic FJ, Moravec J, De La Riva I, Wheeler WC, Castroviejo-Fisher S, Grant T, Haddad CF, Faivovich J. Evolution in the Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae). BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2021. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.447.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martín O. Pereyra
- Martín O. Pereyra: División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires; and Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva “Claudio J. Bidau,” Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS, CONICET), Universidad Naci
| | - Boris L. Blotto
- Boris L. Blotto: División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUN
| | - Diego Baldo
- Diego Baldo: Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva “Claudio J. Bidau,” Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS, CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Juan C. Chaparro
- Juan C. Chaparro: Museo de Biodiversidad del Perú, Cusco, Perú; and Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Paraninfo Universitario, Cusco
| | - Santiago R. Ron
- Santiago R. Ron: Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito
| | - Agustín J. Elias-Costa
- Agustín J. Elias-Costa: División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires
| | - Patricia P. Iglesias
- Patricia P. Iglesias: Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva “Claudio J. Bidau”, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS, CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Pablo J. Venegas
- Pablo J. Venegas: División de Herpetología-Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad (CORBIDI), Surco, Lima
| | - Maria Tereza C. Thomé
- Maria Tereza C. Thomé: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo
| | - Jhon Jairo Ospina-Sarria
- Jhon Jairo Ospina-Sarria: Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and Calima, Fundación para la Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Conservación en el Trópico, Cali
| | - Natan M. Maciel
- Natan M. Maciel: Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Marco Rada
- Marco Rada: Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - Francisco Kolenc
- Francisco Kolenc: Sección Herpetología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo
| | - Claudio Borteiro
- Claudio Borteiro: Sección Herpetología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo
| | - Mauricio Rivera-Correa
- Mauricio Rivera-Correa: Grupo Herpetológico de Antioquia, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín
| | - Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic
- Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic: Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de Historia Natural La Salle (MHNLS), Venezuela; and Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jiří Moravec
- Jiří Moravec: Department of Zoology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ignacio De La Riva
- Ignacio de la Riva: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid
| | - Ward C. Wheeler
- Ward C. Wheeler: Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
| | - Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher
- Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and Research Associate, Herpetology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
| | - Taran Grant
- Taran Grant: Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo; and Research Associate, Herpetology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
| | - Célio F.B. Haddad
- Célio F.B. Haddad: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo
| | - Julián Faivovich
- Julián Faivovich: División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
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Dos Santos Dias PH. The remarkable larval anatomy of Proceratophrys minuta Napoli, Cruz, Abreu and Del-Grande, 2011 (Amphibia: Anura: Odontophrynidae). J Morphol 2021; 281:1086-1097. [PMID: 33448444 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The free living larvae of anurans (i.e., tadpoles) are a key element in the evolution and diversification of this group, and as such, their morphology is an important element to understand the phylogenetic relationships of frogs. However, the lack of data on larval morphology prevents us from fully understanding larval evolution in several lineages. The Neotropical genus Proceratophrys currently comprises 39 species, but descriptions of the internal morphology of larvae in this group are rare and restricted to few aspects of their buccopharyngeal cavity, chondrocranium, and muscles. In the present study, I describe the internal anatomy of the tadpole of P. minuta and report a new remarkable myological character state for the species. Given the rarity of this material, the description of this species' buccopharyngeal and musculo-skeletal elements is based on two tadpoles in developmental stages 30 and 31. Several new apomorphic character states are described: (a) the presence of a conical papilla in the interior of the nostril; (b) a row of five short, conical papilla preceding the tall, postnarial papilla; and (c) the m. mandibulolabialis inserting in the gular skin. This latter feature is a remarkable, newly discovered character state that had never been reported in the literature before and is probably related to a particular feeding habit of the tadpoles of this species. The function of the m. mandibulolabialis in P. minuta is unknown.
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Nascimento FAD, de Sá RO, Garcia PCDA. Larval anatomy of monotypic painted ant nest frogs Lithodytes lineatus reveals putative homoplasies with the Leptodactylus pentadactylus group (Anura: Leptodactylidae). ZOOL ANZ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Faria L, Pie M, Salles F, Soares E. The Haeckelian shortfall or the tale of the missing semaphoronts. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Faria
- Instituto Latino‐Americano de Ciências da Vida e da NaturezaUniversidade Federal da Integração Latino‐Americana Foz do Iguaçu Brazil
| | - Marcio Pie
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
| | - Frederico Salles
- Departamento de Entomologia Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa Brazil
| | - Elaine Soares
- Instituto Latino‐Americano de Ciências da Vida e da NaturezaUniversidade Federal da Integração Latino‐Americana Foz do Iguaçu Brazil
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Blotto BL, Pereyra MO, Grant T, Faivovich J. Hand and Foot Musculature of Anura: Structure, Homology, Terminology, and Synapomorphies for Major Clades. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2020. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.443.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris L. Blotto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín O. Pereyra
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva “Claudio J. Bidau,” Instituto de Biología Subtropical–CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químic
| | - Taran Grant
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Coleção de Anfíbios, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Associate, Herpetology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, A
| | - Julián Faivovich
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos
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12
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Dias PHDS, Mongin-Aquino M, Candioti FV, Carvalho-e-Silva AMPTD, Baêta D. Internal Larval Morphology of Two Species of Shining Leaf Frogs (Anura: Phyllomedusidae:Phasmahyla). J HERPETOL 2018. [DOI: 10.2994/sajh-d-16-00055.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelle Mongin-Aquino
- Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. 20904-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Délio Baêta
- Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. 20904-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista. 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Duarte Viana Rodrigues G, Nascimento FACD, Augusto de Almeida JPF, Mott T. The tadpole of Scinax skuki (Anura: Hylidae) from the type locality, with a description of its larval skeleton. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2017.1342485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Filipe Augusto Cavalcanti do Nascimento
- Setor de Zoologia, Museu de História Natural, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Felix Augusto de Almeida
- Setor de Zoologia, Museu de História Natural, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Diversidade Biológica e Conservação nos Trópicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Tamí Mott
- Setor de Zoologia, Museu de História Natural, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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Araújo O, Pugener L, Haddad C, Da Silva H. Morphology and development of the hyolaryngeal apparatus of Pipa arrabali (Anura: Pipidae). ZOOL ANZ 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gao KQ, Chen J. A New Crown-Group Frog (Amphibia: Anura) from the Early Cretaceous of Northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1206/3876.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qin Gao
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing
| | - Jianye Chen
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York
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Krings M, Klein B, Heneka MJ, Rödder D. Morphological comparison of five species of poison dart frogs of the genus Ranitomeya (Anura: Dendrobatidae) including the skeleton, the muscle system and inner organs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171669. [PMID: 28235032 PMCID: PMC5325227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphology of larvae stages of most amphibians are often completely different than in adults. Tadpole descriptions have historically been based on external characters like morphometrics, color pattern and oral disc structure. Other papers described anatomical details by the use of dissections. The increase in micro-CT scanning technology provides an opportunity to quantify and describe in detail internal characters like skeleton, musculature and organs. To date, no such tadpole descriptions exist for the well-studied Neotropical poison dart frog genus Ranitomeya (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Here we provide descriptions of the internal skeletal, musculature and organ structures of five Ranitomeya species and then provide morphological comparisons. Contrary to previous observations, closely related species display several morphological differences. For example, we observed considerable variation in chondrocranial characters, the extent of cranial ossifications, the appearance of some cranial muscles and the arrangement of inner organs. Further studies on the tadpole morphology of more species of Ranitomeya and other dendrobatid genera are needed to enable us to understand the complete morphological variation in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Krings
- Department of Herpetology, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Klein
- Department of Herpetology, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Rödder
- Department of Herpetology, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
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Senevirathne G, Kerney R, Meegaskumbura M. Comparative Postembryonic Skeletal Ontogeny in Two Sister Lineages of Old World Tree Frogs (Rhacophoridae: Taruga, Polypedates). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167939. [PMID: 28060923 PMCID: PMC5218391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhacophoridae, a family of morphologically cryptic frogs, with many genetically distinct evolutionary lineages, is understudied with respect to skeletal morphology, life history traits and skeletal ontogeny. Here we analyze two species each from two sister lineages, Taruga and Polypedates, and compare their postembryonic skeletal ontogeny, larval chondrocrania and adult osteology in the context of a well-resolved phylogeny. We further compare these ontogenetic traits with the direct-developing Pseudophilautus silus. For each species, we differentially stained a nearly complete developmental series of tadpoles from early postembryonic stages through metamorphosis to determine the intraspecific and interspecific differences of cranial and postcranial bones. Chondrocrania of the four species differ in 1) size; 2) presence/absence of anterolateral and posterior process; and 3) shape of the suprarostral cartilages. Interspecific variation of ossification sequences is limited during early stages, but conspicuous during later development. Early cranial ossification is typical of other anuran larvae, where the frontoparietal, exoccipital and parasphenoid ossify first. The ossification sequences of the cranial bones vary considerably within the four species. Both species of Taruga show a faster cranial ossification rate than Polypedates. Seven cranial bones form when larvae near metamorphic climax. Ossification of all 18 cranial bones is initiated by larval Gosner stage 46 in T. eques. However, some cranial bone formation is not initiated until after metamorphosis in the other three species. Postcranial sequence does not vary significantly. The comparison of adult osteology highlights two characters, which have not been previously recorded: presence/absence of the parieto-squamosal plates and bifurcated base of the omosternum. This study will provide a starting point for comparative analyses of rhacophorid skeletal ontogeny and facilitate the study of the evolution of ontogenetic repatterning associated with the life history variation in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani Senevirathne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Ryan Kerney
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Madhava Meegaskumbura
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Araújo OGS, Haddad CFB, Silva HRDA, Pugener LA. A simplified table for staging embryos of the pipid frog Pipa arrabali. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2016; 88:1875-1887. [PMID: 27683762 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pipa is a Neotropical genus of frogs that dwell in freshwater environments. It includes four species that lack free-swimming larvae (P. aspera, P. arrabali, P. pipa, and P. snethlageae) and three with tadpoles (P. carvalhoi, P. myersi, and P. parva). Developmental tables such as the one proposed by Nieuwkoop and Faber might be useful for Pipa species with tadpoles. However, for the other Pipa species, to determine stages by this table or by any of the tables already prepared for frogs without tadpoles (e.g., Crinia nimbus, Eleutherodactylus coqui, and Oreobates barituensis) is impossible. By using embryonic, juvenile, and subadult specimens, we generated a staging table for P. arrabali, from the moment limb buds were first observed until birth, based on diagnostic features such as snout-vent length; growth, morphology, and reabsorption of the external tail; growth and differentiation of fore and hind limbs; development of intestine and vent tube; position of the angle of the mouth relative to nostrils and eyes; and color of preserved individuals. Based on these observations, we discuss some noteworthy traits (e.g., posture of hands and feet). We also compare the pattern of development of P. arrabali with that of other anuran species (with and without tadpoles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olívia G S Araújo
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Caixa Postal 199, 13506-970 Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
| | - Célio F B Haddad
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Caixa Postal 199, 13506-970 Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
| | - Hélio R DA Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 74524, 23851-970 Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lourdes A Pugener
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, CP 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
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Senevirathne G, Thomas A, Kerney R, Hanken J, Biju SD, Meegaskumbura M. From Clinging to Digging: The Postembryonic Skeletal Ontogeny of the Indian Purple Frog, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (Anura: Nasikabatrachidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151114. [PMID: 27028113 PMCID: PMC4814056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indian Purple frog, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, occupies a basal phylogenetic position among neobatrachian anurans and has a very unusual life history. Tadpoles have a large ventral oral sucker, which they use to cling to rocks in torrents, whereas metamorphs possess adaptations for life underground. The developmental changes that underlie these shifts in habits and habitats, and especially the internal remodeling of the cranial and postcranial skeleton, are unknown. Using a nearly complete metamorphic series from free-living larva to metamorph, we describe the postembryonic skeletal ontogeny of this ancient and unique monotypic lineage. The torrent-dwelling larva possesses a dorsoventrally flattened body and a head with tiny dorsal eyes, robust lower and upper jaw cartilages, well-developed trabecular horns, and a definable gap between the trabecular horns and the tip of the snout. Unlike tadpoles of many other frogs, those of Nasikabatrachus retain larval mouthparts into late metamorphic stages. This unusual feature enables the larvae to maintain their clinging habit until near the end of metamorphosis. The subsequent ontogenetic shift from clinging to digging is correlated with rapid morphological changes and behavioral modifications. Metamorphs are equipped with a shortened tibiafibula and ossified prehallical elements, which likely facilitate initial digging using the hind limbs. Subsequently, the frogs may shift to headfirst burrowing by using the wedge-shaped skull, anteriorly positioned pectoral girdle, well-developed humeral crests and spatula-shaped forelimbs. The transition from an aquatic life in torrents to a terrestrial life underground entails dramatic changes in skeletal morphology and function that represent an extreme in metamorphic remodeling. Our analysis enhances the scope for detailed comparative studies across anurans, a group renowned for the diversity of its life history strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani Senevirathne
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Ashish Thomas
- Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ryan Kerney
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James Hanken
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - S. D. Biju
- Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Madhava Meegaskumbura
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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20
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Sharma PP, Clouse RM, Wheeler WC. Hennig's semaphoront concept and the use of ontogenetic stages in phylogenetic reconstruction. Cladistics 2016; 33:93-108. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant P. Sharma
- Department of Zoology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 430 Lincoln Drive Madison WI USA
| | - Ronald M. Clouse
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th Street New York NY USA
| | - Ward C. Wheeler
- Department of Zoology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 430 Lincoln Drive Madison WI USA
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21
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Blanke A, Büsse S, Machida R. Coding characters from different life stages for phylogenetic reconstruction: a case study on dragonfly adults and larvae, including a description of the larval head anatomy ofEpiophlebia superstes(Odonata: Epiophlebiidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Blanke
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center; University of Tsukuba; Sugadaira Kogen Ueda Nagano 386-2204 Japan
| | - Sebastian Büsse
- University Museum of Zoology, Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center; University of Tsukuba; Sugadaira Kogen Ueda Nagano 386-2204 Japan
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Square T, Jandzik D, Cattell M, Coe A, Doherty J, Medeiros DM. A gene expression map of the larval Xenopus laevis head reveals developmental changes underlying the evolution of new skeletal elements. Dev Biol 2014; 397:293-304. [PMID: 25446275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of the vertebrate head skeleton is highly plastic, with the number, size, shape, and position of its components varying dramatically between groups. While this evolutionary flexibility has been key to vertebrate success, its developmental and genetic bases are poorly understood. The larval head skeleton of the frog Xenopus laevis possesses a unique combination of ancestral tetrapod features and anuran-specific novelties. We built a detailed gene expression map of the head mesenchyme in X. laevis during early larval development, focusing on transcription factor families with known functions in vertebrate head skeleton development. This map was then compared to homologous gene expression in zebrafish, mouse, and shark embryos to identify conserved and evolutionarily flexible aspects of vertebrate head skeleton development. While we observed broad conservation of gene expression between X. laevis and other gnathostomes, we also identified several divergent features that correlate to lineage-specific novelties. We noted a conspicuous change in dlx1/2 and emx2 expression in the second pharyngeal arch, presaging the differentiation of the reduced dorsal hyoid arch skeletal element typical of modern anamniote tetrapods. In the first pharyngeal arch we observed a shift in the expression of the joint inhibitor barx1, and new expression of the joint marker gdf5, shortly before skeletal differentiation. This suggests that the anuran-specific infrarostral cartilage evolved by partitioning of Meckel's cartilage with a new paired joint. Taken together, these comparisons support a model in which early patterning mechanisms divide the vertebrate head mesenchyme into a highly conserved set of skeletal precursor populations. While subtle changes in this early patterning system can affect skeletal element size, they do not appear to underlie the evolution of new joints or cartilages. In contrast, later expression of the genes that regulate skeletal element differentiation can be clearly linked to the evolution of novel skeletal elements. We posit that changes in the expression of downstream regulators of skeletal differentiation, like barx1 and gdf5, is one mechanism by which head skeletal element number and articulation are altered during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Square
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - David Jandzik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, 84215, Slovakia
| | - Maria Cattell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Alex Coe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jacob Doherty
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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23
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Complete nucleotide sequence and gene rearrangement of the mitochondrial genome of Occidozyga martensii. J Genet 2014; 93:631-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Yıldırım E, Kaya U. Comparative skeletogenesis of the Oriental Tree Frog Hyla orientalis (Anura: Hylidae). ZOOL ANZ 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Miranda NEDO, Medeiros Maciel N, Pêssoa Tepedino K, Sebben A. Internal larval characters in anuran systematic studies: a phylogenetic hypothesis for Leptodactylus(Anura, Leptodactylidae). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Núbia Esther de Oliveira Miranda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução; Laboratório de Genética e Biodiversidade; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brazil
- Laboratório de Anatomia Comparativa de Vertebrados; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Natan Medeiros Maciel
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução; Laboratório de Genética e Biodiversidade; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brazil
- Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal; Departamento de Ecologia; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | - Karla Pêssoa Tepedino
- Laboratório de Anatomia Comparativa de Vertebrados; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Antonio Sebben
- Laboratório de Anatomia Comparativa de Vertebrados; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
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26
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Extreme tadpoles II: the highly derived larval anatomy of Occidozyga baluensis (Boulenger, 1896), an obligate carnivorous tadpole. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-014-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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27
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Matthijs S, Ye L, Stijlemans B, Cornelis P, Bossuyt F, Roelants K. Low structural variation in the host-defense peptide repertoire of the dwarf clawed frog Hymenochirus boettgeri (Pipidae). PLoS One 2014; 9:e86339. [PMID: 24466037 PMCID: PMC3899252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
THE skin secretion of many amphibians contains peptides that are able to kill a broad range of microorganisms (antimicrobial peptides: AMPs) and potentially play a role in innate immune defense. Similar to the toxin arsenals of various animals, amphibian AMP repertoires typically show major structural variation, and previous studies have suggested that this may be the result of diversifying selection in adaptation to a diverse spectrum of pathogens. Here we report on transcriptome analyses that indicate a very different pattern in the dwarf clawed frog H. boettgeri. Our analyses reveal a diverse set of transcripts containing two to six tandem repeats, together encoding 14 distinct peptides. Five of these have recently been identified as AMPs, while three more are shown here to potently inhibit the growth of gram-negative bacteria, including multi-drug resistant strains of the medically important Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although the number of predicted peptides is similar to the numbers of related AMPs in Xenopus and Silurana frog species, they show significantly lower structural variation. Selection analyses confirm that, in contrast to the AMPs of other amphibians, the H. boettgeri peptides did not evolve under diversifying selection. Instead, the low sequence variation among tandem repeats resulted from purifying selection, recent duplication and/or concerted gene evolution. Our study demonstrates that defense peptide repertoires of closely related taxa, after diverging from each other, may evolve under differential selective regimes, leading to contrasting patterns of structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severine Matthijs
- Amphibian Evolution Lab, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lumeng Ye
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Research Group of Microbiology and Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit Stijlemans
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Cornelis
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Research Group of Microbiology and Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Franky Bossuyt
- Amphibian Evolution Lab, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kim Roelants
- Amphibian Evolution Lab, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Barrasso DA, Alcalde L, Martinazzo LB, Basso NG. External Morphology, Chondrocranium, Cranial Muscles, and Buccopharyngeal Features of Tadpoles of Pleurodema thaul (Anura: Leiuperidae): a Comparison with P. bufoninum. HERPETOLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-11-00028.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Johnston P. Cranial muscles of the anurans Leiopelma hochstetteri and Ascaphus truei and the homologies of the mandibular adductors in Lissamphibia and other gnathostomes. J Morphol 2011; 272:1492-512. [PMID: 21845732 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The frogs Ascaphus truei and Leiopelma hochstetteri are members of the most basal lineages of extant anurans. Their cranial muscles have not been previously described in full and are investigated here by dissection. Comparison of these taxa is used to review a controversy regarding the homologies of the jaw adductor muscles in Lissamphibia, to place these homologies in a wider gnathostome context, and to define features that may be useful for cladistic analysis of Anura. A new muscle is defined in Ascaphus and is designated m. levator anguli oris. The differences noted between Ascaphus and Leiopelma are in the penetration of the jaw adductor muscles by the mandibular nerve (V3). In the traditional view of this anatomy, the paths of the trigeminal nerve branches define homologous muscles. This scheme results in major differences among frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. The alternative view is that the topology of origins, insertions, and fiber directions are defining features, and the nerves penetrate the muscle mass in a variable way. The results given here support the latter view. A new model is proposed for Lissamphibia, whereby the adductor posterior (levator articularis) is a separate entity, and the rest of the adductor mass is configured around it as a folded sheet. This hypothesis is examined in other gnathostomes, including coelacanth and lungfish, and a possible sequence for the evolution of the jaw muscles is demonstrated. In this system, the main jaw adductor in teleost fish is not considered homologous with that of tetrapods. This hypothesis is consistent with available data on the domain of expression of the homeobox gene engrailed 2, which has previously not been considered indicative of homology. Terminology is discussed, and "adductor mandibulae" is preferred to "levator mandibulae" to align with usage in other gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Johnston
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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30
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Roelants K, Haas A, Bossuyt F. Anuran radiations and the evolution of tadpole morphospace. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:8731-6. [PMID: 21555583 PMCID: PMC3102353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100633108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anurans (frogs and toads) are unique among land vertebrates in possessing a free-living larval stage that, parallel to adult frogs, diversified into an impressive range of ecomorphs. The tempo and mode at which tadpole morphology evolved through anuran history as well as its relationship to lineage diversification remain elusive. We used a molecular phylogenetic framework to examine patterns of morphological evolution in tadpoles in light of observed episodes of accelerated lineage diversification. Our reconstructions show that the expansion of tadpole morphospace during the basal anuran radiation in the Triassic/Early Jurassic was unparalleled by the basal neobatrachian radiation in the Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous or any subsequent radiation in the Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary. Comparative analyses of radiation episodes indicate that the slowdown of morphospace expansion was caused not only by a drop in evolutionary rate after the basal anuran radiation but also by an overall increase in homoplasy in the characters that did evolve during later radiations. The overlapping sets of evolving characters among more recent radiations may have enhanced tadpole diversity by creating unique combinations of homoplastic traits, but the lack of innovative character changes prevented the exploration of fundamental regions in morphospace. These complex patterns transcend the four traditionally recognized tadpole morphotypes and apply to most tissue types and body parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Roelants
- Unit of Ecology and Systematics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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31
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Irisarri I, Vences M, San Mauro D, Glaw F, Zardoya R. Reversal to air-driven sound production revealed by a molecular phylogeny of tongueless frogs, family Pipidae. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:114. [PMID: 21524293 PMCID: PMC3111386 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evolutionary novelties often appear by conferring completely new functions to pre-existing structures or by innovating the mechanism through which a particular function is performed. Sound production plays a central role in the behavior of frogs, which use their calls to delimit territories and attract mates. Therefore, frogs have evolved complex vocal structures capable of producing a wide variety of advertising sounds. It is generally acknowledged that most frogs call by moving an air column from the lungs through the glottis with the remarkable exception of the family Pipidae, whose members share a highly specialized sound production mechanism independent of air movement. Results Here, we performed behavioral observations in the poorly known African pipid genus Pseudhymenochirus and document that the sound production in this aquatic frog is almost certainly air-driven. However, morphological comparisons revealed an indisputable pipid nature of Pseudhymenochirus larynx. To place this paradoxical pattern into an evolutionary framework, we reconstructed robust molecular phylogenies of pipids based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nine nuclear protein-coding genes that coincided in placing Pseudhymenochirus nested among other pipids. Conclusions We conclude that although Pseudhymenochirus probably has evolved a reversal to the ancestral non-pipid condition of air-driven sound production, the mechanism through which it occurs is an evolutionary innovation based on the derived larynx of pipids. This strengthens the idea that evolutionary solutions to functional problems often emerge based on previous structures, and for this reason, innovations largely depend on possibilities and constraints predefined by the particular history of each lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Irisarri
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Irisarri I, San Mauro D, Green DM, Zardoya R. The complete mitochondrial genome of the relict frog Leiopelma archeyi: insights into the root of the frog Tree of Life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 21:173-82. [PMID: 20958226 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2010.513973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Determining the root of the anuran Tree of Life is still a contentious and open question in frog systematics. Two genera with disjunct distributions have been traditionally considered the most basal among extant frogs: Leiopelma, which is endemic to New Zealand, and Ascaphus, which lives in North America. However, their specific phylogenetic position is rather elusive because each genus shows many autapomorphies, and together they retain many symplesiomorphic characters. Therefore, several alternative hypotheses have been proposed regarding the relative phylogenetic position of both Leiopelma and Ascaphus. In order to distinguish among these competing phylogenetic hypotheses, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Leiopelma archeyi and used it along with previously reported frog mt genomes (including that of Ascaphus truei) to infer a robust phylogeny of major anuran lineages. The reconstructed maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenies recovered identical topology, which supports the sister group relationship of Ascaphus and Leiopelma, and the placement of this clade at the base of the anuran tree. Interestingly, the mt genome of L. archeyi displays a novel gene arrangement in frog mt genomes affecting the relative position of cytochrome b, trnT, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6, trnE, and trnP genes. The tandem duplication-random loss model of gene order change explains the origin of this novel frog mt genome arrangement, which is convergent with others reported in some fishes and salamanders. These results, together with comparative data for other available vertebrate mt genomes, provide evidence that the 5' end of the control region is a hot spot for gene order rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Irisarri
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Vera Candioti MF, Nuñez JJ, Úbeda C. Development of the nidicolous tadpoles of Eupsophus emiliopugini (Anura: Cycloramphidae) until metamorphosis, with comments on systematic relationships of the species and its endotrophic developmental mode. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Královec K, Rocek Z, Záková P, Muzáková V. Development of the ethmoidal structures of the endocranium in Discoglossus pictus (Anura: Discoglossidae). J Morphol 2010; 271:1078-93. [PMID: 20730921 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We use histological techniques and computer-aided three-dimensional reconstructions made from serial histological sections to describe the ontogeny of the ethmoidal endocranium of discoglossid frog Discoglossus pictus. We identify a pattern of development for the suprarostral cartilage that differs from previous findings and probably represents the ancestral anuran pattern. The nasal cartilages, including the inferior prenasal cartilage, are de novo adult structures. The only larva-derived structures of the adult nasal capsules are the posterior aspects of the solum nasi and septum nasi. We also identify patterns of development for the ethmoid plate and postnasal wall that occur during early in ontogenesis. These patterns are associated with development events during metamorphic climax. The pattern of timing of chondrification of the anterior nasal cartilages more closely coincides with that of the neobatrachian species than that recorded for the pelobatid frog Spea. In addition, this study supports a sister taxon relationship between Discoglossus and Alytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Královec
- Department of Zoology, Charles University, CZ-12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Blackburn DC, Bickford DP, Diesmos AC, Iskandar DT, Brown RM. An ancient origin for the enigmatic flat-headed frogs (Bombinatoridae: Barbourula) from the islands of Southeast Asia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12090. [PMID: 20711504 PMCID: PMC2918512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex history of Southeast Asian islands has long been of interest to biogeographers. Dispersal and vicariance events in the Pleistocene have received the most attention, though recent studies suggest a potentially more ancient history to components of the terrestrial fauna. Among this fauna is the enigmatic archaeobatrachian frog genus Barbourula, which only occurs on the islands of Borneo and Palawan. We utilize this lineage to gain unique insight into the temporal history of lineage diversification in Southeast Asian islands. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data, multiple fossil calibration points, and likelihood and Bayesian methods, we estimate phylogenetic relationships and divergence times for Barbourula. We determine the sensitivity of focal divergence times to specific calibration points by jackknife approach in which each calibration point is excluded from analysis. We find that relevant divergence time estimates are robust to the exclusion of specific calibration points. Barbourula is recovered as a monophyletic lineage nested within a monophyletic Costata. Barbourula diverged from its sister taxon Bombina in the Paleogene and the two species of Barbourula diverged in the Late Miocene. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The divergences within Barbourula and between it and Bombina are surprisingly old and represent the oldest estimates for a cladogenetic event resulting in living taxa endemic to Southeast Asian islands. Moreover, these divergence time estimates are consistent with a new biogeographic scenario: the Palawan Ark Hypothesis. We suggest that components of Palawan's terrestrial fauna might have "rafted" on emergent portions of the North Palawan Block during its migration from the Asian mainland to its present-day position near Borneo. Further, dispersal from Palawan to Borneo (rather than Borneo to Palawan) may explain the current day disjunct distribution of this ancient lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Blackburn
- Biodiversity Institute, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America.
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A multilocus timescale for the origin of extant amphibians. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 56:554-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of Paa spinosa (Anura: Ranoidae). Gene 2009; 447:86-96. [PMID: 19631263 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mt genome of Paa spinosa (Anura: Ranoidae) is a circular molecule of 18,012 bp in length, containing 38 genes (including an extra copy of tRNA-Met gene). This mt genome is characterized by three distinctive features: a cluster of rearranged tRNA genes (LTPF tRNA gene cluster), a tandem duplication of tRNA-Met gene (Met1 and Met2), and distinct repeat regions at both 5' and 3'-sides in the control region. Comparing the locations and the sequences of all tRNA-Met genes among Ranoidae, and constructing NJ tree of the nucleotide of those tRNA-Met genes, we suggested a tandem duplication of tRNA-Met gene can be regarded as a synapomorphy of Dicroglossinae. To further investigate the phylogenetic relationships of anurans, phylogenetic analyses (BI, ML and MP) based on the nucleotide dataset and the corresponding amino acid dataset of 11 protein-coding genes (except ND5 and ATP8) arrived at the similar topology.
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Miranda NEDO, Ferreira A. Morfologia oral interna de larvas dos gêneros Eupemphix, Physalaemus e Leptodactylus (Amphibia: Anura). BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1676-06032009000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A morfologia bucal interna das larvas de Eupemphix nattereri, Physalaemus albonotatus, P. centralis, P. cuvieri, Leptodactylus furnarius, L. fuscus, L. petersii e L. podicipinus são descritas e comparadas utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A larva de E. nattereri apresenta muitas diferenças quando comparada à larvas de anuros do gênero Physalaemus. As larvas de P. albonotatus, P. centralis e P. cuvieri apresentam semelhanças em sua morfologia bucal interna, tais como o número de papilas infralabiais e papilas laterais à crista mediana. P. centralis difere na quantidade de papilas pós-nasais e papilas da arena do teto bucal. Entre as larvas de Leptodactylus é possível perceber um padrão na distribuição e quantidade das estruturas bucais internas (papilas infralabiais e linguais, papilas das arenas do assoalho e teto bucal, crista mediana, papilas laterais da crista e papilas pós-nasais) nos grupos de espécies. Os caracteres da morfologia bucal larvária podem ser úteis quando utilizados conjuntamente com outros dados auxiliando na compreensão das relações sistemáticas da ordem Anura.
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Miranda N, Ferreira A. Morfologia bucal interna dos girinos de Leptodactylus labyrinthicus Spix, 1824 (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae). BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1676-06032008000100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A microanatomia do disco oral e da cavidade bucal da larva de Leptodactylus labyrinthicus é descrita e comparada com outras espécies do gênero pertencentes ao grupo de L. pentadactylus. Trinta e cinco girinos entre os estágios 25 e 46 foram dissecados e analisados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A descrição da morfologia oral foi feita utilizando larvas entre os estágios 36 e 39. A morfologia oral da larva de L. labyrinthicus é similar às descritas para outros girinos com adaptação a macrofagia, com forte queratinização das coberturas das mandíbulas, redução das estruturas bucais internas e presença de uma glote descoberta, propícias às dietas carnívoras. As larvas do grupo de L. pentadactylus compartilham essa tendência à redução das estruturas de seleção e captura de partículas, apresentando redução no número de papilas da arena do assoalho e do teto bucal, redução ou ausência das papilas anteriores às bolsas bucais, apenas duas papilas pós-nasais, pequenas papilas laterais à crista mediana e zonas glandulares restritas a estreitas faixas no bordo velar. Nos girinos do gênero Leptodactylus a morfologia larvária reflete os grupos atuais propostos para o gênero.
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GOLDBERG JAVIER, FABREZI MARISSA. Development and variation of the anuran webbed feet (Amphibia, Anura). Zool J Linn Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ziermann JM, Olsson L. Patterns of spatial and temporal cranial muscle development in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae). J Morphol 2008; 268:791-804. [PMID: 17624928 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis, has been a major vertebrate model organism for developmental studies for half a century. Because most studies have focused on the early stages of development, this has had the effect that many aspects of organogenesis and later development remain relatively poorly known in this species. In particular, little is known about cranial muscle development even at the level of morphology and histological differentiation of muscle anlagen and muscle fibers. In this study, we document the morphogenesis and histological differentiation of cranial muscles in X. laevis. We provide a detailed account of the timing of development for each of the cranial muscles, and also describe a new muscle, the m. transversus anterior. The cranial musculature of X. laevis larvae generally develops in a rostrocaudal sequence. The first muscles to differentiate are the extrinsic eye muscles. Muscles of the mandibular and hyoid arches develop almost simultaneously, and are followed by the muscles of the branchial arches and the larynx, and by the mm. geniohyoideus and rectus cervicis. Despite the fact that differentiation starts at different stages in the different muscles, most are fully developed at Stage 14. These baseline data on the timing of muscle differentiation in the X. laevis can serve as a foundation for comparative studies of heterochronic changes in cranial muscle development in frogs and other lissamphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Ziermann
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstr. 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Larson PM. The chondrocrania of North American Rana larvae (Anura: Ranidae): a morphological comparison. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2007.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kerney R, Gross JB, Hanken J. Runx2 is essential for larval hyobranchial cartilage formation inXenopus laevis. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:1650-62. [PMID: 17474117 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate transcription factor protein Runx2 is regarded as a "master regulator" of bone formation due to the dramatic loss of the osseous skeleton in the mouse homozygous knockout. However, Runx2 mRNA also is expressed in the pre-hypertrophic cartilaginous skeleton of the mouse and chicken, where its developmental function is largely unknown. Several tiers of Runx2 regulation exist in the mouse, any of which may account for its seeming biological inactivity during early stages of skeletogenesis. Unlike mouse and chicken, zebrafish require Runx2 function in early cartilage differentiation. The present study reveals that the earlier functional role of Runx2 in cartilage differentiation is shared between zebrafish and Xenopus. A combination of morpholino oligonucleotide injections and neural crest transplants indicate that Runx2 is involved in differentiation of the cartilaginous hyobranchial skeleton in the frog, Xenopus laevis. Additionally, in situ hybridizations show runx2 mRNA expression in mesenchymal precursors of the cartilaginous skull, which reveals the earliest pre-patterning of these cartilages described to date. The early distribution of runx2 resolves the homology of the larval suprarostral plate, which is one of the oldest controversies of anuran skull development. Together these data reveal a shift in Runx2 function protein during vertebrate evolution towards its exclusive roles in cartilage hypertrophy and bone differentiation within the amniote lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kerney
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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FROST DARRELR, GRANT TARAN, FAIVOVICH JULIÁN, BAIN RAOULH, HAAS ALEXANDER, HADDAD CÉLIOF, DE SÁ RAFAELO, CHANNING ALAN, WILKINSON MARK, DONNELLAN STEPHENC, RAXWORTHY CHRISTOPHERJ, CAMPBELL JONATHANA, BLOTTO BORISL, MOLER PAUL, DREWES ROBERTC, NUSSBAUM RONALDA, LYNCH JOHND, GREEN DAVIDM, WHEELER WARDC. THE AMPHIBIAN TREE OF LIFE. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2006. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:tatol]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1225] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gissi C, San Mauro D, Pesole G, Zardoya R. Mitochondrial phylogeny of Anura (Amphibia): A case study of congruent phylogenetic reconstruction using amino acid and nucleotide characters. Gene 2006; 366:228-37. [PMID: 16307849 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We explore whether phylogenetic analyses of the same sequence data set at the amino acid and nucleotide level are able to recover congruent topologies, as well as the advantages and limitations of both alternative approaches. As a case study, mitochondrial protein-coding genes were used to discern among competing hypotheses on the phylogenetic relationships of major anuran amphibian lineages. To properly address this phylogenetic question, the complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial genomes of two archaeobatrachian species, Ascaphus truei and Pelobates cultripes, were determined anew. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic inferences of the same sequence data set were performed based on both amino acid and nucleotide characters, with the latter analysed either as codons or as a reduced data set of first+second (P12) codon positions. In addition, likelihood-based ratio tests were performed to evaluate the support of alternative topologies. The different data sets arrived at congruent and highly supported topologies, suggesting a similar phylogenetic resolving power of the two character types provided that correctly selected sites and appropriate evolutionary models are used. The reconstructed anuran mitochondrial phylogeny supports the paraphyly of Archaeobatrachia, with Ascaphus as sister group to all the remaining anurans, and Pelobates as sister group of Neobatrachia. However, the employed tree reconstruction methods and likelihood-based ratio tests seemed to be negatively affected by the fast evolving sequences of neobatrachians, suggesting that the phylogeny of Anura here presented is not definitive, and needs further investigation using an extended taxon sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Gissi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università di Milano, Via Celoria, 26- 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Haas A, Hertwig S, Das I. Extreme tadpoles: The morphology of the fossorial megophryid larva, Leptobrachella mjobergi. ZOOLOGY 2006; 109:26-42. [PMID: 16376062 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bizarre larvae of Leptobrachella mjobergi are fossorial and live in the gravel beds of small streams. These tadpoles are vermiform in body shape. Here we present details on their skeleton and musculature, particularly of the head. The entire cranium and its associated musculature are reconstructed in three dimensions from serial histological sections. The hyobranchial apparatus is highly reduced. The head of the L. mjobergi larva is more mobile than in other anuran species. This mobility can largely be ascribed to the exclusion of the notochord from the cranial base and an articulation of the foramen magnum floor with the atlas of the tadpole. The articulation is unique among anuran species, but design parallels can be drawn to salamanders and the articulation between atlas and axis in mammals. In L. mjobergi, the atlas forms an anterior dens that articulates with the basal plate in an accessory, third occipital articular face. The muscle arrangements deviate from the patterns found in other tadpoles: For instance, epaxial and ventral trunk muscles reach far forward onto the skull. The post-cranial skeleton of L. mjobergi is considerably longer than that of other anurans: it comprises a total of 35 vertebrae, including more than 20 post-sacral perichordal centra. Despite a number of features in cranial and axial morphology of L. mjobergi, which appear to be adaptations to its fossorial mode of life, the species clearly shares other features with its megophryid and pelobatid relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Haas
- Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany.
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Roelants K, Bossuyt F. Archaeobatrachian paraphyly and pangaean diversification of crown-group frogs. Syst Biol 2005; 54:111-26. [PMID: 15805014 DOI: 10.1080/10635150590905894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current models for the early diversification of living frogs inferred from morphological, ontogenetic, or DNA sequence data invoke very different scenarios of character evolution and biogeography. To explore central controversies on the phylogeny of Anura, we analyzed nearly 4000 base pairs of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA for the major frog lineages. Likelihood-based analyses of this data set are congruent with morphological evidence in supporting a paraphyletic arrangement of archaeobatrachian frogs, with an (Ascaphus + Leiopelma) clade as the sister-group of all other living anurans. The stability of this outcome is reinforced by screening for phylogenetic bias resulting from site-specific rate variation, homoplasy, or the obligatory use of distantly related outgroups. Twenty-one alternative branching and rooting hypotheses were evaluated using a nonparametric multicomparison test and parametric bootstrapping. Relaxed molecular clock estimates situate the emergence of crown-group anurans in the Triassic, approximately 55 million years prior to their first appearance in the fossil record. The existence of at least four extant frog lineages on the supercontinent Pangaea before its breakup gains support from the estimation that three early splits between Laurasia- and Gondwana-associated families coincide with the initial rifting of these landmasses. This observation outlines the potential significance of this breakup event in the formation of separate Mesozoic faunal assemblages in both hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Roelants
- Biology Department, Unit of Ecology and Systematics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Nath K, Boorech JL, Beckham YM, Burns MM, Elinson RP. Status of RNAs, localized inXenopus laevis oocytes, in the frogsRana pipiens andEleutherodactylus coqui. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2005; 304:28-39. [PMID: 15515051 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Early development in the frog model, Xenopus laevis, is governed by RNAs, localized to the vegetal cortex of the oocyte. These RNAs include Xdazl RNA, which is involved in primordial germ cell formation, and VegT RNA, which specifies the mesoderm and endoderm. In order to determine whether orthologues of these RNAs are localized and have similar functions in other frogs, we cloned RpDazl and RpVegT from Rana pipiens, a frog that is phylogenetically distant from X. laevis. RNAs from both genes are localized to the vegetal cortex of the R. pipiens oocyte, indicating that the vegetal localization is likely the basal state. The animal location of EcVegT RNA in Eleutherodactylus coqui that we found previously (Beckham et al., 2003) is then a derived state, probably due to the great increase in egg size required for direct development of this species. To answer the question of function, we injected RpVegT or EcVegT RNAs into X. laevis embryos, and assayed animal caps for gene expression. Both of these RNAs induced the expression of endodermal, mesodermal, and organizer genes, showing that the function of RpVegT and EcVegT as meso-endodermal determinants is conserved in frogs. The RNA localizations and the function of VegT orthologues in germ layer specification may be synapomorphies for anuran amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Nath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
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Larson PM. Ontogeny, phylogeny, and morphology in anuran larvae: Morphometric analysis of cranial development and evolution inRana tadpoles (Anura: Ranidae). J Morphol 2005; 264:34-52. [PMID: 15688441 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Comparative studies of chondrocranial morphology in larval anurans are typically qualitative in nature, focusing primarily on discrete variation or gross differences in the size or shape of individual structures. Detailed data on chondrocranial allometry are currently limited to only two species, Rana sylvatica and Bufo americanus. This study uses geometric morphometric and multivariate statistical analyses to examine interspecific variation in both larval chondrocranial shape and patterns of ontogenetic allometry among six species of Rana. Variation is interpreted within the context of hypothesized phylogenetic relationships among these species. Canonical variates analyses of geometric morphometric datasets indicate that species can be clearly discriminated based on chondrocranial shape, even when whole ontogenies are included in the analysis. Ordinations and cluster analyses based on chondrocranial shape data indicate the presence of three primary groupings (R. sylvatica; R. catesbeiana + R. clamitans; and R. palustris + R. pipiens + R. sphenocephala), and patterns of similarity closely reflect phylogenetic relationships. Analysis of chondrocranial allometry reveals that some patterns are conserved across all species (e.g., most measurements scale with negative allometry, those associated with the posterior palatoquadrate tend to scale with isometry or positive allometry). Ontogenetic scaling along similar allometric trajectories, lateral transpositions of individual trajectories, and variable allometric relationships all contribute to shape differences among species. Overall patterns of similarity among ontogenetic trajectories also strongly reflect phylogenetic relationships. Thus, this study demonstrates a tight link between ontogeny, phylogeny, and morphology, and highlights the importance of including both ontogenetic and phylogenetic data in studies of chondrocranial evolution in larval anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Larson
- Department of Biology, St. Anselm College, Manchester, New Hampshire 03102, USA.
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