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Bupi N, Vo TTB, Qureshi MA, Tabassum M, Im HJ, Chung YJ, Ryu JG, Kim CS, Lee S. Twindemic Threats of Weeds Coinfected with Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus as Viral Reservoirs in Tomato Greenhouses. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 40:310-321. [PMID: 38835302 PMCID: PMC11162864 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2024.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) are well-known examples of the begomovirus and orthotospovirus genera, respectively. These viruses cause significant economic damage to tomato crops worldwide. Weeds play an important role in the ongoing presence and spread of several plant viruses, such as TYLCV and TSWV, and are recognized as reservoirs for these infections. This work applies a comprehensive approach, encompassing field surveys and molecular techniques, to acquire an in-depth understanding of the interactions between viruses and their weed hosts. A total of 60 tomato samples exhibiting typical symptoms of TYLCV and TSWV were collected from a tomato greenhouse farm in Nonsan, South Korea. In addition, 130 samples of 16 different weed species in the immediate surroundings of the greenhouse were collected for viral detection. PCR and reverse transcription-PCR methodologies and specific primers for TYLCV and TSWV were used, which showed that 15 tomato samples were coinfected by both viruses. Interestingly, both viruses were also detected in perennial weeds, such as Rumex crispus, which highlights their function as viral reservoirs. Our study provides significant insights into the co-occurrence of TYLCV and TSWV in weed reservoirs, and their subsequent transmission under tomato greenhouse conditions. This project builds long-term strategies for integrated pest management to prevent and manage simultaneous virus outbreaks, known as twindemics, in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattanong Bupi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Thuy Thi Bich Vo
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Muhammad Amir Qureshi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Marjia Tabassum
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hyo-jin Im
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hwasung Medi-Science University, Hwaseong 18274, Korea
| | - Jae-Gee Ryu
- Research and Development Planning Division, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Korea
| | - Chang-seok Kim
- Institute for Future Environmental Ecology, Jeonju 54883, Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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Perea Lopez N, Iturralde Martinez JF, Vosburg C, Rajotte EG, Rosa C, Terrones M. Effective plant virus enrichment using carbon nanotubes and microfluidics. J Virol Methods 2024; 326:114905. [PMID: 38387695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Plant virus detection and identification in crops is a pillar for disease management, import of crop material, production of clean stock plants and basic plant virology studies. In this report, we present a platform for the enrichment and isolation of known or unknown viruses. This platform is based on carbon nanotube arrays inside a microfluidic device that can be a solution for the identification of low titer viruses from plants. Using our microfluidic devices, we achieved enrichment of two economically important viruses, the orthotospovirus, tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) and the potyvirus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). The carbon nanotube arrays integrated in these microfluidic devices are capable of trapping viruses discriminated by their size; the virus rich arrays can be then analyzed by common downstream techniques including immunoassays, PCR, HTS and electron microscopy. This procedure offers a simple to operate and portable sample preparation device capable of trapping viruses from raw plant extracts while reducing the host contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Perea Lopez
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | | | - Chad Vosburg
- Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Edwin G Rajotte
- Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 ASI, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Cristina Rosa
- Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA; Research Initiative for Supra Materials, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.
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Zafar UB, Shahzaib M, Atif RM, Khan SH, Niaz MZ, Shahzad K, Chughtai N, Awan FS, Azhar MT, Rana IA. De novo transcriptome assembly of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (Fabaceae) under Botryodiplodia theobromae-induced dieback disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20503. [PMID: 37993468 PMCID: PMC10665356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (Shisham) is a timber-producing species of economic, cultural, and medicinal importance in the Indian subcontinent. In the past few decades, Shisham's dieback disease caused by the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae has become an evolving issue in the subcontinent endangering its survival. To gain insights into this issue, a standard transcriptome assembly was deployed to assess the response of D. sissoo at the transcriptomic level under the stress of B. theobromae infection. For RNA isolation, the control and infected leaf tissue samples were taken from 1-year-old greenhouse-grown D. sissoo plants after 20 days of stem-base spore inoculation. cDNA synthesis was performed from these freshly isolated RNA samples that were then sent for sequencing. About 18.14 Gb (Giga base) of data was generated using the BGISEQ-500 sequencing platform. In terms of Unigenes, 513,821 were identified after a combined assembly of all samples and then filtering the abundance. The total length of Unigenes, their average length, N50, and GC-content were 310,523,693 bp, 604 bp, 1,101 bp, and 39.95% respectively. The Unigenes were annotated using 7 functional databases i.e., 200,355 (NR: 38.99%), 164,973 (NT: 32.11%), 123,733 (Swissprot: 24.08%), 142,580 (KOG: 27.75%), 139,588 (KEGG: 27.17%), 99,752 (GO: 19.41%), and 137,281 (InterPro: 26.72%). Furthermore, the Transdecoder detected 115,762 CDS. In terms of SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers, 62,863 of them were distributed on 51,508 Unigenes and on the predicted 4673 TF (Transcription Factor) coding Unigenes. A total of 16,018 up- and 19,530 down-regulated Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) were also identified. Moreover, the Plant Resistance Genes (PRGs) had a count of 9230. We are hopeful that in the future, these identified Unigenes, SSR markers, DEGs and PRGs will provide the prerequisites for managing Shisham dieback disease, its breeding, and in tree improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummul Buneen Zafar
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzaib
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Atif
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sultan Habibullah Khan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
- National Center for Genome Editing (Gene Editing of Biological Agents for Nutritional, Biochemicals and Therapeutic Purposes), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Niaz
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Faisalabad, 38850, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Shahzad
- Punjab Forestry Research Institute, Faisalabad, 37620, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Nighat Chughtai
- Punjab Forestry Research Institute, Faisalabad, 37620, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Saeed Awan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tehseen Azhar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Iqrar Ahmad Rana
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
- National Center for Genome Editing (Gene Editing of Biological Agents for Nutritional, Biochemicals and Therapeutic Purposes), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Iturralde Martinez JF, Rosa C. Reverse transcriptase recombinase polymerase amplification for detection of tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus from crude plant extracts. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9024. [PMID: 37270652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35343-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus detection in early stages of infection could prove useful for identification and isolation of foci of inoculum before its spread to the rest of susceptible individuals via vectoring insects. However, the low number of viruses present at the beginning of infection renders their detection and identification difficult and requires the use of highly sensitive laboratory techniques that are often incompatible with a field application. To obviate this challenge, utilized Recombinase Polymerase Amplification, an isothermal amplification technique that makes millions of copies of a predefined region in the genome, to detect tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus in real time and at the end point. The reaction occurs isothermically and can be used directly from crude plant extracts without nucleic acid extraction. Notably, a positive result can be seen with the naked eye as a flocculus made of newly synthesized DNA and metallic beads. The objective of the procedure is to create a portable and affordable system that can isolate and identify viruses in the field, from infected plants and suspected insect vectors, and can be used by scientists and extension managers for making informed decisions for viral management. Results can be obtained in situ without the need of sending the samples to a specialized lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Iturralde Martinez
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA.
| | - Cristina Rosa
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
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Seed Transmission of Tomato Spotted Wilt Orthotospovirus in Peppers. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091873. [PMID: 36146680 PMCID: PMC9504465 DOI: 10.3390/v14091873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) severely damaged agricultural production in many places around the world. It is generally believed that TSWV transmits among plants via their insect vector. In this study, we provide evidence on the seed-borne transmission of TSWV in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, and transmission electron microscopy data demonstrate the seed transmission ability of TSWV in peppers. Endosperm, but not the embryo, is the abundant virus-containing seed organ. TSWV can also be detected in the second generation of newly germinated seedlings from virus-containing seed germination experiments. Our data are useful for researchers, certification agencies, the seed industry, and policy makers when considering the importance of TSWV in vegetable production all over the world.
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Rapid and zero-cost DNA extraction from soft-bodied insects for routine PCR-based applications. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271312. [PMID: 35839213 PMCID: PMC9286237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid extraction is the first and foremost step in molecular biology studies. Extraction of DNA from small, soft-bodied insects is often time-consuming and costly. A fast, easy, and cost-effective DNA extraction method with greater yield and purity of DNA would aid in the rapid diagnostics, screening of large populations, and other routine PCR-based applications. The present study evaluated and standardized a rapid and zero-cost DNA extraction from soft-bodied small insects for routine molecular studies. Five rapid DNA extraction methods viz. extraction in sterile distilled water (SDW), 1X phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), 1.4 M sodium chloride (NaCl), 20 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, pH 8.0), and elution from blotted nitrocellulose membrane (NCM) were compared with standard CTAB extraction buffer and DNeasy® Blood and Tissue Kit methods. The average yield, purity, storage stability, time, and cost of extraction were assessed for all the methods and compared. A method of DNA extraction by simply crushing the soft-bodied insects in SDW was ideal in terms of yield, purity, storability, and performing routine PCR-based applications including detection of pathogens from vector species. The extraction could be accomplished in 2.5 min only with zero-reagent cost. The method would be useful in rapid molecular diagnostics and screening large populations of soft-bodied insects.
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Viruses of Economic Impact on Tomato Crops in Mexico: From Diagnosis to Management-A Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061251. [PMID: 35746722 PMCID: PMC9228091 DOI: 10.3390/v14061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato is the most economically important vegetable crop worldwide and the second most important for Mexico. However, viral diseases are among the main limiting factors that affect the productivity of this crop, causing total losses in some cases. This review provides key information and findings on the symptoms, distribution, transmission, detection, and management of diseases caused by viruses of major importance in tomato crops in Mexico. Currently, about 25 viruses belonging to nine different families have been reported infecting tomato in Mexico, but not all of them cause economically significant diseases. Viruses of economic importance include tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), and tomato marchitez virus (ToMarV). The topics discussed here will provide updated information about the status of these plant viruses in Mexico as well as diverse management strategies that can be implemented according to the specific circumstances of each viral pathosystem. Additionally, a list of tomato-affecting viruses not present in Mexico that are continuous threats to the crop health is included.
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Kwon SJ, Cho YE, Byun HS, Kwak HR, Seo JK. A multiplex RT-PCR assay for detection of emergent pepper Tsw resistance-breaking variants of tomato spotted wilt virus in South Korea. Mol Cell Probes 2022; 61:101792. [PMID: 35041994 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2022.101792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a highly destructive virus for pepper. Introgression of the resistance gene Tsw in pepper is used to manage TSWV worldwide; however, the occurrence of Tsw resistance-breaking (RB) variants threatens the pepper industry. Here, we developed a multiplex reverse-transcription PCR assay for detection of recently emerged Tsw RB variants in South Korea with high specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Jung Kwon
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seong Byun
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ryun Kwak
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Kyun Seo
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea; Department of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea.
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Ghosh A, Jangra S, Dietzgen RG, Yeh WB. Frontiers Approaches to the Diagnosis of Thrips (Thysanoptera): How Effective Are the Molecular and Electronic Detection Platforms? INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100920. [PMID: 34680689 PMCID: PMC8540714 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Thrips are important agricultural and forest pests. They cause damage by sucking plant sap and transmitting several plant viruses. Correct identification is the key for epidemiological studies and formulating appropriate management strategies. The application of molecular and electronic detection platforms has improved the morphological character-based diagnosis of thrips species. This article reviews research on molecular and automated identification of thrips species and discusses future research strategies for rapid and high throughput thrips diagnosis. Abstract Thrips are insect pests of economically important agricultural, horticultural, and forest crops. They cause damage by sucking plant sap and by transmitting several tospoviruses, ilarviruses, carmoviruses, sobemoviruses, and machlomoviruses. Accurate and timely identification is the key to successful management of thrips species. However, their small size, cryptic nature, presence of color and reproductive morphs, and intraspecies genetic variability make the identification of thrips species challenging. The use of molecular and electronic detection platforms has made thrips identification rapid, precise, sensitive, high throughput, and independent of developmental stages. Multi-locus phylogeny based on mitochondrial, nuclear, and other markers has resolved ambiguities in morphologically indistinguishable thrips species. Microsatellite, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, and CAPS markers have helped to explain population structure, gene flow, and intraspecies heterogeneity. Recent techniques such as LAMP and RPA have been employed for sensitive and on-site identification of thrips. Artificial neural networks and high throughput diagnostics facilitate automated identification. This review also discusses the potential of pyrosequencing, microarrays, high throughput sequencing, and electronic sensors in delimiting thrips species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalendu Ghosh
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.G.); (S.J.)
| | - Sumit Jangra
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.G.); (S.J.)
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Wen-Bin Yeh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
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Kwon SJ, Cho YE, Kwon OH, Kang HG, Seo JK. Resistance-Breaking Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Variant that Recently Occurred in Pepper in South Korea is a Genetic Reassortant. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2771-2775. [PMID: 33973809 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-21-0205-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a destructive viral pathogen in various crops, including pepper. Although the single dominant gene Tsw has been utilized in pepper breeding to confer resistance to TSWV, the occurrence of TSWV variants that overcome Tsw-mediated resistance has been reported in various countries after several years of growing resistant cultivars. In this study, we determined the complete genome sequence of a resistance-breaking TSWV variant (TSWV-YI) that recently emerged in pepper in South Korea. TSWV-YI infected all of the resistant pepper cultivars tested. The phylogenetic and recombination analyses of the complete TSWV-YI genome sequence showed that it is a reassortant that acquired its L and M RNA segments from the existing South Korean TSWV population and its S RNA in an isolate from another country. Given that TSWV-YI is a resistance-breaking variant, it appears that reassortment of the S RNA led to the emergence of this variant that breaks the Tsw gene in pepper grown in South Korea. Our results suggest that resistance-breaking TSWV variants are a potential threat to pepper production in South Korea and that strategies to manage these variants should be developed to ensure sustainable pepper production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Jung Kwon
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Hun Kwon
- Yeongyang Pepper Research Institute, Gyeongsangbukdo Agricultural Research and Extension Service, Yeongyang 36532, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Gon Kang
- Yongin City Agricultural Technology Center, Yongin 17167, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Kyun Seo
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
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Lee HJ, Cho IS, Ju HJ, Jeong RD. Rapid and visual detection of tomato spotted wilt virus using recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow strips. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 57:101727. [PMID: 33789127 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is economically important in Korea as it causes significant losses to a wide range of important ornamental and vegetable crops. Therefore, a rapid detection method is imperative for TSWV diagnosis. Specific primers and probes were designed based on the conserved sequences of the TSWV coat protein gene. In this study, an isothermal reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) assay, combined with lateral flow strips (LFS), was established for rapid detection of TSWV in pepper infected leaves. The RT-RPA reaction was performed at an optimal condition of 38 °C for 10 min and an LFS incubation time of approximately 5 min. There was no cross-reactivity with other viruses infecting pepper such as cucumber mosaic virus, pepper mottle virus, pepper mild mottle virus, and broad bean wilt virus 2, thus confirming the specificity of RT-RPA-LFS. The sensitivity of the RT-RPA assay was similar to that of RT-PCR, and RT-RPA-LFS was successfully applied to detect TSWV in the pepper samples collected from the field. Thus, RT-RPA-LFS assay might be a promising candidate for quick diagnosis of TSWV-infected pepper plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jeong Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61185, South Korea
| | - In-Sook Cho
- Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, South Korea
| | - Ho-Jong Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, 54896, South Korea
| | - Rae-Dong Jeong
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61185, South Korea.
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Zhan J, Shi H, Li W, Zhang C, Zhang Y. NbTMP14 Is Involved in Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Infection and Symptom Development by Interaction with the Viral NSm Protein. Viruses 2021; 13:427. [PMID: 33800072 PMCID: PMC7999277 DOI: 10.3390/v13030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most destructive plant viruses, causing severe losses in many important crops worldwide. The non-structural protein NSm of TSWV is a viral movement protein that induces viral symptoms. However, the molecular mechanisms by which NSm contributes to symptom development are unclear. Here, we present evidence that NSm directly interacts with Nicotiana benthamiana chloroplast thylakoid membrane protein TMP14 (NbTMP14) by yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. The interaction between NSm and NbTMP14 led to the translocation of the NbTMP14 protein from the chloroplast to the cytoplasm in TSWV-infected plants, and overexpressing NSm decreased NbTMP14 mRNA accumulation. In addition, abnormal chloroplasts and starch accumulation were observed in TSWV-infected plants. Silencing of NbTMP14 by TRV VIGS also showed similar results to those of TSWV-infected plants. Overexpressing NbTMP14 in transgenic N. benthamiana plants impeded TSWV infection, and silencing NbTMP14 in N. benthamiana plants increased disease symptom severity and virus accumulation. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that the plant chloroplast TMP14 protein is involved in viral infection. Knowledge of the interaction between NSm and NbTMP14 advances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying TSWV symptom development and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chao Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (H.S.); (W.L.)
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (H.S.); (W.L.)
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Identification and Characterization of Plant-Interacting Targets of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Silencing Suppressor. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010027. [PMID: 33401462 PMCID: PMC7823891 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; species Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus) is an economically important plant virus that infects multiple horticultural crops on a global scale. TSWV encodes a non-structural protein NSs that acts as a suppressor of host RNA silencing machinery during infection. Despite extensive structural and functional analyses having been carried out on TSWV NSs, its protein-interacting targets in host plants are still largely unknown. Here, we systemically investigated NSs-interacting proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana via affinity purification and mass spectrometry (AP-MS) analysis. Forty-three TSWV NSs-interacting candidates were identified in N. benthamiana. Gene Ontology (GO) and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were carried out on their closest homologs in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The results showed that NSs preferentially interacts with plant defense-related proteins such as calmodulin (CaM), importin, carbonic anhydrase and two heat shock proteins (HSPs): HSP70 and HSP90. As two major nodes in the PPI network, CaM and importin subunit α were selected for the further verification of their interactions with NSs via yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening. Our work suggests that the downstream signaling, transportation and/or metabolic pathways of host-NSs-interacting proteins may play critical roles in NSs-facilitated TSWV infection.
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Dolja VV, Krupovic M, Koonin EV. Deep Roots and Splendid Boughs of the Global Plant Virome. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 58:23-53. [PMID: 32459570 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-030320-041346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Land plants host a vast and diverse virome that is dominated by RNA viruses, with major additional contributions from reverse-transcribing and single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses. Here, we introduce the recently adopted comprehensive taxonomy of viruses based on phylogenomic analyses, as applied to the plant virome. We further trace the evolutionary ancestry of distinct plant virus lineages to primordial genetic mobile elements. We discuss the growing evidence of the pivotal role of horizontal virus transfer from invertebrates to plants during the terrestrialization of these organisms, which was enabled by the evolution of close ecological associations between these diverse organisms. It is our hope that the emerging big picture of the formation and global architecture of the plant virome will be of broad interest to plant biologists and virologists alike and will stimulate ever deeper inquiry into the fascinating field of virus-plant coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerian V Dolja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902, USA;
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
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German TL, Lorenzen MD, Grubbs N, Whitfield AE. New Technologies for Studying Negative-Strand RNA Viruses in Plant and Arthropod Hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:382-393. [PMID: 31914364 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-19-0281-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant viruses in the phylum Negarnaviricota, orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales, have common features of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes and replication in the biological vector. Due to the similarities in biology, comparative functional analysis in plant and vector hosts is helpful for understanding host-virus interactions for negative-strand RNA viruses. In this review, we will highlight recent technological advances that are breaking new ground in the study of these recalcitrant virus systems. The development of infectious clones for plant rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses is enabling unprecedented examination of gene function in plants and these advances are also being transferred to study virus biology in the vector. In addition, genome and transcriptome projects for critical nonmodel arthropods has enabled characterization of insect response to viruses and identification of interacting proteins. Functional analysis of genes using genome editing will provide future pathways for further study of the transmission cycle and new control strategies for these viruses and their vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L German
- Departments of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, U.S.A
| | - Marcé D Lorenzen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, U.S.A
| | - Nathaniel Grubbs
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, U.S.A
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, U.S.A
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Kil EJ, Chung YJ, Choi HS, Lee S, Kim CS. Life Cycle-Based Host Range Analysis for Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Korea. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 36:67-75. [PMID: 32089662 PMCID: PMC7012576 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.ft.12.2019.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the plant viruses transmitted by thrips and causes severe economic damage to various crops. From 2008 to 2011, to identify natural host species of TSWV in South Korea, weeds and crops were collected from 5 regions (Seosan, Yesan, Yeonggwang, Naju, and Suncheon) where TSWV occurred and were identified as 1,104 samples that belong to 144 species from 40 families. According to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, TSWV was detected from 73 samples from 23 crop species, 5 of which belonged to family Solanaceae. Additionally, 42 weed species were confirmed as natural hosts of TSWV with three different life cycles, indicating that these weed species could play an important role as virus reservoirs during no cultivation periods of crops. This study provides up-to-date comprehensive information for TSWV natural hosts in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Joon Kil
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Young-Jae Chung
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shingyeong University, Hwaseong 18274,
Korea
| | - Hong-Soo Choi
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Highland Agriculture Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Pyeongchang 25342,
Korea
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Tatineni S, Stewart LR, Sanfaçon H, Wang X, Navas-Castillo J, Hajimorad MR. Fundamental Aspects of Plant Viruses-An Overview on Focus Issue Articles. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:6-9. [PMID: 31910089 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-19-0404-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance of and rapid research progress in plant virology in recent years, this Focus Issue broadly emphasizes advances in fundamental aspects of virus infection cycles and epidemiology. This Focus Issue comprises three review articles and 18 research articles. The research articles cover broad research areas on the identification of novel viruses, the development of detection methods, reverse genetics systems and functional genomics for plant viruses, vector and seed transmission studies, viral population studies, virus-virus interactions and their effect on vector transmission, and management strategies of viral diseases. The three review articles discuss recent developments in application of prokaryotic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated genes (CRISPR/Cas) technology for plant virus resistance, mixed viral infections and their role in disease synergism and cross-protection, and viral transmission by whiteflies. The following briefly summarizes the articles appearing in this Focus Issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Tatineni
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, U.S.A
| | - Lucy R Stewart
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Quality Research Unit, Wooster, OH, U.S.A
| | - Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Reza Hajimorad
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A
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18
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Sequence analysis of the medium and small RNAs of impatiens necrotic spot virus reveals segment reassortment but not recombination. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2829-2836. [PMID: 31486908 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The complete sequence of the medium (M) and small (S) RNA genome segments were determined for twelve isolates of impatiens necrotic spot virus from eight plant species. The M- and S-RNAs of these isolates shared 97-99% and 93-98% nucleotide sequence identity, respectively, with the corresponding full-length sequences available in public databases. Phylogenetic analysis based on the M- or S-RNA sequences showed incongruence in the phylogenetic position of some isolates, suggesting intraspecies segment reassortment. The lack of phylogenetic discordance in individual and concatenated sequences of individual genes encoded by M- or S-RNAs suggests that segment reassortment rather than recombination is driving evolution of these INSV isolates.
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Mandrile L, Rotunno S, Miozzi L, Vaira AM, Giovannozzi AM, Rossi AM, Noris E. Nondestructive Raman Spectroscopy as a Tool for Early Detection and Discrimination of the Infection of Tomato Plants by Two Economically Important Viruses. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9025-9031. [PMID: 31265250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Global population forecasts dictate a rapid adoption of multifaceted approaches to fulfill increasing food requirements, ameliorate food dietary value and security using sustainable and economically feasible agricultural processes. Plant pathogens induce up to 25% losses in vegetable crops and their early detection would contribute to limit their spread and economic impact. As an alternative to time-consuming, destructive, and expensive diagnostic procedures, such as immunological assays and nucleic acid-based techniques, Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a nondestructive rapid technique that generates a chemical fingerprinting of a sample, at low operating costs. Here, we assessed the suitability of RS combined to chemometric analysis to monitor the infection of an important vegetable crop plant, tomato, by two dangerous and peculiarly different viral pathogens, Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Experimentally inoculated plants were monitored over 28 days for symptom occurrence and subjected to RS analysis, alongside with measuring the virus amount by quantitative real-time PCR. RS allowed to discriminate mock inoculated (healthy) from virus-infected specimens, reaching an accuracy of >70% after only 14 days after inoculation for TYLCSV and >85% only after 8 days for TSWV, demonstrating its suitability for early detection of virus infection. Importantly, RS also highlighted spectral differences induced by the two viruses, providing specific information on the infecting agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mandrile
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica , Strada delle Cacce, 91 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Silvia Rotunno
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy , Strada delle Cacce, 73 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Laura Miozzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy , Strada delle Cacce, 73 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Anna Maria Vaira
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy , Strada delle Cacce, 73 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Andrea M Giovannozzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica , Strada delle Cacce, 91 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Andrea M Rossi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica , Strada delle Cacce, 91 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Emanuela Noris
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy , Strada delle Cacce, 73 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
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Zhai Y, Peng H, Neff MM, Pappu HR. Putative Auxin and Light Responsive Promoter Elements From the Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus Genome, When Expressed as cDNA, Are Functional in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:804. [PMID: 31316531 PMCID: PMC6611158 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Members of the virus order Bunyavirales cause serious diseases in animals, humans and plants. Family Tospoviridae in this order contains only one genus Orthotospovirus, and members in this genus exclusively infect plants. Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) is considered one of the most economically important plants viruses. Little is known about the regulatory elements in the TSWV genome. Here we show that, when in the cDNA form, the 5'-upstream region of the TSWV-coded GN/GC gene (pGN/GC) possesses putative cis-regulatory elements, including an auxin responsive element (AuxRE) for binding of auxin response factors (ARFs), as well as a circadian clock-associated 1 (CCA1) protein binding site (CBS). Due to the lack of a reverse genetics system, we verified the functionality of these elements in Arabidopsis. pGN/GC showed light-suppressive promoter activity in transgenic Arabidopsis, and mutation in the CBS was sufficient to switch the activity to light inducible. Additionally, exogenous auxin treatments repressed the promoter activity of both wild type and CBS-mutated pGN/GC. Mutation in AuxRE in both promoters abolished their sensitivity to auxin. As transcriptional repressors, both CCA1 and ARF2 were able to bind to pGN/GC directly. To our knowledge, this is the first report that a 5'-terminal sequence of an RNA virus has light-and hormone-responsive promoter activities when expressed as cDNA in host plant's nuclear background. Our findings suggest new clues on the possible origin, evolution and function of the TSWV genomic sequence and its non-coding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michael M. Neff
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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21
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Liu H, Wu K, Wu W, Mi W, Hao X, Wu Y. A multiplex reverse transcription PCR assay for simultaneous detection of six main RNA viruses in tomato plants. J Virol Methods 2018; 265:53-58. [PMID: 30576723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tomato virus diseases occur all around the world, causing serious yield losses. To detect these viruses quickly and provide a basis for disease control, a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction system was established for simultaneous detection of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), Potato virus Y (PVY) and Potato virus X (PVX) in tomato plants, with 6 pairs of specific primers being designed based on the coat protein (CP) genes of these viruses. Transcriptional elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) from tomato was added to the multiplex RT-PCR reaction system to prevent false negatives. The concentration of the primers, annealing temperature, annealing time, extension time and amplification cycles were optimized. Expected fragments of 159 bp (ToCV), 262 bp (PVY), 362 bp (EF-1α), 430 bp (TMV), 500 bp (TSWV), 600 bp (CMV) and 705 bp (PVX) were amplified by this multiplex RT-PCR system, and their origin was confirmed by DNA sequencing. This method will have a wide application in virus detection of field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kuan Wu
- Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weili Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Golnaraghi A, Shahraeen N, Nguyen HD. Characterization and Genetic Structure of a Tospovirus Causing Chlorotic Ring Spots and Chlorosis Disease on Peanut; Comparison with Iranian and Polish Populations of Tomato yellow fruit ring virus. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1509-1519. [PMID: 30673421 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-17-1350-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A Tospovirus species was isolated from peanut plants showing chlorotic ring spots and chlorosis, and identified as Tomato yellow fruit ring virus (TYFRV) on the basis of its biological, serological, and molecular properties. In host range studies, a broad range of indicator plants was infected by the five isolates studied; all the isolates systemically infected Nicotiana tabacum cultivars and, thus, they were classified into the N-host-infecting type isolates of the virus. These isolates strongly reacted with TYFRV antibodies but not with the specific antibodies of other tospoviruses tested. Recombination analyses showed that the nucleoprotein gene of the peanut isolates and other isolates studied were nonrecombinant. In phylogenetic trees, the virus isolates were clustered in three genogroups: IRN-1, IRN-2, and a new group, POL; the peanut isolates fell into IRN-2 group. Multiple sequence alignments showed some genogroup-specific amino acid substitutions among the virus isolates studied. The results revealed the presence of negative selection in TYFRV populations. Also, the Iranian populations had higher nucleotide diversity compared with the Polish population. Genetic differentiation and gene flow analyses indicated that the populations from Iran and Poland and those belonging to different genogroups were partially differentiated populations. Our findings seem to suggest that there has been frequent gene flow between some populations of the virus in the mid-Eurasian region of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Golnaraghi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 14515-775, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Shahraeen
- Department of Plant Virus Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Tehran, Iran
| | - H D Nguyen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Zhao K, Margaria P, Rosa C. Characterization of the first complete genome sequence of an Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus isolate from the United States and worldwide phylogenetic analyses of INSV isolates. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:288. [PMID: 29747679 PMCID: PMC5946465 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus (INSV) can impact economically important ornamental plants and vegetables worldwide. Characterization studies on INSV are limited. For most INSV isolates, there are no complete genome sequences available. This lack of genomic information has a negative impact on the understanding of the INSV genetic diversity and evolution. Here we report the first complete nucleotide sequence of a US INSV isolate. RESULTS INSV-UP01 was isolated from an impatiens in Pennsylvania, US. RT-PCR was used to clone its full-length genome and Vector NTI to assemble overlapping sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by using MEGA7 software to show the phylogenetic relationships with other available INSV sequences worldwide. This US isolate has genome and biological features classical of INSV species and clusters in the Western Hemisphere clade, but its origin appears to be recent. Furthermore, INSV-UP01 might have been involved in a recombination event with an Italian isolate belonging to the Asian clade. Our analyses support that INSV isolates infect a broad plant-host range they group by geographic origin and not by host, and are subjected to frequent recombination events. These results justify the need to generate and analyze complete genome sequences of orthotospoviruses in general and INSV in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixi Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Paolo Margaria
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Cristina Rosa
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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di Rienzo V, Bubici G, Montemurro C, Cillo F. Rapid identification of tomato Sw-5 resistance-breaking isolates of Tomato spotted wilt virus using high resolution melting and TaqMan SNP Genotyping assays as allelic discrimination techniques. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196738. [PMID: 29709020 PMCID: PMC5927427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In tomato, resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is conferred by the dominant gene, designated Sw-5. Virulent Sw-5 resistance breaking (SRB) mutants of TSWV have been reported on Sw-5 tomato cultivars. Two different PCR-based allelic discrimination techniques, namely Custom TaqMan™ SNP Genotyping and high-resolution melting (HRM) assays, were developed and compared for their ability to distinguish between avirulent (Sw-5 non-infecting, SNI) and SRB biotypes. TaqMan assays proved to be more sensitive (threshold of detection in a range of 50–70 TSWV RNA copies) and more reliable than HRM, assigning 25 TSWV isolates to their correct genotype with an accuracy of 100%. Moreover, the TaqMan SNP assays were further improved developing a rapid and simple protocol that included crude leaf extraction for RNA template preparations. On the other hand, HRM assays showed higher levels of sensitivity than TaqMan when used to co-detect both biotypes in different artificial mixtures. These diagnostic assays contributed to gain preliminary information on the epidemiology of TSWV isolates in open field conditions. In fact, the presented data suggest that SRB isolates are present as stable populations established year round, persisting on both winter (globe artichoke) and summer (tomato) crops, in the same cultivated areas of Southern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Bubici
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Montemurro
- Spin off SINAGRI s.r.l., Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cillo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Australian Tomato spotted wilt virus Isolate TSWV-QLD2. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/47/e01267-17. [PMID: 29167242 PMCID: PMC5701467 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01267-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide (nt) sequence of an Australian isolate of Tomato spotted wilt virus was determined by deep RNA sequencing and deep small RNA sequencing. The tripartite genome consists of an 8,914-nt L segment, a 4,851-nt M segment, and a 2,987-nt S segment.
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A Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus S RNA-based Replicon System in Yeast. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12647. [PMID: 28978935 PMCID: PMC5627289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a negative-strand RNA virus of the order Bunyavirales, family Tospoviridae, genus Orthotospovirus. TSWV infects a broad range of plant species, causing serious economic losses. Despite its agronomic importance, molecular biological understanding of TSWV has been limited, partly due to the lack of a reverse genetics system, which would enable genetic manipulation of the virus. Here, we report that RNA synthesis by TSWV RNA polymerase occurs in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a segment of the TSWV genome, S RNA expressed from cloned cDNA, as a template. Viral nucleocapsid protein was required for RNA synthesis. Replacement of the protein-coding and intergenic regions of TSWV S RNA by a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-coding sequence drastically increased the accumulation of both sense and antisense strands of the RNA, showing that this RNA was replicated. Using this system, we revealed that efficient RNA synthesis by TSWV RNA polymerase in yeast requires the 5′-terminal 17-nt and 3′-terminal ~50-nt regions of the TSWV S cRNA (complementary RNA to the genomic RNA) template.
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27
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Asymmetric Trimeric Ring Structure of the Nucleocapsid Protein of Tospovirus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01002-17. [PMID: 28768868 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01002-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), belonging to the genus Tospovirus of the family Bunyaviridae, causes significant economic damage to several vegetables and ornamental plants worldwide. Similar to those of all other negative-strand RNA viruses, the nucleocapsid (N) protein plays very important roles in its viral life cycle. N proteins protect genomic RNAs by encapsidation and form a viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP) with some RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Here we show the crystal structure of the N protein from TSWV. Protomers of TSWV N proteins consist of three parts: the N arm, C arm, and core domain. Unlike N proteins of other negative-strand RNA viruses, the TSWV N protein forms an asymmetric trimeric ring. To form the trimeric ring, the N and C arms of the N protein interact with the core domains of two adjacent N proteins. By solving the crystal structures of the TSWV N protein with nucleic acids, we showed that an inner cleft of the asymmetric trimeric ring is an RNA-binding site. These characteristics are similar to those of N proteins of other viruses of the family Bunyaviridae Based on these observations, we discuss possibilities of a TSWV encapsidation model.IMPORTANCE Tospoviruses cause significant crop losses throughout the world. Particularly, TSWV has an extremely wide host range (>1,000 plant species, including dicots and monocots), and worldwide losses are estimated to be in excess of $1 billion annually. Despite such importance, no proteins of tospoviruses have been elucidated so far. Among TSWV-encoded proteins, the N protein is required for assembling the viral genomic RNA into the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP), which is involved in various steps of the life cycle of these viruses, such as RNA replication, virus particle formation, and cell-to-cell movement. This study revealed the structure of the N protein, with or without nucleic acids, of TSWV as the first virus of the genus Tospovirus, so it completed our view of the N proteins of the family Bunyaviridae.
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Stavolone L, Lionetti V. Extracellular Matrix in Plants and Animals: Hooks and Locks for Viruses. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1760. [PMID: 28955324 PMCID: PMC5600933 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal and plants cells plays important roles in viral diseases. While in animal cells extracellular matrix components can be exploited by viruses for recognition, attachment and entry, the plant cell wall acts as a physical barrier to viral entry and adds a higher level of difficulty to intercellular movement of viruses. Interestingly, both in plant and animal systems, ECM can be strongly remodeled during virus infection, and the understanding of remodeling mechanisms and molecular players offers new perspectives for therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on the different roles played by the ECM in plant and animal hosts during virus infection with special emphasis on the similarities and differences. Possible biotechnological applications aimed at improving viral resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Stavolone
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheBari, Italy.,International Institute of Tropical AgricultureIbadan, Nigeria
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", "Sapienza" Università di RomaRome, Italy
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Marshall SH, Adegbola RO, Adkins S, Naidu RA. An efficient and high fidelity method for amplification, cloning and sequencing of complete tospovirus genomic RNA segments. J Virol Methods 2017; 242:22-26. [PMID: 28082165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tospoviruses (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) are responsible for major losses in an extensive range of crops worldwide. New species of these single-stranded, ambisense RNA viruses regularly emerge and have been shown to maintain heterogeneous populations with individual isolates having quite variable biological and virulence characteristics. Most tospovirus phylogenetic studies have focused on analysis of a single gene, most often the nucleocapsid protein gene. Complete genomic RNA segment amplification as a single fragment would facilitate more detailed analyses of genome-wide sequence variability, but obtaining such sequences for a large number of tospovirus isolates using traditional methods of amplification and cloning of small overlapping fragments is tedious, time consuming and expensive. In this study, protocols were optimized to amplify, clone and sequence full-length M- and S-RNA genome segments of Tomato spotted wilt virus and Impatiens necrotic spot virus. The strategy presented here is straightforward, scalable and offers several advantages over the previously commonplace and overlapping amplicon-based approach. Use of whole genome segments, instead of individual gene sequences or defined portions of genome segments, will facilitate a better understanding of the underlying molecular diversity of tospoviruses in mixed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer H Marshall
- Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Prosser, WA 99350, United States
| | - Raphael O Adegbola
- Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Prosser, WA 99350, United States
| | - Scott Adkins
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, United States
| | - Rayapati A Naidu
- Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Prosser, WA 99350, United States.
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Leastro MO, Pallás V, Resende RO, Sánchez-Navarro JA. The functional analysis of distinct tospovirus movement proteins (NS M) reveals different capabilities in tubule formation, cell-to-cell and systemic virus movement among the tospovirus species. Virus Res 2016; 227:57-68. [PMID: 27697453 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lack of infectious tospovirus clones to address reverse genetic experiments has compromised the functional analysis of viral proteins. In the present study we have performed a functional analysis of the movement proteins (NSM) of four tospovirus species Bean necrotic mosaic virus (BeNMV), Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which differ biologically and molecularly, by using the Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) model system. All NSM proteins were competent to: i) support the cell-to-cell and systemic transport of AMV, ii) generate tubular structures on infected protoplast and iii) transport only virus particles. However, the NSM of BeNMV (one of the most phylogenetically distant species) was very inefficient to support the systemic transport. Deletion assays revealed that the C-terminal region of the BeNMV NSM, but not that of the CSNV, TCSV and TSWV NSM proteins, was dispensable for cell-to-cell transport, and that all the non-functional C-terminal NSM mutants were unable to generate tubular structures. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis revealed that the C-terminus of the BeNMV NSM was not required for the interaction with the cognate nucleocapsid protein, showing a different protein organization when compared with other movement proteins of the '30K family'. Overall, our results revealed clearly differences in functional aspects among movement proteins from divergent tospovirus species that have a distinct biological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail O Leastro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Renato O Resende
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Jesús A Sánchez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Sharma A, Kulshrestha S. Molecular characterization of tospoviruses associated with ringspot disease in bell pepper from different districts of Himachal Pradesh. Virusdisease 2016; 27:188-92. [PMID: 27366771 PMCID: PMC4908995 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), an important cash crop for the farmers of Himachal Pradesh was found to be affected with tospovirus like disease. An extensive survey was conducted in the bell pepper grown areas in the five districts of Himachal Pradesh to identify and characterize the causative agent. Hence, 60 symptomatic bell pepper plants exhibiting characteristics symptoms were collected from Solan, Sirmaur, Hamirpur, Kangra and Bilaspur districts. Out of 60 samples, 53 samples were found to be positive by DAS-ELISA with tospovirus group specific antiserum. To confirm the presence of tospovirus, DAC-ELISA was performed using GBNV/CaCV polyclonal antiserum and DAS-ELISA with two monoclonal antibodies i.e. TSWV, GRSV. All the 53 samples were found negative for TSWV and GRSV and positive for GBNV/CaCV. Further, eleven infected isolates from both poly-house and open field conditions were selected for characterization at molecular level. RT-PCR was performed with N gene specific primers for TSWV, GBNV and CaCV. The eleven samples selected for molecular identification were further found to be negative for TSWV and positive for CaCV using RT-PCR. One of the samples from district Sirmaur was found to be positive for mixed infection of GBNV and CaCV. N gene phylogenetic analysis of CaCV/GBNV provided important information about the movement and evolution of tospoviruses in Himachal Pradesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Sharma
- />Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
- />Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 South Korea
| | - Saurabh Kulshrestha
- />Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
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Marasigan K, Toews M, Kemerait R, Abney MR, Culbreath A, Srinivasan R. Evaluation of Alternatives to Carbamate and Organophosphate Insecticides Against Thrips and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Peanut Production. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:544-57. [PMID: 26637534 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thrips are important pests of peanut. They cause severe feeding injuries on peanut foliage in the early season. They also transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which causes spotted wilt disease. At-plant insecticides and cultivars that exhibit field resistance to TSWV are often used to manage thrips and spotted wilt disease. Historically, peanut growers used the broad-spectrum insecticides aldicarb (IRAC class 1A; Temik) and phorate (IRAC class 1B; Thimet) for managing thrips and thereby reducing TSWV transmission. Aldicarb has not been produced since 2011 and its usage in peanut will be legally phased out in 2018; therefore, identification of alternative chemistries is critical for thrips and spotted wilt management. Here, eight alternative insecticides, with known thrips activity, were evaluated in field trials conducted from 2011 through 2013. In addition, different application methods of alternatives were also evaluated. Imidacloprid (Admire Pro), thiamethoxam (Actara), spinetoram (Radiant), and cyantraniliprole (Exirel) were as effective as aldicarb and phorate in suppressing thrips, but none of the insecticides significantly suppressed spotted wilt incidence. Nevertheless, greenhouse assays demonstrated that the same alternative insecticides were effective in suppressing thrips feeding and reducing TSWV transmission. Spotted wilt incidence in the greenhouse was more severe (∼80%) than in the field (5–25%). In general, field resistance to TSWV in cultivars only marginally influenced spotted wilt incidence. Results suggest that effective management of thrips using alternative insecticides and subsequent feeding reduction could improve yields under low to moderate virus pressure.
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Trojak-Goluch A, Laskowska D, Kursa K. Morphological and chemical characteristics of doubled haploids of flue-cured tobacco combining resistance to Thielaviopsis basicola and TSWV. BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:293-299. [PMID: 27162500 PMCID: PMC4785006 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thielaviopsis basicola and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) are the most important problems in a moderate climate zone. Previously obtained doubled haploids (DH) of F1 hybrids of the flue-cured line WGL3 resistant to Th. basicola and the dark-cured line PW-834 carrying RTSW-al gene provided the research material. Biological tests and SCAR markers linked with TSWV were applied to confirm resistance of DH. Lines combining resistance to TSWV and Th. basicola were evaluated for morphological and chemical characteristics. Most of DH were significantly shorter than parents but two lines, 31/A/2 and 31/B/3, were close to the flue-cured WGL3. Usually DH possessed fewer leaves while one of them 31/B/3, exceeded parental forms. The doubled haploids flowered later than their parents. The most negative effect was reduced area of mid-position leaves of DH. It might be explained by a recombination during microsporogenesis in F1, however the influence of 'Polalta'-derived RTSW-al gene cannot be excluded. Extensive line to line variation for nicotine and sugars content was not associated with the genes for TSWV and Th. basicola resistance. Biological tests and field performance of DH revealed potential to overcome the negative effect of coupling between the RSTV-al gene and genes responsible for the morphological deformations.
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Zhao W, Wan Y, Xie W, Xu B, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wei G, Zhou X, Wu Q. Effect of Spinosad Resistance on Transmission of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus by the Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:62-69. [PMID: 26377766 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is transmitted by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in a persistent-propagative manner. We previously observed significant results in terms of feeding behavior of spinosad-susceptible (Ivf03) and -resistant (Spin-R) strains of F. occidentalis using electrical penetration graph. TSWV transmission by the two strains was compared in the present study. The results showed that the titer of TSWV-N RNA (a part of S RNA of TSWV and encoding the nucleocapsid protein) in Ivf03 and Spin-R strains was not significantly different after a 48-h inoculation access period. The TSWV transmission rate did not significantly differ between the two strains and was 51.0% for Ivf03 and 44.4% for Spin-R. The virus transmission rate was significantly higher for males than females of both strains. The virus transmission rate for males and females of Ivf03 was 68.1 and 33.8%, respectively; however, in case of Spin-R, it was 60 and 28.8% for males and females, respectively. Additionally, number of probes and duration of probes were generally greater for viruliferous females of Ivf03 than for viruliferous females of Spin-R but the total number and duration of noningestion probes did not significantly differ between males of the two strains. The latter finding behavior may help explain the similar transmission rates for the susceptible and resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhao
- Institute of Pesticide Science, Agriculture University of Hunan, Changsha, P. R. China (; ), Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (; ; ; ; ; ), These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors (; )
| | - Yanran Wan
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (; ; ; ; ; ), These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors (; ), Department of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, P. R. China (; ) and
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Baoyun Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Guoshu Wei
- Department of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, P. R. China (; ) and
| | - Xiaomao Zhou
- Institute of Pesticide Science, Agriculture University of Hunan, Changsha, P. R. China (; )
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (; ; ; ; ; ),
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French JM, Goldberg NP, Randall JJ, Hanson SF. New Mexico and the southwestern US are affected by a unique population of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) strains. Arch Virol 2016; 161:993-8. [PMID: 26721573 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an important pathogen of many ornamental, greenhouse and agronomic crops worldwide. TSWV also causes sporadic problems in a number of crops in New Mexico (NM). Nucleocapsid gene sequences obtained from six different crop species across the state over four different years were used to characterize the NM TSWV population. This analysis shows that NM is affected by a unique TSWV population that is part of larger independent population present in the southwestern US. This population likely arose due to geographic isolation and is related to other TSWV populations from the US, Spain, and Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M French
- Extension Plant Sciences Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - N P Goldberg
- Extension Plant Sciences Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - J J Randall
- Department of Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - S F Hanson
- Department of Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA.
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Rao X, Sun J. Development of SYBR Green I Based Real-Time RT-PCR Assay for Specific Detection of Watermelon silver mottle Virus. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 13:20-24. [PMID: 28959295 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV), which belongs to the genus Tospovirus, causes significant loss in Cucurbitaceae plants. OBJECTIVES Development of a highly sensitive and reliable detection method for WSMoV. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recombinant plasmids for targeting the sequence of nucleocapsid protein gene of WSMoV were constructed. SYBR Green I real-time PCR was established and evaluated with standard recombinant plasmids and 27 watermelon samples showing WSMoV infection symptoms. RESULTS The recombinant plasmid was used as template for SYBR Green I real-time PCR to generate standard and melting curves. Melting curve analysis indicated no primer-dimers and non-specific products in the assay. No cross-reaction was observed with Capsicum chlorosis virus (genus Tospovirus) and Cucumber mosaic virus (genus Cucumovirus). Repeatability tests indicated that inter-assay variability of the Ct values was 1.6%. CONCLUSIONS A highly sensitive, reliable and rapid detection method of SYBR Green I real-time PCR for timely detection of WSMoV plants and vector thrips was established, which will facilitate disease forecast and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Rao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Bag S, Schwartz HF, Cramer CS, Havey MJ, Pappu HR. Iris yellow spot virus (Tospovirus: Bunyaviridae): from obscurity to research priority. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:224-37. [PMID: 25476540 PMCID: PMC6638421 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMY Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) is in the genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae, with a single-stranded, tri-segmented RNA genome with an ambisense genome organization. Members of the other genera in the family infect predominantly vertebrates and insects. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION IYSV is present in most Allium-growing regions of the world. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Virions are pleomorphic particles of 80-120 nm in size. The particle consists of RNA, protein, glycoprotein and lipids. GENOME IYSV shares the genomic features of other tospoviruses: a segmented RNA genome of three RNAs, referred to as large (L), medium (M) and small (S). The L RNA codes for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in negative sense. The M RNA uses an ambisense coding strategy and codes for the precursor for the GN /GC glycoprotein in the viral complementary (vc) sense and a non-structural protein (NSm) in the viral (v) sense. The S RNA also uses an ambisense coding strategy with the coat protein (N) in vc sense and a non-structural protein (NSs) in the v sense. TRANSMISSION The virus is transmitted by Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Order: Thysanoptera; Family: Thripidae; onion thrips) and with less efficiency by Frankliniella fusca Hinds (tobacco thrips). HOST: IYSV has a relatively broad host range, including cultivated and wild onions, garlic, chives, leeks and several ornamentals. Some weeds are naturally infected by IYSV and may serve as alternative hosts for the virus. SYMPTOMS IYSV symptoms in Allium spp. are yellow- to straw-coloured, diamond-shaped lesions on leaves and flowering scapes. Diamond-shaped lesions are particularly pronounced on scapes. As the disease progresses, the lesions coalesce, leading to lodging of the scapes. In seed crops, this could lead to a reduction in yield and quality. Early to mid-season infection in bulb crops results in reduced vigour and bulb size. CONTROL Resistant varieties are not available, but a limited number of accessions with field tolerance have been identified. Integrated disease management tactics, including sanitation, crop rotation, thrips management, maintenance of optimal plant vigour, soil fertility, irrigation and physical separation of bulb and seed crops, can mitigate the effect of the disease. Virus code: 00.011.0.85.009 Useful link: http://www.alliumnet.com/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Bag
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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Leastro M, Pallás V, Resende R, Sánchez-Navarro J. The movement proteins (NSm) of distinct tospoviruses peripherally associate with cellular membranes and interact with homologous and heterologous NSm and nucleocapsid proteins. Virology 2015; 478:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Tripathi D, Raikhy G, Pappu HR. Movement and nucleocapsid proteins coded by two tospovirus species interact through multiple binding regions in mixed infections. Virology 2015; 478:137-47. [PMID: 25666522 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Negative-stranded tospoviruses (family: Bunyaviridae) are among the most agronomically important viruses. Some of the tospoviruses are known to exist as mixed infections in the same host plant. Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were used to study virus-virus interaction in dually infected host plants. Viral genes of both viruses were separately cloned into binary pSITE-BiFC vectors. BiFC results showed that the N and NSm proteins of IYSV interact with their counterparts coded by TSWV in dually infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. BiFC results were further confirmed by pull down and yeast-2-hybrid (Y2H) assays. Interacting regions of the N and NSm proteins were also identified by Y2H system and β-galactosidase activity. Several regions of the N and NSm were found interacting with each other. The regions involved in these interactions are presumed to be critical for the functioning of the tospovirus N and NSm proteins. This is the first report of in vivo protein interactions of distinct tospoviruses in mixed infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Gaurav Raikhy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Hanu R Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA.
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Phylogenetic analysis of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) NSs protein demonstrates the isolated emergence of resistance-breaking strains in pepper. Virus Genes 2014; 50:71-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Iftikhar R, Ramesh SV, Bag S, Ashfaq M, Pappu HR. Global analysis of population structure, spatial and temporal dynamics of genetic diversity, and evolutionary lineages of Iris yellow spot virus (Tospovirus: Bunyaviridae). Gene 2014; 547:111-8. [PMID: 24954534 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thrips-transmitted Iris yellow spot virus is an economically important viral pathogen of Allium crops worldwide. A global analysis of known IYSV nucleocapsid gene (N gene) sequences was carried out to determine the comparative population structure, spatial and temporal dynamics with reference to its genetic diversity and evolution. A total of 98 complete N gene sequences (including 8 sequences reported in this study) available in GenBank and reported from 23 countries were characterized by in-silico RFLP analysis. Based on RFLP, 94% of the isolates could be grouped into NL or BR types while the rest belonged to neither group. The relative proportion of NL and BR types was 46% and 48%, respectively. A temporal shift in the IYSV genotypes with a greater incremental incidence of IYSVBR was found over IYSVNL before 2005 compared to after 2005. The virus population had at least one evolutionarily significant recombination event, involving IYSVBR and IYSVNL. Codon substitution studies did not identify any significant differences among the genotypes of IYSV. However, N gene codons were minimally positively selected, moderately negatively selected denoting the action of purifying selection, thus rejecting the theory of neutral mutation in IYSV population. However, one codon position (139) was found to be positively selected in all the genotypes. Population selection statistics in the IYSVBR, IYSVNL genotypes and in the population as a whole also revealed the action of purifying selection or population expansion, whereas IYSVother displayed a decrease in population size. Genetic differentiation studies showed inherent differentiation and infrequent gene flow between IYSVBR and IYSVNL genotypes corroborating the geographical confinement of these genotypes. Taken together the study suggests that the observed diversity in IYSV population and temporal shift in IYSVBR genotype is attributable to genetic recombination, abundance of purifying selection, insignificant positive selection and population expansion. Restricted gene flow between the two major IYSV genotypes further emphasizes the role of genetic drift in modeling the population architecture, evolutionary lineage and epidemiology of IYSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Iftikhar
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan; Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Shunmugiah V Ramesh
- Directorate of Soybean Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Indore, MP 452001, India; Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sudeep Bag
- Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shield Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan; Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hanu R Pappu
- Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Groundnut bud necrosis virus encoded NSm associates with membranes via its C-terminal domain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99370. [PMID: 24919116 PMCID: PMC4053438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundnut Bud Necrosis Virus (GBNV) is a tripartite ambisense RNA plant virus that belongs to serogroup IV of Tospovirus genus. Non-Structural protein-m (NSm), which functions as movement protein in tospoviruses, is encoded by the M RNA. In this communication, we demonstrate that despite the absence of any putative transmembrane domain, GBNV NSm associates with membranes when expressed in E. coli as well as in N. benthamiana. Incubation of refolded NSm with liposomes ranging in size from 200–250 nm resulted in changes in the secondary and tertiary structure of NSm. A similar behaviour was observed in the presence of anionic and zwitterionic detergents. Furthermore, the morphology of the liposomes was found to be modified in the presence of NSm. Deletion of coiled coil domain resulted in the inability of in planta expressed NSm to interact with membranes. Further, when the C-terminal coiled coil domain alone was expressed, it was found to be associated with membrane. These results demonstrate that NSm associates with membranes via the C-terminal coiled coil domain and such an association may be important for movement of viral RNA from cell to cell.
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Zhai Y, Bag S, Mitter N, Turina M, Pappu HR. Mutational analysis of two highly conserved motifs in the silencing suppressor encoded by tomato spotted wilt virus (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae). Arch Virol 2014; 159:1499-504. [PMID: 24363189 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tospoviruses cause serious economic losses to a wide range of field and horticultural crops on a global scale. The NSs gene encoded by tospoviruses acts as a suppressor of host plant defense. We identified amino acid motifs that are conserved in all of the NSs proteins of tospoviruses for which the sequence is known. Using tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) as a model, the role of these motifs in suppressor activity of NSs was investigated. Using site-directed point mutations in two conserved motifs, glycine, lysine and valine/threonine (GKV/T) at positions 181-183 and tyrosine and leucine (YL) at positions 412-413, and an assay to measure the reversal of gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana line 16c, we show that substitutions (K182 to A, and L413 to A) in these motifs abolished suppressor activity of the NSs protein, indicating that these two motifs are essential for the RNAi suppressor function of tospoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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Mitter N, Koundal V, Williams S, Pappu H. Differential expression of tomato spotted wilt virus-derived viral small RNAs in infected commercial and experimental host plants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76276. [PMID: 24143182 PMCID: PMC3797105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral small RNAs (vsiRNAs) in the infected host can be generated from viral double-stranded RNA replicative intermediates, self-complementary regions of the viral genome or from the action of host RNA-dependent RNA polymerases on viral templates. The vsiRNA abundance and profile as well as the endogenous small RNA population can vary between different hosts infected by the same virus influencing viral pathogenicity and host response. There are no reports on the analysis of vsiRNAs of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a segmented negative stranded RNA virus in the family Bunyaviridae, with two of its gene segments showing ambisense gene arrangement. The virus causes significant economic losses to numerous field and horticultural crops worldwide. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)-specific vsiRNAs were characterized by deep sequencing in virus-infected experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana and a commercial, susceptible host tomato. The total small (s) RNA reads in TSWV-infected tomato sample showed relatively equal distribution of 21, 22 and 24 nt, whereas N. benthamiana sample was dominated by 24 nt total sRNAs. The number of vsiRNA reads detected in tomato was many a magnitude (~350:1) higher than those found in N. benthamiana, however the profile of vsiRNAs in terms of relative abundance 21, 22 and 24 nt class size was similar in both the hosts. Maximum vsiRNA reads were obtained for the M RNA segment of TSWV while the largest L RNA segment had the least number of vsiRNAs in both tomato and N. benthamiana. Only the silencing suppressor, NSs, of TSWV recorded higher antisense vsiRNA with respect to the coding frame among all the genes of TSWV. SIGNIFICANCE Details of the origin, distribution and abundance of TSWV vsiRNAs could be useful in designing efficient targets for exploiting RNA interference for virus resistance. It also has major implications toward our understanding of the differential processing of vsiRNAs in antiviral defense and viral pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Vikas Koundal
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sarah Williams
- Institute for Molecular Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Hanu Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Komoda K, Narita M, Tanaka I, Yao M. Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic study of the nucleocapsid protein of tomato spotted wilt virus. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:700-3. [PMID: 23722858 PMCID: PMC3668599 DOI: 10.1107/s174430911301302x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which causes severe damage to various agricultural crops such as tomato, pepper, lettuce and peanut, is a negative-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Tospovirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family. Viral genomic RNA molecules are packaged in the form of ribonucleoprotein complexes, each of which contains one viral RNA molecule that is coated with many nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Here, the expression and crystallization of TSWV N protein are reported. Native and selenomethionine-substituted crystals of N protein belonged to the same space group P2(1). Their unit-cell parameters were a = 66.8, b = 97.2, c = 72.0 Å, β = 112.8° and a = 66.5, b = 96.3, c = 72.1 Å, β = 113.4°, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Komoda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masanori Narita
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Isao Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Min Yao
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Panno S, Davino S, Rubio L, Rangel E, Davino M, García-Hernández J, Olmos A. Simultaneous detection of the seven main tomato-infecting RNA viruses by two multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions. J Virol Methods 2012; 186:152-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bag S, Mitter N, Eid S, Pappu HR. Complementation between two tospoviruses facilitates the systemic movement of a plant virus silencing suppressor in an otherwise restrictive host. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44803. [PMID: 23077485 PMCID: PMC3473055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New viruses pathogenic to plants continue to emerge due to mutation, recombination, or reassortment among genomic segments among individual viruses. Tospoviruses cause significant economic damage to a wide range of crops in many parts of the world. The genetic or molecular basis of the continued emergence of new tospoviruses and new hosts is not well understood though it is generally accepted that reassortment and/or genetic complementation among the three genomic segments of individual viruses could be contributing to this variability since plants infected with more than one tospovirus are not uncommon in nature. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two distinct and economically important tospoviruses, Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), were investigated for inter-virus interactions at the molecular level in dually-infected plants. Datura (Datura stramonium) is a permissive host for TSWV, while it restricts the movement of IYSV to inoculated leaves. In plants infected with both viruses, however, TSWV facilitated the selective movement of the viral gene silencing suppressor (NSs) gene of IYSV to the younger, uninoculated leaves. The small RNA expression profiles of IYSV and TSWV in single- and dually-infected datura plants showed that systemic leaves of dually-infected plants had reduced levels of TSWV N gene-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). No TSWV NSs-specific siRNAs were detected either in the inoculated or systemic leaves of dually-infected datura plants indicating a more efficient suppression of host silencing machinery in the presence of NSs from both viruses as compared to the presence of only TSWV NSs. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our study identifies a new role for the viral gene silencing suppressor in potentially modulating the biology and host range of viruses and underscores the importance of virally-coded suppressors of gene silencing in virus infection of plants. This is the first experimental evidence of functional complementation between two distinct tospoviruses in the Bunyaviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Bag
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sahar Eid
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Abstract
Tospoviruses are among the most serious threats to vegetable crops in the Mediterranean basin. Tospovirus introduction, spread, and the diseases these viruses cause have been traced by epidemiological case studies. Recent research has centered on the close relationship between tospoviruses and their arthropod vectors (species of the Thripidae family). Here, we review several specific features of tospovirus-thrips associations in the Mediterranean. Since the introduction of Frankliniella occidentalis in Europe, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has become one of the limiting factors for vegetable crops such as tomato, pepper, and lettuce. An increasing problem is the emergence of TSWV resistance-breaking strains that overcome the resistance genes in pepper and tomato. F. occidentalis is also a vector of Impatiens necrotic spot virus, which was first observed in the Mediterranean basin in the 1980s. Its importance as a cause of vegetable crop diseases is limited to occasional incidence in pepper and tomato fields. A recent introduction is Iris yellow spot virus, transmitted by the onion thrips Thrips tabaci, in onion and leek crops. Control measures in vegetable crops specific to Mediterranean conditions were examined in the context of their epidemiological features and tospovirus species which could pose a future potential risk for vegetable crops in the Mediterranean were discussed.
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Li W. The nucleocapsid protein of an enveloped plant virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, facilitates long-distance movement of Tobacco mosaic virus hybrids. Virus Res 2012; 163:246-53. [PMID: 22020361 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the potential role(s) of the nucleocapsid (N) protein of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), the open reading frame for the N protein was expressed from a Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based vector encoding only the TMV replicase proteins. In the absence of other TSWV-encoded proteins, the transiently expressed N protein facilitated long-distance movement of the TMV-based hybrids in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana [NB-MP(+)] expressing movement protein of TMV, thus providing the functional demonstration of the N protein in long-distance RNA movement. Removal of the N-terminal 39 amino acids (N-NΔ39), the C-terminal 26 amino acids (N-CΔ26) or both of them (N-NΔ39CΔ26) abolished the long-distance movement function, indicating the essential role of both N- and C-terminus. In contrast, alanine substitution of the phenylalanines at positions 242 and 246 (N242/262A), two crucial amino acids for homotypic interaction of the N protein, had little effect, suggesting that the N protein could function in long-distance movement in the form of monomers. In addition, both the wild type N and the alanine mutant N242/262A hardly induced local symptoms in NB-MP(+) plants and TMV-MP transgenic N. tabacum cv. Xanthi. The deletion mutants N-NΔ39, N-CΔ26 and N-NΔ39CΔ26, however, induced apparent symptoms of necrotic ringspots, necrosis or chlorotic spots in all inoculated leaves. On the basis of these findings, the potential role of N during the TSWV infection was discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first report that the N protein of an enveloped plant virus functioned in long-distance movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, PR China
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Scholthof KBG, Adkins S, Czosnek H, Palukaitis P, Jacquot E, Hohn T, Hohn B, Saunders K, Candresse T, Ahlquist P, Hemenway C, Foster GD. Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:938-54. [PMID: 22017770 PMCID: PMC6640423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Many scientists, if not all, feel that their particular plant virus should appear in any list of the most important plant viruses. However, to our knowledge, no such list exists. The aim of this review was to survey all plant virologists with an association with Molecular Plant Pathology and ask them to nominate which plant viruses they would place in a 'Top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. The survey generated more than 250 votes from the international community, and allowed the generation of a Top 10 plant virus list for Molecular Plant Pathology. The Top 10 list includes, in rank order, (1) Tobacco mosaic virus, (2) Tomato spotted wilt virus, (3) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, (4) Cucumber mosaic virus, (5) Potato virus Y, (6) Cauliflower mosaic virus, (7) African cassava mosaic virus, (8) Plum pox virus, (9) Brome mosaic virus and (10) Potato virus X, with honourable mentions for viruses just missing out on the Top 10, including Citrus tristeza virus, Barley yellow dwarf virus, Potato leafroll virus and Tomato bushy stunt virus. This review article presents a short review on each virus of the Top 10 list and its importance, with the intent of initiating discussion and debate amongst the plant virology community, as well as laying down a benchmark, as it will be interesting to see in future years how perceptions change and which viruses enter and leave the Top 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen-Beth G Scholthof
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, 2132 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
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