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GÜZEL H, ASLAN E. Does the Anticholinergic Drug Biperiden Affect Early Neural Tube Development in Chick Embryos? MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNIVERSITESI TIP DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.17944/mkutfd.986503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Biperiden (BPD) is an anticholinergic agent that acts both centrally and peripherally. It is used to counteract both extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptic treatment and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease in clinical practice. Current study was layout to determine the potential toxic effect of different doses of Biperiden on neural tube closure in 48 hour chick embryos. Methods: Sixty fertilized eggs were used in the study. All eggs were placed in the incubator and divided into four groups (15 eggs in each); control, BPD 1, BPA 2 and BPD 3. At 28 hr of incubation, three different doses of biperiden were administered subblastodermically. At the end of 48 hr of incubation, all eggs were opened and embryos were dissected and evaluated morphologically and histopathologically. Results: According to these results, the mean crown-rump length and somite number tended to decrease proportionally with the dose. As the dose increases, the number of open neural tube and undeveloped embryos in the experimental groups also increases. There was also a significant difference between the groups in terms of Hamburger-Hamilton stages of embryos evaluated according to the number of somite. Embryos in the control, BPD 1 and BPD 2 groups were observed at stage 13, and those in the BPD 3 group were observed at stage 12. Conclusion: These results showed that Biperiden even in the low dose has teratogenicity on neural tube closure in early chick embryos. The somite numbers and crown-rump length were decreased depending on the dose and Biperiden caused developmental retardation in high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal GÜZEL
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi
| | - Esra ASLAN
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi
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Coura CPDM, Fragoso VMDS, Valdez ECN, Paulino ET, Silva D, Cortez CM. Study on the interaction of three classical drugs used in psychiatry in albumin through spectrofluorimetric modeling. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 255:119638. [PMID: 33780894 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Comparative study of haloperidol (HPD), biperiden (BPD) and clonazepam (CNZ) interactions with human and bovine serum albumin was performed based on fluorescence quenching analysis. We used mathematical modeling comparing spectrofluorimetric data to obtain information on the possibility of competition among three drugs by sites binding. Results showed that the three drugs studied have high affinity for albumin and suggest the existence of two site classes in HSA for HPD and only one class for BPD and CNZ, in the range of concentrations tested for each drug. Among them, only HPD forms complex with HSA. Comparing normalized quenching plots suggested that the primary sites in HSA and BSA for HPD and CNZ are located at subdomain IB, whereas BPD would bind in the subdomain IIA. Considering the competition for binding sites in HSA, titrations of HPD-HSA complex by BPD and CNZ, as well as the titration of HSA solution containing CNZ titrated by BPD, show that although the three drugs do not compete with each other for binding sites, their interaction with HSA can cause conformational change in the protein, and to increase or decrease the accessibility to binding sites for other drug. This may mean alteration in the free plasma drug concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviane Muniz da Silva Fragoso
- Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Erica Tex Paulino
- Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Dilson Silva
- Rio de Janeiro State University, Av. Manoel de Abreu, 444, Rio de Janeiro 20550-171, Brazil; Department of Applied Mathematics, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Rio de Janeiro 20559-900, Brazil.
| | - Célia Martins Cortez
- Rio de Janeiro State University, Av. Manoel de Abreu, 444, Rio de Janeiro 20550-171, Brazil; Department of Applied Mathematics, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Rio de Janeiro 20559-900, Brazil.
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Moosavi S, Woo M, Jacob DA, Pradhan S, Wilsack L, Buresi M, Gupta M, Al-Awadh Y, Li D, Andrews CN. Anticholinergic, anti-depressant and other medication use is associated with clinically relevant oesophageal manometric abnormalities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51:1130-1138. [PMID: 32383253 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medications can affect gastrointestinal tract motility. However, their effects on oesophageal motility in particular are often not as widely known or may be underestimated. AIM To review the effect of existing medication use on high-resolution oesophageal manometry (HRM) in a 'real-world' setting. METHODS Adult patients with upper gut symptoms and normal endoscopy or imaging who had HRM over a 22-month period were analysed. Achalasia and major disorders of peristalsis were excluded. All medications taken within 24 hours of the procedure were prospectively recorded and compared with HRM results, controlling for age, gender and proton pump inhibitor use. RESULTS A total of 502 patients (323 female, mean age 51) were recruited. Of these, 41.2% had normal oesophageal HRM, while 41.4% had ineffective oesophageal motility (IOM) and 7.6% had oesophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (OGJOO). Serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) and opioids were associated with significantly higher resting lower oesophageal sphincter pressure. Benzodiazepines and opioids were associated with elevated integrated relaxation pressure. SNRI and inhaled beta-agonists were associated with increased distal contractile index, whereas calcium channel blockers were associated with a lower distal contractile index. Odds ratio of being on anticholinergics was higher in IOM patients vs normal (3.6, CI 1.2-10.8). Odds ratio for anticholinergics, inhaled beta-agonists, anticonvulsants, SNRIs and opioids (trend) were all > 3 for OGJOO patients vs normal. CONCLUSION Many medication classes are associated with abnormal HRM variables and diagnoses such as OGJOO and IOM; some of these associations are probably causal. These possible links should be taken into consideration during manometry interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvee Moosavi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew Woo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Deepti A Jacob
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Health Systems, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | - Sarah Pradhan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lynn Wilsack
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michelle Buresi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Milli Gupta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yacoub Al-Awadh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Haya Al-Habeeb Gastroenterology Center, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Dorothy Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher N Andrews
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Abebe BT, Weiss M, Modess C, Tadken T, Wegner D, Meyer MJ, Schwantes U, Neumeister C, Scheuch E, Schulz HU, Tzvetkov M, Siegmund W. Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions Between Trospium Chloride and Ranitidine Substrates of Organic Cation Transporters in Healthy Human Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 60:312-323. [PMID: 31542894 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Trospium chloride, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is poorly absorbed with different rates from areas in the jejunum and the cecum/ascending colon. To evaluate whether organic cation transporter (OCT) 1, OCT2 and multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) 1 and MATE2-K are involved in pharmacokinetics, competitions with ranitidine, a probe inhibitor of the cation transporters, were evaluated in transfected HEK293 cells. Furthermore, a drug interaction study with trospium chloride after intravenous (2 mg) and oral dosing (30 mg) plus ranitidine (300 mg) was performed in 12 healthy subjects and evaluated by noncompartmental analysis and population pharmacokinetic modeling. Ranitidine inhibited OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2-K with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 186 ± 25 µM, 482 ± 105 µM, 134 ± 37 µM, and 35 ± 11 µM, respectively. In contrast to our hypothesis, coadministration of ranitidine did not significantly decrease oral absorption of trospium. Instead, renal clearance was lowered by ∼15% (530 ± 99 vs 460 ± 120 mL/min; P < .05). It is possible that ranitidine was not available in competitive concentrations at the major colonic absorption site, as the inhibitor is absorbed in the small intestine and undergoes degradation by microbiota. The renal effects apparently result from inhibition of MATE1 and/or MATE2-K by ranitidine as predicted by in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. However, all pharmacokinetic changes were not of clinical relevance for the drug with highly variable pharmacokinetics. Intravenous trospium significantly lowered mean absorption time and relative bioavailability of ranitidine, which was most likely caused by muscarinic receptor blocking effects on intestinal motility and water turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayew Tsega Abebe
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Weiss
- Department of Pharmacology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Modess
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tobias Tadken
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Danilo Wegner
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marleen J Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwantes
- Department Medical Science/Clinical Research, Dr. Pfleger Arzneimittel GmbH, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Neumeister
- Department Medical Science/Clinical Research, Dr. Pfleger Arzneimittel GmbH, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Scheuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Schulz
- LAFAA Laboratory for Contract Research in Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutical Analytics GmbH, Bad Schwartau, Germany
| | - Mladen Tzvetkov
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Siegmund
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Konczalla L, Perez DR, Wenzel N, Wolters-Eisfeld G, Klemp C, Lüddeke J, Wolski A, Landschulze D, Meier C, Buchholz A, Yao D, Hofmann BT, Graß JK, Spriestersbach SL, Grupp K, Schumacher U, Betzel C, Kapis S, Nuguid T, Steinberg P, Püschel K, Sauter G, Bockhorn M, Uzunoglu FG, Izbicki JR, Güngör C, El Gammal AT. Biperiden and mepazine effectively inhibit MALT1 activity and tumor growth in pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1618-1630. [PMID: 31291468 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MALT1 is a key mediator of NF-κB signaling and a main driver of B-cell lymphomas. Remarkably, MALT1 is expressed in the majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) as well, but absent from normal exocrine pancreatic tissue. Following, MALT1 shows off to be a specific target in cancer cells of PDAC without affecting regular pancreatic cells. Therefore, we studied the impact of pharmacological MALT1 inhibition in pancreatic cancer and showed promising effects on tumor progression. Mepazine (Mep), a phenothiazine derivative, is a known potent MALT1 inhibitor. Newly, we described that biperiden (Bip) is a potent MALT1 inhibitor with even less pharmacological side effects. Thus, Bip is a promising drug leading to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in PDAC cells in vitro and in vivo. By compromising MALT1 activity, nuclear translocation of c-Rel is prevented. c-Rel is critical for NF-κB-dependent inhibition of apoptosis. Hence, off-label use of Bip or Mep represents a promising new therapeutic approach to PDAC treatment. Regularly, the Anticholinergicum Bip is used to treat neurological side effects of Phenothiazines, like extrapyramidal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Konczalla
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Wenzel
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerrit Wolters-Eisfeld
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clarissa Klemp
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Lüddeke
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Wolski
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Landschulze
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chris Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anika Buchholz
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dichao Yao
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bianca T Hofmann
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia K Graß
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah L Spriestersbach
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Grupp
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Betzel
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Chemistry, c/o DESY, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Svetlana Kapis
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Chemistry, c/o DESY, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Nuguid
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Chemistry, c/o DESY, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Püschel
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximillian Bockhorn
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Faik G Uzunoglu
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cenap Güngör
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander T El Gammal
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Guay DR. Trospium chloride: an update on a quaternary anticholinergic for treatment of urge urinary incontinence. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2011; 1:157-67. [PMID: 18360555 PMCID: PMC1661617 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.1.2.157.62912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trospium chloride is a quaternary ammonium compound, which is a competitive antagonist at muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Preclinical studies using porcine and human detrusor muscle strips demonstrated that trospium chloride was many-fold more potent than oxybutynin and tolterodine in inhibiting contractile responses to carbachol and electrical stimulation. The drug is poorly bioavailable orally (< 10%) and food reduces absorption by 70%– 80%. It is predominantly eliminated renally as unchanged compound. Trospium chloride, dosed 20 mg twice daily, is significantly superior to placebo in improving cystometric parameters, reducing urinary frequency, reducing incontinence episodes, and increasing urine volume per micturition. In active-controlled trials, trospium chloride was at least equivalent to immediate-release formulations of oxybutynin and tolterodine in efficacy and tolerability. The most problematic adverse effects of trospium chloride are the anticholinergic effects of dry mouth and constipation. Comparative efficacy/tolerability data with long-acting formulations of oxybutynin and tolterodine as well as other anticholinergics such as solifenacin and darifenacin are not available. On the basis of available data, trospium chloride does not appear to be a substantial advance upon existing anticholinergics in the management of urge urinary incontinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rp Guay
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Abstract
Trospium chloride is an orally active, quaternary ammonium compound with antimuscarinic activity. It binds specifically and with high affinity to muscarinic receptors M(1), M(2) and M(3), but not nicotinic, cholinergic receptors. It is hydrophilic and does not cross the normal blood-brain barrier in significant amounts and, therefore, has minimal central anticholinergic activity. Peak plasma trospium chloride concentrations are attained approximately 5-6 hours after oral administration, which should occur before meals as concurrent food ingestion significantly reduces trospium bioavailability. Trospium chloride undergoes negligible metabolism by the hepatic cytochrome P450 system; few metabolic drug interactions are known. While trospium chloride dosage adjustments based on age or sex appear unwarranted, such adjustments may be needed in patients with severe renal impairment. Direct comparative studies in patients with overactive bladder indicate that trospium chloride is at least as effective as oxybutynin and tolterodine. Placebo-controlled studies have also confirmed the efficacy of trospium chloride in terms of improved urodynamic parameters; small-scale, noncomparative studies have documented significant trospium chloride-induced improvements in patients with reflex neurogenic bladder, postoperative bladder irritation and radiation-induced cystitis; and observational studies including >10,000 patients have also revealed favourable findings for trospium chloride, including a marked decrease in incontinence episodes and substantial improvement in health-related quality of life. Trospium chloride is generally well tolerated, and significantly more so than immediate-release oxybutynin. The most frequent adverse events, occurring in >1% of trospium chloride-treated patients, are dry mouth, dyspepsia, constipation, abdominal pain and nausea. Available for many years in several countries outside North America, trospium chloride is likely to develop an important role in the management of overactive bladder following its approval in the US on 28 May 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Rovner
- Department of Urology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Abstract
Medication-induced oesophageal distress and injury have become increasingly common conditions. First, smooth muscle relaxants may worsen or produce symptoms of pre-existing gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; notable examples include certain calcium antagonists (nifedipine), nitrates, sildenafil, nicotine, theophylline, and substances with antimuscarinic potential. Second, drugs with local toxicity may produce de novo damage including inflammation, strictures, ulcers, and bleeding. Notorious examples are alendronate, certain antibiotics including tetracyclines and clindamycin, all NSAIDs/aspirin, quinidine, potassium chloride, and ferrous sulfate. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors may be devoid of such toxicity, but may damage the mucosa by interfering with regenerative cell proliferation. The galenic formulation can modulate the risk of oesophageal injury. For this reason, medicines containing the same potentially toxic ingredient may be less exchangeable than commonly thought. Diagnostic gold standard is endoscopy. The best treatment is removal of the offending drug and supportive care. Prevention requires a re-appraisal of the drug's indication and adherence to guidelines of optimal drug intake including ingestion in an upright position and swallowing with enough fluid. The clinical relevance of drug-induced oesophageal injury and the feasibility of therapeutic alternatives are individually addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Uwe Petersen
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, 52057 Germany.
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Walker SJ, Byrne JP, Birbeck N. What's new in the pathology, pathophysiology and management of benign esophageal disorders? Dis Esophagus 2000; 12:219-37. [PMID: 10631918 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-2050.1999.00056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Walker
- Department of Surgery, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Lancs, UK
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