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Choi YS, Hwang JG, Kim JW, Min H, Seong CH, Hong SH, Kim NY, Park MK. Pharmacodynamics Between a Dual Delayed-Release Formulation of Low-Dose Esomeprazole and Famotidine in Healthy Korean Subjects. Clin Ther 2024; 46:622-628. [PMID: 39033046 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastritis, one of the most common clinically diagnosed conditions, is defined as the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the gastric mucosa. Drugs for gastritis include histamine-2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which reduce acidity in the stomach, and antacids, which neutralize acid. Esomeprazole is a PPI for gastroesophageal reflux disease and gastric and duodenal ulcers that has been shown to be safe and effective at a 10 mg dose. Dual-release drugs have not yet been approved for the treatment of gastritis domestically or internationally. In this study, a dual delayed-release (DR) esomeprazole (10 mg), was compared to famotidine (20 mg) to determine its effectiveness in the treatment of gastritis. METHODS This study was a randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, 2-treatment, 2-period, 2-sequence crossover study with a 7-day washout between periods. In each period, the subjects were administered one dose of esomeprazole (10 mg) or famotidine (20 mg) for 7 days at each period. The 24-hour gastric pH was recorded after single and multiple doses. The percentage of time (duration%) that the pH was maintained above 4 in the 24 hours after 7 days of repeated dosing was evaluated. FINDINGS The mean percentages of time that the gastric pH was above 4 after multiple doses over 7 days of a dual DR esomeprazole (10 mg) and famotidine (20 mg) was 47.31% ± 14.85% and 23.88% ± 10.73%. IMPLICATIONS Multiple doses of a dual DR esomeprazole (10 mg) showed effective gastric acid secretion suppression compared to famotidine with comparable safety and tolerability. These results provide evidence supporting the clinical use of a dual DR esomeprazole (10 mg) to treat gastritis. CLINICALTRIALS gov identifier: NCT04967014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sim Choi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Gi Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Min
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Seong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Hong
- Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine and Regulatory Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Kim
- Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea.
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Zhu H, Pan X, Zhang L, Sun H, Fan H, Pan Z, Huang C, Shi Z, Ding J, Wang Q, Du Y, Lyu N, Li Z. Effect and safety of anaprazole in the treatment of duodenal ulcers: a randomized, rabeprazole-controlled, phase III non-inferiority study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:2941-2949. [PMID: 36580650 PMCID: PMC10106214 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pharmacokinetic and clinical behaviors of many proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in peptic ulcer treatment are altered by CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms. This non-inferiority study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the novel PPI anaprazole compared with rabeprazole. We also explored the influence of Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) infection status and CYP2C19 polymorphism on anaprazole. METHODS In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, positive-drug parallel-controlled, phase III study, Chinese patients with duodenal ulcers were randomized 1:1 to receive rabeprazole 10 mg + anaprazole placebo or rabeprazole placebo + anaprazole 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the 4-week ulcer healing rate assessed by blinded independent review. Secondary endpoints were the proportion of patients with improved overall and individual duodenal ulcer symptoms at 4 weeks. Furthermore, exploratory subgroup analysis of the primary endpoint by H. pylori status and CYP2C19 polymorphism was conducted. Adverse events were monitored for safety. Non-inferiority analysis was conducted for the primary endpoint. RESULTS The study enrolled 448 patients (anaprazole, n = 225; rabeprazole, n = 223). The 4-week healing rates were 90.9% and 93.7% for anaprazole and rabeprazole, respectively (difference, -2.8% [95% confidence interval, -7.7%, 2.2%]), demonstrating non-inferiority of anaprazole to rabeprazole. Overall duodenal ulcer symptoms improved in 90.9% and 92.5% of patients, respectively. Improvement rates of individual symptoms were similar between the groups. Healing rates did not significantly differ by H. pylori status or CYP2C19 genotype for either treatment group. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar for anaprazole (72/220, 32.7%) and rabeprazole (84/219, 38.4%). CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of anaprazole is non-inferior to that of rabeprazole in Chinese patients with duodenal ulcers. REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04215653.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Changhai Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongxin Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huizhen Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yichun People's Hospital, Yichun, Jiangxi 336028, China
| | - Zhongwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meihekou Central Hospital, Meihekou, Jilin 135099, China
| | - Caibin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341001, China
| | - Zhenwang Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hefei Second People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230011, China
| | - Jin Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinhua Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321099, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing, Anhui 246004, China
| | - Yiqi Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Nonghua Lyu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Effect of Antibiotic Susceptibility and CYP3A4/5 and CYP2C19 Genotype on the Outcome of Vonoprazan-Containing Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100645. [PMID: 32993151 PMCID: PMC7599771 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Helicobacter pylori eradication containing the potassium-competitive acid blocker, vonoprazan, achieves a higher eradication rate than therapy with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Because vonoprazan is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4/5, CYP genotype may affect the eradication rate. We investigated the influence of antibiotic susceptibility and CYP3A4/5 and CYP2C19 genotypes on the eradication rates. Methods: A total of 307 Japanese who were genotyped for CYP3A4 *1/*22, CYP3A5 *1/*3 and CYP2C19 *1/*2/*3/*17, and investigated for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, received vonoprazan-containing regimens: (1) With amoxicillin and clarithromycin as the first-line treatment; (2) with amoxicillin and metronidazole as the second-line treatment; or (3) with amoxicillin and sitafloxacin as the third-line treatment. Results: The eradication rate was 84.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 78.9–89.1%) using first-line, 92.6% (95% CI: 82.1–97.9%) using second-line and 87.5% (95% CI: 73.1–95.8%) using third-line treatment. Infection with clarithromycin-resistant strains was a predictive factor for failed eradication (odds ratio: 5.788, 95% CI: 1.916–17.485, p = 0.002) in multivariate analysis. No significant differences were observed in the eradication rate of regimens among CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP2C19 genotypes. Conclusions: Genotyping for CYP3A4 *1/*22, CYP3A5 *1/*3 and CYP2C19 *1/*2/*3/*17 before vonoprazan-containing eradication treatment may not be useful for predicting clinical outcomes.
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Effect of a rabeprazole half-dose twice daily on acid inhibition in patients with different CYP2C19 alleles. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 76:1253-1261. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02917-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Effects of genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of proton pump inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2020; 152:104606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rabeprazole intake does not affect systemic exposure to capecitabine and its metabolites, 5′-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine, 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, and 5-fluorouracil. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 83:1127-1135. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Komori H, Ueyama H, Nagahara A, Akazawa Y, Takeda T, Matsumoto K, Matsumoto K, Asaoka D, Hojo M, Yao T, Watanabe S. A prospective randomized trial of a potassium competitive acid blocker vs proton pump inhibitors on the effect of ulcer healing after endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasia. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:1441-1452. [PMID: 30816056 PMCID: PMC6460617 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519828514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Vonoprazan is a new a potassium-competitive acid blocker (P-CAB) that was recently developed in Japan. However, vonoprazan’s efficacy in healing gastric ulcers after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of P-CABs and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in healing post-ESD ulcers. Materials and Methods This prospective randomized controlled trial (UMIN000017386) enrolled 40 patients with gastric neoplasia, who underwent ESD at our hospital from April 2015 to January 2016. Before ESD, patients were randomly divided into the following two groups: group V, vonoprazan 20 mg/day; or group R, rabeprazole 10 mg/day. Medications were taken 1 day before to 4 weeks after ESD. The ESD-induced artificial ulcer size was measured just after ESD and 4 weeks after ESD to calculate the reduction rate as follows: (ulcer area 4 weeks after ESD)/(ulcer area just after ESD) × 100. Results Eighteen patients in group V and 15 patients in group R were analyzed. The mean reduction rate was significantly different in groups V and R (93.3% vs 96.6%, respectively). Post-ESD bleeding was observed in two patients in group R and drug-induced hepatic injury in one patient in group R. Conclusion Rabeprazole facilitated the healing process post-ESD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Komori
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ueyama
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Nagahara
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Akazawa
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takeda
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsumoto
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenshi Matsumoto
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Asaoka
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Hojo
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yao
- 2 Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Yamasaki A, Yoshio T, Muramatsu Y, Horiuchi Y, Ishiyama A, Hirasawa T, Tsuchida T, Sasaki Y, Fujisaki J. Vonoprazan is Superior to Rabeprazole for Healing Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: Induced Ulcers. Digestion 2018; 97:170-176. [PMID: 29310111 DOI: 10.1159/000485028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a well-established minimally invasive treatment for early gastric cancer. To heal ESD-induced ulcers, we commonly prescribe proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Vonoprazan is our new choice, which is reported to have a stronger and longer acid inhibitory effect than existing PPIs. Here, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vonoprazan for healing ESD-induced ulcers compared with rabeprazole. METHODS We reviewed 190 patients who underwent ESD before and after we switched the acid secretion inhibitor from rabeprazole to vonoprazan. We evaluated scarring and reduction rates at 4 weeks after ESD. RESULTS Scarring rates were not different between vonoprazan and rabeprazole (31.7 vs. 18.9%; p = 0.07). However, for ulcers ≤35 mm, vonoprazan was superior to rabeprazole (42.2 vs. 19.2%; p < 0.05). Reduction rates were superior for vonoprazan compared with rabeprazole (93.0 vs. 90.4%; p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, vonoprazan was superior to rabeprazole for ulcer scarring (OR 2.21; p < 0.05), and ulcer location in the lower-third of the stomach had higher risk of incomplete scarring (OR 0.37; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Vonoprazan was superior to rabeprazole for healing ESD-induced ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yoshio
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Muramatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Horiuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Ishiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hirasawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tsuchida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junko Fujisaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Calvet X. Dealing with uncertainty in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2018; 9:93-102. [PMID: 29623181 DOI: 10.1177/2040622318758240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori treatment may be viewed as an uncertain situation, where current knowledge is insufficient to provide evidence-based recommendations for all possible scenarios. Evidence suggests that, under uncertainty conditions, a few simple rules of thumb tend to work better than complex algorithms. Overall, five evidence-based rules of thumb are suggested: (1) Use four drugs; (2) Use maximal acid inhibition; (3) Treat for 2 weeks; (4) Do not repeat antibiotics after treatment failure; and (5) If your treatment works locally, keep using it. These simple rules of thumb may help the reader to select the best alternative for a given patient, choosing between the heterogeneous recommendations provided by the many different consensus conferences on H. pylori treatment recently published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Calvet
- Servei de Malalties Digestives, Hospital de Sabadell., Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBEREHD - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Parc Taulí, 1, 08208 Sabadell (Barcelona), Spain
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10
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Mahachai V, Vilaichone RK, Pittayanon R, Rojborwonwitaya J, Leelakusolvong S, Maneerattanaporn M, Chotivitayatarakorn P, Treeprasertsuk S, Kositchaiwat C, Pisespongsa P, Mairiang P, Rani A, Leow A, Mya SM, Lee YC, Vannarath S, Rasachak B, Chakravuth O, Aung MM, Ang TL, Sollano JD, Trong Quach D, Sansak I, Wiwattanachang O, Harnsomburana P, Syam AF, Yamaoka Y, Fock KM, Goh KL, Sugano K, Graham D. Helicobacter pylori management in ASEAN: The Bangkok consensus report. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:37-56. [PMID: 28762251 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection remains to be the major cause of important upper gastrointestinal diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. H. pylori management in ASEAN: the Bangkok consensus report gathered key opinion leaders for the region to review and evaluate clinical aspects of H. pylori infection and to develop consensus statements, rationales, and grades of recommendation for the management of H. pylori infection in clinical practice in ASEAN countries. This ASEAN Consensus consisted of 34 international experts from 10 ASEAN countries, Japan, Taiwan, and the United States. The meeting mainly focused on four issues: (i) epidemiology and disease association; (ii) diagnostic tests; (iii) management; and (iv) follow-up after eradication. The final results of each workshop were presented for consensus voting by all participants. Statements, rationale, and recommendations were developed from the available current evidence to help clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori and its clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varocha Mahachai
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Gastric Cancer and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Bangkok, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Ratha-Korn Vilaichone
- Department of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand.,National Gastric Cancer and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Bangkok, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Rapat Pittayanon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Gastric Cancer and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Bangkok, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | | | | | - Monthira Maneerattanaporn
- Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Gastric Cancer and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Bangkok, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Peranart Chotivitayatarakorn
- Department of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand.,National Gastric Cancer and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Bangkok, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Sombat Treeprasertsuk
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chomsri Kositchaiwat
- Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Pisaln Mairiang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KhonKaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Aziz Rani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alex Leow
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Swe Mon Mya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yangon General Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Yi-Chia Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Oung Chakravuth
- Calmette Hospital, University of Health Science, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Moe Myint Aung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yangon General Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Tiing-Leong Ang
- Department of Gastroentrology and Hepatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jose D Sollano
- Section of Gastroenterology, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Duc Trong Quach
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Ari Fahrial Syam
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kwong-Ming Fock
- Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khean-Lee Goh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kentaro Sugano
- Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - David Graham
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Section, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey VA Medicine Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Nakamura K, Ihara E, Akiho H, Akahoshi K, Harada N, Ochiai T, Nakamura N, Ogino H, Iwasa T, Aso A, Iboshi Y, Takayanagi R. Limited Effect of Rebamipide in Addition to Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) in the Treatment of Post-Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Gastric Ulcers: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing PPI Plus Rebamipide Combination Therapy with PPI Monotherapy. Gut Liver 2017; 10:917-924. [PMID: 27282261 PMCID: PMC5087931 DOI: 10.5009/gnl15486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The ability of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) to resect large early gastric cancers (EGCs) results in the need to treat large artificial gastric ulcers. This study assessed whether the combination therapy of rebamipide plus a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) offered benefits over PPI monotherapy. Methods In this prospective, randomized, multicenter, open-label, and comparative study, patients who had undergone ESD for EGC or gastric adenoma were randomized into groups receiving either rabeprazole monotherapy (10 mg/day, n=64) or a combination of rabeprazole plus rebamipide (300 mg/day, n=66). The Scar stage (S stage) ratio after treatment was compared, and factors independently associated with ulcer healing were identified by using multivariate analyses. Results The S stage rates at 4 and 8 weeks were similar in the two groups, even in the subgroups of patients with large amounts of tissue resected and regardless of CYP2C19 genotype. Independent factors for ulcer healing were circumferential location of the tumor and resected tissue size; the type of treatment did not affect ulcer healing. Conclusions Combination therapy with rebamipide and PPI had limited benefits compared with PPI monotherapy in the treatment of post-ESD gastric ulcer (UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, UMIN000007435).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eikichi Ihara
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotada Akiho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitakyushu Municipal Medical Center, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazuya Akahoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka, Japan
| | - Naohiko Harada
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ochiai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norimoto Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Harasanshin Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruei Ogino
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Kitakyushu Municipal Medical Center, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Iwasa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Aso
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iboshi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Takayanagi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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12
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Puig I, Baylina M, Sánchez-Delgado J, López-Gongora S, Suarez D, García-Iglesias P, Muñoz N, Gisbert JP, Dacoll C, Cohen H, Calvet X. Systematic review and meta-analysis: triple therapy combining a proton-pump inhibitor, amoxicillin and metronidazole forHelicobacter pylorifirst-line treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2740-53. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Sahara S, Sugimoto M, Uotani T, Ichikawa H, Yamade M, Kagami T, Hamaya Y, Iwaizumi M, Osawa S, Sugimoto K, Miyajima H, Furuta T. Potent Gastric Acid Inhibition Over 24 Hours by 4-Times Daily Dosing of Esomeprazole 20 mg. Digestion 2016; 91:277-85. [PMID: 25924819 DOI: 10.1159/000381419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When administered at a standard dose, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) do not always provide sufficient acid inhibition for all subjects, particularly in extensive metabolizers (EMs) of CYP2C19. Whether esomeprazole at a dose of 20 mg four times daily dosing (q.i.d.) can attain sufficient acid inhibition throughout 24 h in EMs remains unclear. We therefore investigated the efficacy of esomeprazole q.i.d. for acid inhibition. METHODS In a randomized cross-over design, 30 Helicobacter pylori-negative healthy young Japanese volunteers received esomeprazole at a dose of 20 mg two times a day (b.i.d.) or q.i.d. for 7 days. A pH monitoring was conducted before the trial as a control and on day 7 of both regimens. RESULTS Median pH values in the q.i.d. regimen were significantly higher than those with the b.i.d. regimen in EMs (b.i.d.: 5.3, q.i.d.: 6.6, p = 0.022), intermediate metabolizer (IM) (b.i.d.: 5.5, q.i.d.: 6.8, p = 0.005) and poor metabolizer (PM) (b.i.d.: 6.2, q.i.d.: 7.0, p = 0.047), respectively. Median pH with the b.i.d. regimen differed significantly by CYP2C19 genotypes (p = 0.004), but not the q.i.d. regimen (p = 0.384). CONCLUSION Esomeprazole q.i.d. achieved potent acid inhibition in all Helicobacter pylori-negative subjects, irrespective of CYP2C19 genotype, which might be one of the rescue regimens for patients' refractory to PPI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Sahara
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Kagami T, Sugimoto M, Ichikawa H, Sahara S, Uotani T, Yamade M, Hamaya Y, Iwaizumi M, Osawa S, Sugimoto K, Miyajima H, Furuta T. One-day front-loading with four doses of rabeprazole followed by a standard twice-daily regimen provides sufficient acid inhibition in extensive metabolizers of CYP2C19. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 71:1467-75. [PMID: 26427705 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-015-1941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four times daily dosing (qid) with a proton pump inhibitor can cause rapid increase in intragastric pH. We investigated the efficacy of the front-loading with rabeprazole 10 mg qid on a subsequent regimen with rabeprazole 10 mg twice daily (bid) for 7 days in extensive metabolizers (EMs) of CYP2C19. METHODS Five EMs received three different 1-week regimens in a crossover manner as follows: (1) rabeprazole 10 mg bid for 7 days; (2) a front-loading regimen of rabeprazole (rabeprazole 10 mg qid on day 0 and bid on days 1 to 7); and (3) rabeprazole 10 mg qid for 7 days. Five intermediate metabolizers (IMs) and four poor metabolizers (PMs) received rabeprazole 10 mg bid regimen only. Twenty-four-hour intragastric pH-monitorings were performed on days 1, 4, and 7. Area under the intragastric pH-time curves (AUCs) from days 1 to 7 was calculated using 24-h median intragastric pHs on days 1, 4, and 7. RESULTS Twenty-four-hour intragastric pHs in the front-loading group on days 1, 4, and 7 were 5.1, 4.9, and 5.1, respectively. The median AUC with front-loading in EMs (34.4, pH·day) was significantly higher than that in EMs with rabeprazole 10 mg bid (30.74, p = 0.043). No statistically significant differences in median AUCs were noted among front-loading in EMs, rabeprazole 10 mg qid in EMs (37.2), rabeprazole 10 mg bid in IMs (37.3), and PMs (39.4). CONCLUSIONS The one-day front-loading regimen of rabeprazole 10 mg qid provided sufficient acid inhibition for 7 days, even in CYP2C19 EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kagami
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsushige Sugimoto
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ichikawa
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shu Sahara
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Uotani
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mihoko Yamade
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hamaya
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Moriya Iwaizumi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Osawa
- Department of Endoscopic and Photodynamic Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyajima
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furuta
- Center for Clinical Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
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Kuo CH, Lu CY, Shih HY, Liu CJ, Wu MC, Hu HM, Hsu WH, Yu FJ, Wu DC, Kuo FC. CYP2C19 polymorphism influences Helicobacter pylori eradication. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16029-16036. [PMID: 25473155 PMCID: PMC4239489 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The known factors that have contributed to the decline of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication rate include antibiotic resistance, poor compliance, high gastric acidity, high bacterial load, and cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) polymorphism. Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is important in the eradication regimen. The principal enzyme implicated in the metabolism of PPIs is CYP2C19. The effects of PPI depend on metabolic enzyme, cytochrome P450 enzymes, and CYP2C19 with genetic differences in the activity of this enzyme (the homozygous EM, heterozygous EM (HetEM), and poor metabolizer). The frequency of the CYP2C19 polymorphism is highly varied among different ethnic populations. The CYP2C19 genotype is a cardinal factor of H. pylori eradication in patients taking omeprazole- based or lansoprazole-based triple therapies. In contrast, the CYP2C19 polymorphism has no significant effect on the rabeprazole-based or esomeprazole-based triple therapies. The efficacy of levofloxacin-based rescue triple therapy might be also affected by the CYP2C19 polymorphism, but CYP2C19 genotypes did not show obvious impact on other levofloxacin-based rescue therapies. Choice of different PPIs and/or increasing doses of PPIs should be individualized based on the pharmacogenetics background of each patient and pharmacological profile of each drug. Other possible factors influencing gastric acid secretion (e.g., IL-1β- 511 polymorphism) would be also under consideration.
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Sasaki H, Nagahara A, Hojo M, Asaoka D, Matsumoto K, Osada T, Watanabe S. Ten-year trend of the cumulative Helicobacter pylori eradication rate for the 'Japanese eradication strategy'. Digestion 2014; 88:272-8. [PMID: 24356705 DOI: 10.1159/000353313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In Japan, a systematic eradication strategy for Helicobacter pylori has been constructed, and consists of a proton pump inhibitor/amoxicillin and clarithromycin (PPI/AC) therapy as the first-line regimen and proton pump inhibitor/amoxicillin and metronidazole (PPI/AM) therapy as the second-line regimen. The cumulative rate of H. pylori eradication has not been reported. Therefore, we investigated the annual and cumulative eradication rate to verify the efficacy of the 'Japanese eradication strategy'. METHODS Patients who received first-line PPI/AC therapy and, if necessary, second-line PPI/AM therapy between 2000 and 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. The annual cumulative eradication rate was calculated. Data were subjected to intention-to-treat analysis. RESULTS PPI/AC was administered to 1973 patients (male n = 1,162, female n = 811; mean age: 55.8 years, range: 15–87), and 250 patients received PPI/ AM. The eradication rate for the PPI/AC regimen was 65.3%, and it gradually but significantly decreased over 10 years (p < 0.05). For the PPI/AM regimen, the eradication rate was 84.0%, with no change in the annual eradication rate. The cumulative eradication rates were 76.0% in intention-to-treat analysis and 98.4% in per-protocol analysis, respectively, which provided a consistent annual eradication rate without decreases in effectiveness. CONCLUSION Although the eradication rate for the first-line PPI/AC regimen decreased over time, the 'Japanese eradication strategy' provided a sufficient eradication rate.
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Sugimoto M, Uotani T, Sahara S, Ichikawa H, Yamade M, Sugimoto K, Furuta T. Efficacy of tailored Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment based on clarithromycin susceptibility and maintenance of acid secretion. Helicobacter 2014; 19:312-8. [PMID: 24690010 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insufficient acid inhibition during Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment and bacterial resistance to antibiotics often causes eradication failure. Four times daily dosing (q.i.d.) of a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) achieves potent acid inhibition, suggesting its potential usefulness as a regimen for eradicating H. pylori infection. Therefore, a tailored eradication regimen based on antibiotic susceptibility and maintenance of acid inhibition should have a high success rate. We investigated the efficacy of such treatment based on clarithromycin (CAM) susceptibility. METHODS Using 153 H. pylori-positive Japanese patients, we investigated the efficacy of tailored eradication strategy: (1) Patients infected with CAM-sensitive H. pylori were treated with a PPI (rabeprazole 10 mg q.i.d.), amoxicillin 500 mg q.i.d., and CAM 200 mg b.i.d. (n = 89), and (2) patients infected with CAM-resistant were given the same doses of rabeprazole and amoxicillin and metronidazole 250 mg b.i.d. (n = 64) for 1 week. RESULTS In the tailored regimen group, the overall eradication rate was 96.7% (95% CI: 92.5-98.9%, 148/153) in the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis and 97.4% (93.4-99.3%, 148/152) in the PP analysis. The eradication rates for the CAM- and metronidazole-based treatments were similar (95.5% and 98.4%, respectively, p = .400). The tailored treatment achieved a high eradication rate in CYP2C19 rapid metabolizers who were a resistance genotype for PPI treatment (94.3% (86.0-98.4%, 66/70)). DISCUSSION A tailored H. pylori eradication regimen based on CAM susceptibility and maintaining acid secretion (rabeprazole 10 mg q.i.d.) is useful because it can achieve an eradication rate exceeding 95%, irrespective of eradication history, thus overcoming differences among CYP2C19 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsushige Sugimoto
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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18
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Sugimoto M, Shirai N, Nishino M, Kodaira C, Uotani T, Sahara S, Ichikawa H, Kagami T, Sugimoto K, Furuta T. Comparison of acid inhibition with standard dosages of proton pump inhibitors in relation to CYP2C19 genotype in Japanese. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 70:1073-8. [PMID: 24996380 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-014-1713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of therapeutic regimens using proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in patients with acid-related diseases is to potently inhibit acid secretion for the full 24 h. However, optimum treatment is still unclear because the pharmacodynamics of PPIs differ among CYP2C19 genotypes and most of the previous studies have had loss of sample power. METHODS Using pH monitoring, we compared acid inhibition at standard dosage of omeprazole (20 mg, 50 times), lansoprazole (30 mg, 68 times), and rabeprazole (10 mg, 65 times) in Helicobacter pylori-negative healthy young Japanese volunteers. RESULTS Median pH with rabeprazole was 5.4 (3.3-7.5), which was significantly greater than with either omeprazole [4.4 (2.1-7.3)] or lansoprazole [4.8 (3.5-6.4)] (both P < 0.05). Median 24-h pH differed among the different CYP2C19 genotypes in all three PPIs. In CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers (EMs), the genotype that is refractory to PPI treatment, median pH with omeprazole, lansoprazole, and rabeprazole was 3.8 (2.1-4.4), 4.5 (3.5-5.3) and 4.8 (3.3-7.5), respectively. DISCUSSION Treatment with the selected PPIs at their standard dosages had difficulty maintaining acid inhibition for a full 24 h, especially in CYP2C19 EM. However, rabeprazole has the merit of less influence of CYP2C19 genotype compared with the other PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsushige Sugimoto
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan,
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Sugimoto M, Furuta T. Efficacy of tailored Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy based on antibiotic susceptibility and CYP2C19 genotype. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:6400-6411. [PMID: 24914361 PMCID: PMC4047325 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i21.6400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cure rates of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication therapy using a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and antimicrobial agents such as amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole are mainly influenced by bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and the magnitude of the inhibition of acid secretion. Annual cure rates have gradually decreased because of the increased prevalence of H. pylori strains resistant to antimicrobial agents, especially to clarithromycin. Alternative regimens have therefore been developed incorporating different antimicrobial agents. Further, standard PPI therapy (twice-daily dosing) often fails to induce a long-term increase in intragastric pH > 4.0. Increasing the eradication rate requires more frequent and higher doses of PPIs. Therapeutic efficacy related to acid secretion is influenced by genetic factors such as variants of the genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes (e.g., cytochrome P450 2C19, CYP2C19), drug transporters (e.g., multidrug resistance protein-1; ABCB1), and inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1β). For example, quadruple daily administration of PPI therapy potently inhibits acid secretion within 24 h, irrespective of CYP2C19 genotype. Therefore, tailored H. pylori eradication regimens that address acid secretion and employ optimal antimicrobial agents based on results of antimicrobial agent-susceptibility testing may prove effective in attaining higher eradication rates.
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Chiba K, Shimizu K, Kato M, Nishibayashi T, Terada K, Izumo N, Sugiyama Y. Prediction of inter-individual variability in the pharmacokinetics of CYP2C19 substrates in humans. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 29:379-86. [PMID: 24739523 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-13-rg-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Significant inter-individual variability of exposure for CYP2C19 substrates may be only partly due to genetic polymorphism. Therefore, the in vivo inter-individual variability in hepatic intrinsic clearance (CL(int,h)) of CYP2C19 substrates was estimated from reported AUC values using Monte Carlo simulations. The coefficient of variation (CV) for CL(int,h) in poor metabolizers (PM) expected from genotypes CYP2C19*2/*2, CYP2C19*3/*3 or CYP2C19*2/*3 was estimated as 25.8% from the CV for AUC of omeprazole in PMs. With this, CVs of CL(int,h) in extensive metabolizers (EM: CYP2C19*1/*1), intermediate metabolizers (IM: CYP2C19*1/*2 or *3) and ultra-rapid metabolizers (UM), CYP2C19*17/*17 and *1/*17, were estimated as 66.0%, 55.8%, 6.8% and 48.0%, respectively. To validate these CVs, variability in the AUC of CYP2C19 substrates lansoprazole and rabeprazole, partially metabolized by CYP3A4 in EMs and IMs, were simulated using the CV in CL(int,h) for CYP2C19 EMs and IMs and 33% of the CV previously reported for CYP3A4. Published values were within 2.5-97.5 percentile range of simulated CVs for the AUC. Furthermore, simulated CVs for the AUC of omeprazole and lansoprazole in ungenotyped populations were comparable with published values. Thus, estimated CL(int,h) variability can predict variability in the AUC of drugs metabolized not only by CYP2C19 but also by multiple enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Chiba
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Yokohama College of Pharmacy
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Sahara S, Sugimoto M, Uotani T, Ichikawa H, Yamade M, Iwaizumi M, Yamada T, Osawa S, Sugimoto K, Umemura K, Miyajima H, Furuta T. Twice-daily dosing of esomeprazole effectively inhibits acid secretion in CYP2C19 rapid metabolisers compared with twice-daily omeprazole, rabeprazole or lansoprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38:1129-37. [PMID: 24099474 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twice-daily dosing of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is used to treat Helicobacter pylori or acid-related diseases, such as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) refractory to standard dose of a PPI. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19 are involved to different extents in the metabolism of four kinds of PPIs (omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole and esomeprazole) available in Japan. AIM To compare acid-inhibitory effects of the four PPIs dosed twice daily in relation to CYP2C19 genotype. METHODS We performed 24-h pH monitoring studies on Day 7 of PPI treatment for 40 Japanese H. pylori-negative volunteers [15 CYP2C19 rapid metabolisers (RMs), 15 intermediate metabolisers (IMs) and 10 poor metabolisers (PMs)] using a randomised four-way crossover design: omeprazole 20 mg, esomeprazole 20 mg, lansoprazole 30 mg and rabeprazole 10 mg twice daily. RESULTS Although median pH values with esomeprazole, omeprazole, lansoprazole and rabeprazole were 5.7 (3.5-7.2), 5.5 (2.4-7.2), 5.5 (3.7-7.3) and 5.2 (2.5-7.3), respectively (no statistically significant differences), CYP2C19 genotype-dependent differences were smaller for esomeprazole and rabeprazole compared with values for omeprazole and lansoprazole. In CYP2C19 RMs, the median pH with esomeprazole [5.4 (3.5-6.8)] was significantly higher than those with omeprazole [5.0 (2.4-5.9), P = 0.018], lansoprazole [4.7 (3.7-5.5), P = 0.017] or rabeprazole [4.8 (2.5-6.4), P = 0.002]. In IMs and PMs, the median pH was >5.0 independent of the PPI. CONCLUSIONS In intermediate and rapid metabolisers of CYP2C19, PPIs dosed twice daily could attain sufficient acid suppression, while in CYP2C19 RMs, esomeprazole 20 mg twice daily caused the strongest inhibition of the four PPIs. Therefore, esomeprazole may be effective in Japanese population when dosed twice daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sahara
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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CYP2C19 Genetic Polymorphism, Rabeprazole and Esomeprazole Have no Effect on the Antiplatelet Action of Clopidogrel. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 62:41-9. [PMID: 23474843 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31828ecf44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Park HJ, Kim HS, Kim BR, Park SY, Hong JH, Jo KW, Kim JW. Half-dose rabeprazole has an equal efficacy to standard-dose rabeprazole on endoscopic submucosal dissection-induced ulcer. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1054-61. [PMID: 23065090 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)-induced ulcers heal faster and recur less often than non-iatrogenic gastric ulcers, the optimal dosage and duration of proton pump inhibitor treatment for ESD-induced ulcers remain unclear. AIMS To evaluate the efficacy of half-dose rabeprazole on endoscopic submucosal dissection-induced ulcer compared with standard dose rabeprazole. METHODS The study was a prospective randomized controlled double-blind trial at a single tertiary hospital. A total of 80 patients who underwent ESD for gastric neoplasia were enrolled. Of these patients, 10 were not followed to completion. Final analysis included the remaining 70 patients. Rabeprazole 20 or 10 mg, depending on randomization, was given orally for 4 weeks after ESD. RESULTS Of the 70 patients, 45 (64 %) were men, and the median age was 65.2 ± 9.7 years. The mean ESD-induced ulcer area was 673 mm(2). No significant differences in ulcer area reduction ratio (p = 0.49) or ulcer-related symptoms (p = 0.91) were observed between the two groups at 4 weeks after ESD. CONCLUSION For ESD-induced ulcers, treatment with 10 mg of rabeprazole daily produces a similar outcome as 20 mg of rabeprazole with regard to healing efficacy and symptom resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jun Park
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Lifelong Health, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 162, Ilsan-dong, Gangwon-do, Wonju 220-701, Korea
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Goutelle S, Bourguignon L, Bleyzac N, Berry J, Clavel-Grabit F, Tod M. In vivo quantitative prediction of the effect of gene polymorphisms and drug interactions on drug exposure for CYP2C19 substrates. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:415-26. [PMID: 23319287 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We present a unified quantitative approach to predict the in vivo alteration in drug exposure caused by either cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene polymorphisms or CYP-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDI). An application to drugs metabolized by CYP2C19 is presented. The metrics used is the ratio of altered drug area under the curve (AUC) to the AUC in extensive metabolizers with no mutation or no interaction. Data from 42 pharmacokinetic studies performed in CYP2C19 genetic subgroups and 18 DDI studies were used to estimate model parameters and predicted AUC ratios by using Bayesian approach. Pharmacogenetic information was used to estimate a parameter of the model which was then used to predict DDI. The method adequately predicted the AUC ratios published in the literature, with mean errors of -0.15 and -0.62 and mean absolute errors of 0.62 and 1.05 for genotype and DDI data, respectively. The approach provides quantitative prediction of the effect of five genotype variants and 10 inhibitors on the exposure to 25 CYP2C19 substrates, including a number of unobserved cases. A quantitative approach for predicting the effect of gene polymorphisms and drug interactions on drug exposure has been successfully applied for CYP2C19 substrates. This study shows that pharmacogenetic information can be used to predict DDI. This may have important implications for the development of personalized medicine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Goutelle
- Service Pharmaceutique, Groupement Hospitalier de Gériatrie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Okamura Y, Takeno S, Takahashi Y, Moroga T, Yamashita SI, Kawahara K. Refractory Ulcer of Reconstructed Gastric Tube after Esophagectomy: A Case Report. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 19:136-9. [DOI: 10.5761/atcs.cr.12.01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Individualized therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease: potential impact of pharmacogenetic testing based on CYP2C19. Mol Diagn Ther 2012; 16:223-34. [PMID: 22873740 DOI: 10.1007/bf03262211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The main therapeutic agent for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Plasma levels and the acid inhibitory effect of PPIs depend on the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19, which is polymorphic. Genotypes of CYP2C19 are classified into three groups: rapid metabolizers (RMs: *1/*1), intermediate metabolizers (IMs: *1/*X), and poor metabolizers (PMs: *X/*X), where *1 and X represent the wild type and the mutant allele, respectively. RMs include ultra-rapid metabolizers, who possess the CYP2C19*17 allele. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of PPIs differ among different CYP2C19 genotype groups. Plasma PPI levels and intragastric pH values during PPI treatment are lowest in the RM group, intermediate in the IM group, and highest in the PM group. These CYP2C19-genotype-dependent differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of PPIs influence the healing and recurrence of GERD during PPI treatment, suggesting the need for CYP2C19 genotype-based tailored therapy for GERD. CYP2C19 pharmacogenetics should be taken into consideration for the personalization of PPI-based therapy. However, the clinical usefulness of CYP2C19 genotype testing in GERD therapy should be verified in clinical studies.
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Furuta T, Sugimoto M, Shirai N. Individualized therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease: potential impact of pharmacogenetic testing based on CYP2C19. Mol Diagn Ther 2012. [PMID: 22873740 DOI: 10.2165/11634960-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The main therapeutic agent for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Plasma levels and the acid inhibitory effect of PPIs depend on the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19, which is polymorphic. Genotypes of CYP2C19 are classified into three groups: rapid metabolizers (RMs: *1/*1), intermediate metabolizers (IMs: *1/*X), and poor metabolizers (PMs: *X/*X), where *1 and X represent the wild type and the mutant allele, respectively. RMs include ultra-rapid metabolizers, who possess the CYP2C19*17 allele. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of PPIs differ among different CYP2C19 genotype groups. Plasma PPI levels and intragastric pH values during PPI treatment are lowest in the RM group, intermediate in the IM group, and highest in the PM group. These CYP2C19-genotype-dependent differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of PPIs influence the healing and recurrence of GERD during PPI treatment, suggesting the need for CYP2C19 genotype-based tailored therapy for GERD. CYP2C19 pharmacogenetics should be taken into consideration for the personalization of PPI-based therapy. However, the clinical usefulness of CYP2C19 genotype testing in GERD therapy should be verified in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Furuta
- Center for Clinical Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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Sugimoto M, Shirai N, Nishino M, Kodaira C, Uotani T, Yamade M, Sahara S, Ichikawa H, Sugimoto K, Miyajima H, Furuta T. Rabeprazole 10 mg q.d.s. decreases 24-h intragastric acidity significantly more than rabeprazole 20 mg b.d. or 40 mg o.m., overcoming CYP2C19 genotype. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:627-34. [PMID: 22882464 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard dosing (i.e. once daily) of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) cannot inhibit acid secretion for a full 24 h. Better therapeutic regimens using PPIs are required to sustain potent acid inhibition for the full 24 h in all patients with acid-related diseases. AIM To evaluate acid inhibitory effects by different dosing times of a PPI at the same daily dosage, in a study involving 70 rounds of pH monitoring. METHODS Using pH monitoring, we evaluated the efficacy of different divided treatment regimens with the same total daily dose of rabeprazole (40 mg o.m., 15 rounds; 20 mg b.d., 20 rounds; 10 mg q.d.s., 35 rounds) on day 7 or 8 of PPI dosing. RESULTS In the study of divided treatment, the median pH (when administered once, twice or four times to achieve a daily dose of 40 mg) was 4.8 (3.6-6.4), 5.7 (4.1-7.4), 6.6 (4.9-8.4), respectively. When comparing the median pHs at the same CYP2C19 genotype among different dosing times of rabeprazole, the median pH attained with 10 mg q.d.s. was significantly higher than that in 40 mg o.m. or 20 mg b.d. Increase in the frequency of dosing effectively increased pH [median percent time of pH > 4.0 with q.d.s. therapy: 95.5% (63.2-100.0%)], irrespective to CYP2C19 genotype. CONCLUSION Four times daily dosing with rabeprazole 10 mg achieved potent acid inhibition, including during the night-time, suggesting its potential usefulness as a regimen for patients who are refractory to standard once daily PPI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sugimoto
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Sánchez-Delgado J, García-Iglesias P, Castro-Fernández M, Bory F, Barenys M, Bujanda L, Lisozain J, Calvo MM, Torra S, Gisbert JP, Calvet X. High-dose, ten-day esomeprazole, amoxicillin and metronidazole triple therapy achieves high Helicobacter pylori eradication rates. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:190-6. [PMID: 22591220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strong acid inhibition using esomeprazole increases cure rates with triple therapy and 10-day treatments are more effective than 7-day ones. The combination of amoxicillin plus metronidazole at full doses, and using a physiologically-correct schedule three times a day, and has been shown to overcome metronidazole resistance and to achieve good eradication rates. AIMS To assess the eradication rate of a new first-line treatment regimen associating strong acid inhibition, amoxicillin and metronidazole and to evaluate tolerance. METHODS Patients from eight hospitals were included. Helicobacter pylori status was assessed by at least one of the following: histology, culture, rapid urease test or urea breath test (UBT). Ten-day treatment was prescribed comprising esomeprazole 40 mg twice a day plus amoxicillin 1 g and metronidazol 500 mg both three times a day. Helicobacter pylori cure was assessed by UBT. RESULTS A hundred and thirty-six patients were enrolled. Mean age was 52.6 ± 16 years and 59.6% of patients were men. Main indications for treatment were: uninvestigated dyspepsia (13.6%); functional dyspepsia (18.2%); gastric ulcer (21.8%); and duodenal ulcer (39.8%). Helicobacter pylori eradication was achieved in 112 of the 127 patients who returned for follow-up. Eradication rates were 82.4% (95% CI: 74.7-88.1) by intention-to-treat analysis and 88.2% (95% CI: 81.2-92.8) by per protocol. Treatment was well tolerated and no major side effects were reported. Nine patients complained of mild side effects. CONCLUSIONS Cure rates of the combination of esomeprazole, amoxicillin and metronidazole are high and the treatment was well tolerated. This pilot study warrants the comparison of this schedule with current standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sánchez-Delgado
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Parc Taulí, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
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Hunfeld NG, Touw DJ, Mathot RA, van Schaik RH, Kuipers EJ. A comparison of the acid-inhibitory effects of esomeprazole and rabeprazole in relation to pharmacokinetics and CYP2C19 polymorphism. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35:810-8. [PMID: 22324425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esomeprazole and rabeprazole are metabolised in the liver by means of the CYP2C19 enzyme, which has several functional genetic polymorphisms. Among Caucasians, 70% of the population has a fast metaboliser phenotype, 25-30% an intermediate and 2-5% a slow metaboliser phenotype. It is unknown whether different PPIs are affected to the same extent by these phenotypic differences. AIM To compare the acid-inhibitory effects of esomeprazole 40 mg and rabeprazole 20 mg in relation to CYP2C19 genotype and pharmacokinetics. METHODS Eighteen healthy Helicobacter pylori-negative Caucasian subjects with CYP2C19*2-*6 and *17 genotype were included in a randomised investigator-blinded crossover study with esomeprazole 40 mg and rabeprazole 20 mg. Intragastric 24-h pH-monitoring was performed on days 0, 1 and 5 of oral dosing. RESULTS Onset of acid inhibition during the first 4 h after administration did not differ significantly between PPIs. During the upright period, the proportion of time with pH >4 was significantly higher with esomeprazole compared to rabeprazole (52.2 vs. 40.3%, P = 0.003). At day 1 and 5, acid inhibition was significantly greater with esomeprazole than with rabeprazole (median intragastric pH: day 1: 3.7 vs. 3.0, P = 0.008; day 5: 4.7 vs. 3.8, P < 0.001; percentage of time pH >4: day 1: 45 vs. 39%, P = 0.054; day 5: 65 vs. 48%, P < 0.001). Differences in acid inhibition between wt/wt and wt/*2 genotype were significant for both PPIs. CONCLUSIONS Once-daily dosing with esomeprazole 40 mg provides a more effective and faster acid-inhibitory effect than rabeprazole 20 mg. The acid-inhibitory effect of esomeprazole and rabeprazole are both influenced by CYP2C19 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Hunfeld
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Central Hospital Pharmacy, Haga Teaching Hospital, Den Haag, The Netherlands.
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Sugimoto M, Jang JS, Yoshizawa Y, Osawa S, Sugimoto K, Sato Y, Furuta T. Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy before and after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: A Review. DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC ENDOSCOPY 2012; 2012:791873. [PMID: 22851882 PMCID: PMC3407608 DOI: 10.1155/2012/791873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a novel endoscopic procedure first developed in the 1990s which enables en bloc resection of gastric neoplastic lesions that are difficult to resect via conventional endoscopic mucosal resection. However, given that ESD increases the risk of intra- and post-ESD delayed bleeding and that platelet aggregation and coagulation in artificial ulcers after ESD strongly depend on intragastric pH, faster and stronger acid inhibition via proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine 2-receptor antagonists (H(2)RAs) as well as endoscopic hemostasis by thermocoagulation during ESD have been used to prevent ESD-related bleeding. Because PPIs more potently inhibit acid secretion than H(2)RAs, they are often the first-line drugs employed in ESD treatment. However, acid inhibition after the initial infusion of a PPI is weaker in the early phase than that achievable with H(2)RAs; further, PPI effectiveness can vary depending on genetic differences in CYP2C19. Therefore, optimal acid inhibition may require tailored treatment based on CYP2C19 genotype when ESD is performed, with a concomitant infusion of PPI and H(2)RA possibly most effective for patients with the rapid metabolizer CYP2C19 genotype, while PPI alone may be sufficient for those with the intermediate or poor metabolizer genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsushige Sugimoto
- 1First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
- *Mitsushige Sugimoto:
| | - Jin Seok Jang
- 2Department of Gastroenterology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Yashiro Yoshizawa
- 3Department of Gastroenterology, Seirei General Hospital, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 430-8558, Japan
| | - Satoshi Osawa
- 1First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
- 4Department of Endoscopic and Photodynamic Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- 1First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sato
- 3Department of Gastroenterology, Seirei General Hospital, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 430-8558, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furuta
- 5Center for Clinical Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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Hayato S, Hasegawa S, Hojo S, Okawa H, Abe H, Sugisaki N, Munesue M, Horai Y, Ohnishi A. Dose–response relationships of rabeprazole 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg once daily on suppression of gastric acid secretion through the night in healthy Japanese individuals with different CYP2C19 genotypes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 68:579-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-011-1164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hagymási K, Müllner K, Herszényi L, Tulassay Z. Update on the pharmacogenomics of proton pump inhibitors. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:873-88. [PMID: 21692617 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease as well as other acid-related disorders. PPIs are metabolized primarily via the CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 isoenzymes; their activity is influenced both by exogenous and endogenous (pharmacogenetic) factors. The CYP2C19 polymorphism affects the metabolism of PPIs, causing large individual pharmacokinetic variations. Differences in the CYP2C19-mediated metabolism can produce marked interpatient variability in acid suppression, in drug-interaction potential and in clinical efficacy. Understanding the pharmacokinetic properties of PPIs and examining the pharmacogenetic alterations may help clinicians optimize PPI therapy and administer individual treatment, especially to nonresponder patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease or ulcer or after failed eradication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Hagymási
- Semmelweis University, II. Department of Internal Medicine, 1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi u. 46., Hungary.
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Keller GA, Czerniuk P, Bertuola R, de Mena F, Simoni MV, Assefi AR, Di Girolamo G. Relative bioavailability of a 5 mg mosapride/10 mg rabeprazole fixed dose combination tablet versus separate single tablets in healthy volunteers: a single-dose randomized open-label crossover study. Curr Med Res Opin 2011; 27:2203-11. [PMID: 21970660 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2011.624088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relative bioavailability of a new formulation containing 5 mg mosapride and 10 mg rabeprazole (T) and compare it with the branded formulations of both drugs co-administered in separate tablets (R) to meet the regulatory requirements of bioequivalence in Argentina. METHODS A randomized-sequence, open-label, two-period crossover study was conducted on 24 healthy Caucasian volunteers in a fasting state. A single oral dose of either T or R formulations was followed by a 7-day washout period. Blood samples for mosapride were collected before administration (baseline) and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 h after administration. Samples for rabeprazole were taken baseline and at 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10 h after dosing. Mosapride and rabeprazole concentrations were determined using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Adverse events were monitored based on clinical parameters and volunteer reports. RESULTS The geometric means (90% CI) C(max) for mosapride in T and R were 23.13 (20.05-39.45) and 23.09 (21.69-32.37) ng/mL, the AUC(0-)(t) were 70.80 (66.23-102.37) and 70.81 (66.35-93.26) ng h/mL and the AUC(0-∞) were 74.05 (69.29-106.11) and 74.98 (70.43-97.77) ng h/mL. For rabeprazole T and R the C(max) were 197.42 (186.12-239.91) and 195.50 (186.08-250.07) ng/mL, the AUC(0-)(t) were 294.90 (275.13-374.15) and 296.96 (280.11-387.89) ng h/mL and the AUC(0-∞) were 301.12 (280.78-380.82) and 304.07 (286.60-394.21), respectively. No differences were detected between the formulations. The T/R ratios (90% CI) for C(max), AUC(0-)(t) and AUC(0-∞) were 100.17% (82.35-121.84), 99.99% (87.58-114.16) and 98.77% (87.02-112.11) for mosapride, and 100.99% (85.14-119.77), 99.31% (84.74-116.38) and 99.03% (85.07-115.28) for rabeprazole. No subject complained of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS In this single-dose study, the mosapride/rabeprazole tablets (test formulation) met the criterion for bioequivalence with the reference formulations. Study limitations include single-dose, open-label design, and a small sample of healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Keller
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Niioka T. Clinical usefulness of limited sampling strategies for estimating AUC of proton pump inhibitors. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:407-13. [PMID: 21372537 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 (CYP2C19) genotype is regarded as a useful tool to predict area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). In our results, however, CYP2C19 genotypes had no influence on AUC of all PPIs during fluvoxamine treatment. These findings suggest that CYP2C19 genotyping is not always a good indicator for estimating AUC of PPIs. Limited sampling strategies (LSS) were developed to estimate AUC simply and accurately. It is important to minimize the number of blood samples because of patient's acceptance. This article reviewed the usefulness of LSS for estimating AUC of three PPIs (omeprazole: OPZ, lansoprazole: LPZ and rabeprazole: RPZ). The best prediction formulas in each PPI were AUC(OPZ)=9.24 x C(6h)+2638.03, AUC(LPZ)=12.32 x C(6h)+3276.09 and AUC(RPZ)=1.39 x C(3h)+7.17 x C(6h)+344.14, respectively. In order to optimize the sampling strategy of LPZ, we tried to establish LSS for LPZ using a time point within 3 hours through the property of pharmacokinetics of its enantiomers. The best prediction formula using the fewest sampling points (one point) was AUC(racemic LPZ)=6.5 x C(3h) of (R)-LPZ+13.7 x C(3h) of (S)-LPZ-9917.3 x G1-14387.2×G2+7103.6 (G1: homozygous extensive metabolizer is 1 and the other genotypes are 0; G2: heterozygous extensive metabolizer is 1 and the other genotypes are 0). Those strategies, plasma concentration monitoring at one or two time-points, might be more suitable for AUC estimation than reference to CYP2C19 genotypes, particularly in the case of coadministration of CYP mediators.
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Zhang D, Wang X, Yang M, Wang G, Liu H. Effects ofCYP2C19polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole and its main metabolites in healthy Chinese subjects. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:511-7. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.559556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Morelli G, Chen H, Rossiter G, Rege B, Lu Y. An open-label, parallel, multiple-dose study comparing the pharmacokinetics and gastric acid suppression of rabeprazole extended-release with esomeprazole 40 mg and rabeprazole delayed-release 20 mg in healthy volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:845-54. [PMID: 21272047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel rabeprazole extended-release (ER) formulations were developed to provide prolonged gastric acid suppression and potentially improved clinical outcomes in GERD patients. AIM To evaluate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of six rabeprazole-ER formulations vs. esomeprazole 40 mg and rabeprazole delayed-release (DR) 20 mg. METHODS Helicobacter pylori-negative healthy subjects were randomised to receive one of eight treatments once daily for 5 days. Twenty-four-hour intragastric pH was monitored on days -1, 1 and 5. Rabeprazole plasma concentrations were measured on day 5. RESULTS A total of 248 subjects (N=31/group) were enrolled in the study. On day 5, rabeprazole-ER groups provided mean durations of 18.5-20.2 h (77.0-84.1% of 24-h) with intragastric pH >4.0 vs. esomeprazole 40 mg (15.9 h/66.1% of 24-h) and rabeprazole-DR 20 mg (15.2 h/63.2% of 24-h). A similar increase was observed on day 1. While percentage of daytime (8 am-10 pm) with intragastric pH >4.0 on day 5 was overall similar across the groups, percentage of night-time (10 pm-8 am) with intragastric pH >4.0 was higher with the rabeprazole-ER groups (57.0-72.4%) vs. esomeprazole 40 mg (32.8%) and rabeprazole-DR 20 mg (34.0%). CONCLUSION Rabeprazole-ER once daily for 5 days demonstrated a significantly longer duration of gastric acid suppression in 24 h vs. esomeprazole 40 mg and rabeprazole-DR 20 mg. The increase in acid suppression was predominantly due to prolonged acid suppression during the night-time; this was supported by the extended-release pharmacokinetic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morelli
- St. Mary's Hospital, McGill University, Westmount, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Kinoshita Y, Ashida K, Hongo M. Randomised clinical trial: a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the efficacy and safety of rabeprazole 5 mg or 10 mg once daily in patients with non-erosive reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:213-24. [PMID: 21083596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of rabeprazole 5 mg/day for patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) has not been reported in the literature. AIM To evaluate the efficacy of rabeprazole 5 mg and 10 mg/day in Japanese NERD patients. The influence of baseline characteristics as well as genetic background on efficacy was also analysed. METHODS Subjects were grade M (minimal changes) NERD patients. Two hundred and eighty-eight of these subjects, who were nonresponders to open label antacid therapy, entered in a 4-week, double-blind treatment (placebo, rabeprazole 5 mg or 10 mg/day). RESULTS Complete heartburn relief rates were 21% in placebo, 34% in rabeprazole 5 mg and 44% in rabeprazole 10 mg (5 mg vs. placebo P = 0.074, 10 mg vs. placebo P = 0.001). Rabeprazole 5 mg was significantly more effective than placebo in elderly patients and in patients with low heartburn frequency or without hiatal hernia. The efficacy of rabeprazole 10 mg was not influenced by age, BMI, hiatal hernia, Helicobacter pylori infection, frequency and severity of heartburn or CYP2C19 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Rabeprazole 5 mg was effective in a subgroup of Japanese NERD patients. Rabeprazole 10 mg provided more potent heartburn relief than 5 mg and was less fragile to baseline characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kinoshita
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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Zhang L, Mei Q, Li QS, Hu YM, Xu JM. The effect of cytochrome P2C19 and interleukin-1 polymorphisms on H. pylori eradication rate of 1-week triple therapy with omeprazole or rabeprazole, amoxycillin and clarithromycin in Chinese people. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010; 35:713-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Review Article: Combination of Clopidogrel and Proton Pump Inhibitors: Implications for Clinicians. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2010; 15:326-37. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248410369109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the existing literature on a proposed interaction between clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and discuss its implications for clinicians treating patients with this combination therapy. Background: Each year millions of patients receive antiplatelet therapy. A number of these patients are prescribed PPIs concomitantly to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal side effects associated with antiplatelet therapy. Several studies have been published recently addressing a potential adverse drug-drug interaction between clopidogrel and PPIs. Methods: Literature was evaluated through Pubmed using the terms clopidogrel, PPI, prasugrel, cytochrome P450, genetic polymorphisms, H 2 blockers, famotidine, genetic cytochrome P450 polymorphisms, and drug interaction. Articles with these terms were considered for evaluation. In addition, reference citations from publications identified in the searches were further reviewed and analyzed. Results: None of the currently published studies were specifically designed to evaluate this drug-drug interaction or address the clinical relevance of this interaction prospectively. Conflicting evidence raised concerns but the information did not conclude with certainty a cause-and-effect relationship between concomitant use of the drugs and emerging safety issues. However, the Food and Drug Administration issued a public-health warning on the possible interaction between clopidogrel and PPIs, predominantly with omeprazole, in November 2009. Conclusions: Controversies exist on a potential drug-drug interaction between clopidogrel and PPIs. Although further studies are warranted, several studies indicated that there was a drug-drug interaction through this combination therapy with detrimental clinical outcomes and increased costs. Studies suggested that the use of a PPI may make clopidogrel less effective resulting in a higher risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death. Until additional information becomes available clinicians should consider discontinuing PPI use if no clear indication is documented. Alternative options like H2-receptor antagonists should be considered. Upon availability, genetic testing may provide additional valuable information.
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Sheng YC, Wang K, He YC, Yang J, Zheng QS. Effect of CYP2C19 genotypes on the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of rabeprazole after a single oral dose in healthy Chinese volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 66:1165-9. [PMID: 20838991 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-010-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of rabeprazole and the role of CYP2C19 genotypes after a single oral dose in healthy Chinese volunteers by a population approach. METHODS Plasma concentration time profile data and intragastric pH values of 19 genotyped healthy male adults after a single oral dose of rabeprazole in an open label randomized fashion were used for this population analysis. Simulation technology was performed to examine the rabeprazole response in subjects with different CYP2C19 genotypes to further investigate the effect of acid inhibition. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of rabeprazole was characterized by a two-compartment model with first order absorption and with an absorption lag-time. The results show that clearance of rabeprazole was affected by CYP2C19 genotypes (average clearances of homEM, hetEM, and PM were 13.9, 11.5, and 8.74 L·h(-1) respectively). An effect compartment with a sigmoidal Emax model was considered more rational for analyzing the relationship between rabeprazole concentrations and intragastric pH values. Simulated results suggest that rabeprazole 20 mg once daily for PMs is sufficient, but might be administered more frequently for other genotypes in treating gastro-esophageal reflux disease. CONCLUSION The CYP2C19 genotype played a considerable role in the pharmacokinetic characteristics of rabeprazole, and this might need to be taken into account for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Sheng
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Shanghai University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Kuo CH, Wang SSW, Hsu WH, Kuo FC, Weng BC, Li CJ, Hsu PI, Chen A, Hung WC, Yang YC, Wang WM, Wu DC. Rabeprazole can overcome the impact of CYP2C19 polymorphism on quadruple therapy. Helicobacter 2010; 15:265-72. [PMID: 20633187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prospective study was designed to clarify the impact of CYP2C19 on quadruple therapies and survey the efficacies of rabeprazole-based quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection after failure of standard triple therapies. PATIENTS AND METHODS From January 2007 to March 2009, 1055 H. pylori-infected patients received standard triple regimens (proton-pump inhibitor (PPI), clarithromycin, and amoxicillin). Helicobacter pylori eradication was achieved in 865 (81.9%) subjects. One hundred ninety eradication-failure patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive a 7-day eradication therapy. Ninety-six patients were treated with esomeprazole-based quadruple rescue therapies (EB), while 94 patients were treated with rabeprazole-based quadruple rescue therapies (RB). Follow-up endoscopy was done 16 weeks later to assess the treatment response. Patients' responses, CYP2C19 genotypes, and antibiotics resistances were also examined. RESULTS Intention-to-treat analysis revealed that RB had better eradication rates than EB (EB: 72.9%; 95% CI: 64.9-80.9% and RB: 78.7%; 95% CI 72.5-84.9%) (p value = .543). Per-protocol results were EB = 75.3%; 95% CI: 70.3-80.3% and RB = 85.1%; 95% CI: 80.6-89.6% (p value = .0401). Both regimens had similar compliance (p value = 0.155) and adverse events (p value = 0.219). We also surveyed those patients without resistance of any antibiotics. RB still showed better outcome than EB. Our data showed that esomeprazole-based regimen and CYP2C19 Hom EM genotype were important predictors for eradication failure. CONCLUSIONS In quadruple therapy, rabeprazole-based regimens had better efficacy than esomeprazole-based regimens. CYP2C19 polymorphism also played an important role in quadruple therapy. It seems advisable to change PPI to rabeprazole in second-line quadruple therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hung Kuo
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Nishino M, Sugimoto M, Kodaira C, Yamade M, Shirai N, Ikuma M, Tanaka T, Sugimura H, Hishida A, Furuta T. Relationship between low-dose aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury and intragastric pH in healthy volunteers. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:1627-36. [PMID: 19672708 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gastric acid plays an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal lesions. We investigated whether aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury might have any association with the intragastric pH. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen healthy, Helicobacter pylori-negative volunteers randomly underwent the four different 7-day regimens: (1) aspirin 100 mg, (2) rabeprazole 10 mg, (3) aspirin 100 mg + rabeprazole 10 mg, and (4) aspirin 100 mg + rabeprazole 40 mg. Gastric mucosal injury based on the modified Lanza score (MLS), 24-h intragastric pH, and histopathology of gastric mucosa were evaluated prior to the start and on day 7 of each regimen. RESULTS The median MLSs were 0 in the baseline and the rabeprazole 10 mg regimen. The median MLS in the aspirin regimen was 3, while those in both aspirin + rabeprazole 10 mg and aspirin + rabeprazole 40 mg regimens were 0. Rabeprazole significantly prevented the gastric mucosal injury by aspirin (P = 0.001 for rabeprazole 10 mg and P = 0.005 for rabeprazole 40 mg). The MLSs were negatively correlated with the 24-h intragastric pH (P = -0.711, < 0.001), whereas aspirin had no effect on the intragastric pH. Aspirin expanded the mean diameter of the microvessels of the gastric mucosa, which, in turn, was negatively correlated with the intragastric pH. CONCLUSIONS Aspirin might induce gastric mucosal injury by affecting the mucosal microvessels in an acid-dependent manner. Sustained maintenance of the intragastric pH at an elevated value is necessary to prevent gastric mucosal damage induced by aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Nishino
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Calvet X. [New data on the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors in upper gastrointestinal bleeding]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2010; 33 Suppl 1:11-14. [PMID: 20728784 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5705(10)70003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gastric pH should be maintained at very high values to prevent peptic ulcer rebleeding. A recent randomized trial, however, has confirmed that intravenous infusion of esomeprazole decreases the rebleeding rate after endoscopic therapy. In addition, the use of proton pump inhibitor perfusion at admission before diagnostic endoscopy reduces the need for endoscopic therapy and shortens the mean length of hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Calvet
- Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España.
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Yang JC, Lin CJ. CYP2C19 genotypes in the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of proton pump inhibitor-based therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:29-41. [PMID: 19968574 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903386251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are potent gastric acid inhibitors. Therapies with a PPI and antibiotics are used to cure Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, which is closely related to many gastrointestinal diseases. Most PPIs are mainly metabolized by cytochrome 2C19 (CYP2C19). The genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19 may lead to the differences in pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and clinical efficacy of PPIs. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The roles of PPIs on the eradication of H. pylori are summarized. The impact f CYP2C19 polymorphism on the PK and PD of PPIs is addressed and related to the present status of therapy for H. pylori infection. The opinions on the strategy of PPIs-based therapies of H. pylori infection are provided. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Update the factors that may influence the PPIs-based therapies of H. pylori infection. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The eradication rates of H. pylori infection are significantly different between patients who are CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers, partly because of the differences in the PK and PD of PPIs. Nonetheless, the differences can be improved by adjusting the regimens of PPIs and using antibiotics that have less H. pylori-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Chin Yang
- National Taiwan University, Hospital and College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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A comparative study of proton-pump inhibitor tests for Chinese reflux patients in relation to the CYP2C19 genotypes. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43:920-5. [PMID: 19407662 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e3181960628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) test has been proposed as a valuable tool for diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux disease in Western populations. GOALS We aim to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the PPI test using rabeprazole and pantoprazole in a Chinese population with a higher prevalence of poor PPI metabolization. STUDY After diagnostic endoscopy, patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms were randomly assigned to a 2-week test with rabeprazole (20 mg b.i.d.) or pantoprazole (40 mg b.i.d.). Therapeutic response was assessed with a 5-grade daily record. Genotypes of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 polymorphism were determined. RESULTS Of the 178 patients who completed the study, 92 (51.7%) had erosive esophagitis and 78 (48.3%) were endoscopy-negative reflux disease. On the basis of 50% reduction of symptoms, there was a nonsignificant difference of diagnostic performances between rabeprazole and pantoprazole. For the CYP2C19 genotypes, 138 (87.3%) were determined to be extensive metabolizers (EMs) and 20 (12.7%) were poor metabolizers (PMs). When comparing the EMs and PMs, the diagnostic specificity in the prediction of erosive esophagitis was higher in the EMs (57.6% vs. 20.0%, P=0.040), as was the accuracy (74.6% vs. 50.0%, P=0.023). There were no differences in the sensitivity, positive predictive value, or negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS CYP2C19 genotypic polymorphism was related to a higher possibility of false-positive results for patients who metabolized PPI poorly. High-dose rabeprazole and pantoprazole showed a similar diagnostic performance.
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Choi KD, Kim N, Jang IJ, Park YS, Cho JY, Kim JR, Shin JM, Jung HC, Song IS. Optimal dose of intravenous pantoprazole in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding requiring endoscopic hemostasis in Korea. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24:1617-24. [PMID: 19686407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The lowest effective dose of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) for prevention of peptic ulcer rebleeding remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether low-dose PPI has a similar efficacy to high-dose i.v. administration for maintaining intragastric pH above 6. METHODS Sixty-one patients with bleeding ulcers were randomized into one of three groups after endoscopic hemostasis: pantoprazole 80 mg bolus followed by 8 mg/h; 40 mg, 4 mg/h infusion; and bolus injection of 40 mg every 24 h. Intragastric pH values and rebleeding rates were measured. In addition, pharmacokinetic parameters and association with CYP2C19 polymorphisms and H. pylori infection were assessed. RESULTS Mean percentage of time with intragastric pH > 6, and the proportion of patients with pH > 6 for more than 60% of the time were significantly higher in the 40 mg, 4 mg/h infusion group compared to the 40 mg bolus injection. There was no significant difference between the 80 mg, 8 mg/h and the 40 mg, 4 mg/h groups. In the H. pylori (-) group, only 40% of patients that received continuous infusion reached the target pH > 6 for more than 60% of the time; this was significantly lower than the H. pylori (+) group, 87.5% (P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS A continuous infusion, regardless of high or low dose, was more effective for acid suppression than a 40 mg bolus PPI injection in Korea. H. pylori infection was an important factor for the maintenance of an intragastric pH > 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Don Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Jin SK, Kang TS, Eom SO, Kim JI, Lee HJ, Roh J. CYP2C19 haplotypes in Koreans as a marker of enzyme activity evaluated with omeprazole. J Clin Pharm Ther 2009; 34:437-46. [PMID: 19583677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.01012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE CYP2C19 is clinically important in Korea because of the relatively high incidence of poor metabolizers in the population. To fully understand the genetic mechanism of the CYP2C19 defect in poor metabolizers, all variants need to be studied simultaneously. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of CYP2C19 haplotypes as a marker of CYP2C19 enzyme activity in Koreans. METHODS We analysed the single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes of the CYP2C19 gene in 150 healthy Koreans and found three major (frequency > 0.1) haplotypes (H1, H2 and H3). One oral dose of 40 mg omeprazole (Losec) was administered to 30 subjects grouped as H1/H1, H2/H2, H1/H2, H1/H3 and H2/H3. The pharmacokinetics of omeprazole and its metabolites, 5-hydroxyomeprazole and omeprazole sulphone, in those groups was analysed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-->infinity)) and elimination half-life (T(1/2)) of omeprazole were significantly greater in the H2/H2 and H2/H3 groups than in the H1/H1 group (P < 0.05), whereas the metabolic ratios of omeprazole to 5-hydroxyomeprazole were also markedly higher. CONCLUSION Although a specific SNP of CYP2C19 may be predictive of enzyme activity, haplotyping is more reliable for identifying poor metabolizers in populations with variant alleles other than CYP2C19*2 and *3 alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jin
- Department of Pharmacological Research, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul, South Korea
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Zhou SF, Liu JP, Chowbay B. Polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 enzymes and its clinical impact. Drug Metab Rev 2009; 41:89-295. [PMID: 19514967 DOI: 10.1080/03602530902843483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics is the study of how interindividual variations in the DNA sequence of specific genes affect drug response. This article highlights current pharmacogenetic knowledge on important human drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s (CYPs) to understand the large interindividual variability in drug clearance and responses in clinical practice. The human CYP superfamily contains 57 functional genes and 58 pseudogenes, with members of the 1, 2, and 3 families playing an important role in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs, other xenobiotics, and some endogenous compounds. Polymorphisms in the CYP family may have had the most impact on the fate of therapeutic drugs. CYP2D6, 2C19, and 2C9 polymorphisms account for the most frequent variations in phase I metabolism of drugs, since almost 80% of drugs in use today are metabolized by these enzymes. Approximately 5-14% of Caucasians, 0-5% Africans, and 0-1% of Asians lack CYP2D6 activity, and these individuals are known as poor metabolizers. CYP2C9 is another clinically significant enzyme that demonstrates multiple genetic variants with a potentially functional impact on the efficacy and adverse effects of drugs that are mainly eliminated by this enzyme. Studies into the CYP2C9 polymorphism have highlighted the importance of the CYP2C9*2 and *3 alleles. Extensive polymorphism also occurs in other CYP genes, such as CYP1A1, 2A6, 2A13, 2C8, 3A4, and 3A5. Since several of these CYPs (e.g., CYP1A1 and 1A2) play a role in the bioactivation of many procarcinogens, polymorphisms of these enzymes may contribute to the variable susceptibility to carcinogenesis. The distribution of the common variant alleles of CYP genes varies among different ethnic populations. Pharmacogenetics has the potential to achieve optimal quality use of medicines, and to improve the efficacy and safety of both prospective and currently available drugs. Further studies are warranted to explore the gene-dose, gene-concentration, and gene-response relationships for these important drug-metabolizing CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhou
- School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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Norgard NB, Mathews KD, Wall GC. Drug-drug interaction between clopidogrel and the proton pump inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 2009; 43:1266-74. [PMID: 19470853 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1m051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the interaction between clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). DATA SOURCES Literature retrieval was accessed through PubMed (1980-January 2009), abstracts from 2008 American Heart Association and 2009 Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Scientific Sessions, and media press releases using the terms clopidogrel, proton pump inhibitors, cytochrome 2C19, genetic cytochrome P450 polymorphisms, and drug interaction. In addition, reference citations from publications identified in the search were reviewed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Relevant original research articles and review articles were evaluated. Articles were selected if they were published in English and focused on any of the key words or appeared to have substantial content addressing the drug interaction. DATA SYNTHESIS Recent attention has been placed on a potential interaction observed between clopidogrel and the widely used PPIs. Preliminary evidence suggests that omeprazole interacts with clopidogrel, reducing clopidogrel's antiplatelet effects as measured by various laboratory tests. Most data indicate that the interaction involves the competitive inhibition of the CYP2C19 isoenzyme. The interaction appears to be clinically significant, as several retrospective analyses have shown an increase in adverse cardiovascular outcomes when PPIs and clopidogrel are used concomitantly. However, this may not be a class effect. CONCLUSIONS Available data suggest that omeprazole is the PPI most likely to have a significant interaction with clopidogrel. Further studies are needed to determine that an interaction between the other PPIs and clopidogrel does not exist. In situations in which both clopidogrel and a PPI are indicated, pantoprazole should be used since it is the PPI least likely to interact with clopidogrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Norgard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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