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Feldman JM, Sherman JD. Efficient inhaled anaesthetic delivery requires managing fresh gas flow from induction through emergence. Br J Anaesth 2024:S0007-0912(24)00389-1. [PMID: 39043522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2024.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Feldman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jodi D Sherman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Kennedy RR. Seeing the wood for the trees: Insights into reducing inhalational agent consumption. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2021; 65:861-862. [PMID: 34027997 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ross Kennedy
- Department of Anaesthesia Christchurch HospitalUniversity of Otago‐Christchurch Christchurch New Zealand
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3
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Kim J, Kang D, Lee H, Ryu S, Ryu S, Kim D. Change of inspired oxygen concentration in low flow anesthesia. Anesth Pain Med (Seoul) 2020; 15:434-440. [PMID: 33329846 PMCID: PMC7724113 DOI: 10.17085/apm.20055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are several advantages of low flow anesthesia including safety, economics, and eco-friendliness. However, oxygen concentration of fresh gas flow and inspired gas are large different in low flow anesthesia. This is a hurdle to access to low flow anesthesia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the change in inhaled oxygen concentration in low flow anesthesia using oxygen and medical air. Methods A total of 60 patients scheduled for elective surgery with an American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status I or II were enrolled and randomly allocated into two groups. Group H: Fresh gas flow rate (FGF) 4 L/min (FiO₂ 0.5). Group L: FGF 1 L/min (FiO₂ 0.5). FGF was applied 4 L/min in initial phase (10 min) after intubation. After initial phase FGF was adjusted according to groups. FGF continued at the end of surgery. Oxygen and inhalation anesthetic gas concentration were recorded for 180 min at 15 min interval. Results The inspired oxygen concentration decreased by 5.5% during the first 15 min in the group L. Inspired oxygen decreased by 1.5% during next 15 min. Inspired oxygen decreased by 1.4% for 30 to 60 min. The inspired oxygen of group L is 35.4 ± 4.0% in 180 min. The group H had little difference in inspired oxygen concentration over time and decreased by 1.8% for 180 min. Conclusions The inspired oxygen concentration is maintained at 30% or more for 180 min in patients under 90 kg. Despite some technical difficulties, low flow anesthesia may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwook Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Donghee Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hochul Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Sungwon Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Siejeong Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Doosik Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Arslan M, Gişi G, Öksüz G, Öksüz H, Bilal B, Boran ÖF, Çalışır F. Are high fresh gas flow rates necessary during the wash-in period in low-flow anesthesia? Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2020; 36:834-840. [PMID: 32543056 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In low-flow anesthesia (LFA), there is a wash-in period in which usually high fresh gas flow (FGF) rates are used to achieve the required initial concentration of anesthetic agent in the alveoli. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency, safety and the consumption of desflurane in LFA using constant FGF (1 L/min) and conventional LFA using high FGF (4 L/min) during the wash-in period. Eighty patients, who were scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation, were enrolled in the study. Wash-in was accomplished with 1 L/min FGF (50% O2, 50% air) and 18% desflurane in group 1; and by 4 L/min FGF (50% O2, 50% air) and 6% desflurane in group 2. Throughout the surgery, the vaporizer was adjusted to maintain 0.6 to 0.8 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). The time required to reach 0.7 MAC was shorter in group 1 (160 seconds [135-181] vs 288 seconds [240-500], P < .001). In 6 patients in group 1 and 13 in group 2, vaporizer settings were adjusted to maintain 0.6 to 0.8 MAC (P = .048). Desflurane consumption in the first hour and total desflurane consumption were higher in group 2 (P < .001 and P = .012, respectively). The efficiency of anesthesia in both the first hour and in total was higher in group 1 (P < .001). It is safe, more efficient, and economical to use 1 L/min FGF during the wash-in period in LFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Arslan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Gökçe Gişi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Gözen Öksüz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Hafize Öksüz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Bora Bilal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Boran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Feyza Çalışır
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Kennedy RR, French RA, Vesto G, Hanrahan J, Page J. The effect of fresh gas flow during induction of anaesthesia on sevoflurane usage: a quality improvement study. Anaesthesia 2019; 74:875-882. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.14669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Kennedy
- University of Otago: Christchurch ChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - R. A. French
- Canterbury District Health Board ChristchurchNew Zealand
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Nandalan SP, Eltringham RJ, Fan QW. Cost-effectiveness of Basal Flow Sevoflurane Anaesthesia Using the Komesaroff Vaporizer inside the Circle System. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019; 33:609-15. [PMID: 16235479 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0503300510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
After ethics committee approval, 51 consenting ASA physical status 1 or 2 adult patients were given basal flow sevoflurane anaesthesia using fresh gas flows of 150 to 300 ml.min-1 oxygen. A Komesaroff vaporizer was placed on the inspiratory limb of the circle system. Basal flows were introduced immediately following intravenous induction of anaesthesia. The vaporizer was set to deliver the maximum concentration until the inspired sevoflurane concentration (FSI) reached 3%. The dial was then adjusted to maintain the FSI at 3%. After every 60 minutes, the circuit was washed out with 100% oxygen at a flow rate of 10 l.min-1 for one minute. The FSI reached 3% after an average of 8.5 (3.8) [mean (SD)] minutes. The trends in FSI and the expired sevoflurane concentrations were significantly different (P<0.05) between the mechanically ventilated patients (n=21) and the spontaneously ventilating patients (n=30) and demonstrated a more gradual build-up in the former group. The consumption of sevoflurane was found to be 9.2 (2.8) ml.h-1. This represented a 52.5% cost saving over the clinical application of the Mapleson's ideal fresh gas flow sequence for low-flow anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Nandalan
- Department of Anaesthesia, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
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Khetarpal R, Attri JP, Banerjee A, Verma R. Advantages of 1-1-12 Wash in Scheme during Induction with Low Flow Anesthesia with and without Nitrous Oxide. Anesth Essays Res 2018; 12:371-376. [PMID: 29962600 PMCID: PMC6020559 DOI: 10.4103/aer.aer_20_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the past, many wash-in schemes have been used with initially high fresh gas flow (FGF) to achieve the necessary alveolar concentration of inhalational agent in 10-15 min. This study was designed to show whether 1-1-12 wash-in scheme proposes an earlier achievement of induction or is there any requirement of high FGF phase to know the time taken for induction with and without nitrous oxide (N2O). Aims The aim of the study was to find out the time required for the alveolar concentration of desflurane to be from 1% to 6% with and without N2O. Design It was a potential randomized study which was conducted on sixty patients admitted for elective surgery. Materials and Methods Two groups of thirty patients each were made and randomly assigned. Group N received desflurane with N2O plus oxygen and Group A received desflurane with air plus oxygen. Statistical Analysis The observations were noted and evaluated accordingly. Analysis was done using unpaired t-test. Results Hemodynamic parameters were almost similar in both the groups. In Group N, gradual FAD (Alveolar Desflurane concentration, i.e., end-tidal desflurane) from 1% to 6% was achieved at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 min. In Group A, the same was achieved at 0.6, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 min (P > 0.05). No significant difference was found between the recuperation time and score in both the groups. Rather complications were more in Group N and statistically significant for nausea and vomiting. Conclusion Time taken to attain FAD from 1% to 6% was 4 min in both the groups. It is concluded that the recitation of 1-1-12 wash-in scheme is autonomous on the use of N2O and high FGF phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Khetarpal
- Department of Anesthesia, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Joginder Pal Attri
- Department of Anesthesia, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Amrita Banerjee
- Department of Anesthesia, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Renu Verma
- Department of Anesthesia, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Tollinche L, Tan K, Han A, Ojea L, Yeoh C. Analyzing Volatile Anesthetic Consumption by Auditing Fresh Gas Flow: An Observational Study at an Academic Hospital. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5. [PMID: 29963638 PMCID: PMC6020703 DOI: 10.23937/2377-4630/1410064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background In a climate of cost containment, it is critical to analyze and optimize all perioperative variable costs. Fresh gas flow is one important variable that determines utilization of inhalational agents and can be tightly controlled by the anesthesia provider. Manufacturers of inhalational agents have recommendations for minimum gas flow for their respective agents. Any gas flow above these recommendations is considered misuse and leads to unnecessary expense. The purpose of this study was to characterize and quantify the excess use of inhalational agents by analyzing fresh gas flow rates for long duration cases. Methods Over a span of three months, operating room records were analyzed for all procedures lasting greater than 4 hours. End tidal inhalation agent percentage for Sevoflurane and Isoflurane and fresh gas flows were analyzed. 303 unique patients with at least 4 hours of anesthesia time were included. Analysis excluded the first and last 30 minutes of all anesthetics to account for need for higher gas flows during induction/emergence of anesthesia. 152 patients received sevoflurane alone. 33 patients received isoflurane alone. 107 patients received both isoflurane and sevoflurane and were included in sevoflurane group given the higher gas flow needs of sevoflurane. 11 patients received neither agent and were excluded from analysis. We proceed with n = 292 unique patients. (259 in Sevo, 33 in iso) We used the two-sided one sample t-test setting 2 ml/min as the null for sevo and 1 ml/min as the null for iso; we ran analysis using a nonparametric test that didn't require the fresh gas flow to be normally distributed - the two-sided one-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test: p value = < 0.0001. Results The results of our study revealed a sevoflurane (n = 259) mean fresh gas flow (L/min) 2.55 (95% CI, 2.45-2.66) - significantly different from null of 2 ml/min (p < 0.0001). Isoflurane (n = 33) mean fresh gas flows (L/min) 2.33 (95% CI, 2.00-2.66) - significantly different from null of 1 l/min (p < 0.0001). Conclusion Manufacturer recommendation for sevoflurane is to maintain gas flows 1-2 l/min and Isoflurane at above 1 l/min. Given these recommendations, the anesthesia providers delivered fresh gas flows at least 28% higher than necessary for sevoflurane and at least 130% greater than necessary for isoflurane anesthetics that lasted greater than 4 hours. This is an area where cost reduction can be readily achieved. Future plans to realize a reduction in inhalational agent utilization include education of the benefits of fresh gas flow and instituting a low fresh gas flow policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Tollinche
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - KaySee Tan
- Department of Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - Austin Han
- Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York (CUNY) School of Medicine, USA
| | - Leslie Ojea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - Cindy Yeoh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA
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Low-flow anaesthesia with a fixed fresh gas flow rate. J Clin Monit Comput 2018; 33:115-121. [DOI: 10.1007/s10877-018-0135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Leijonhufvud F, Jöneby F, Jakobsson JG. The impact of fresh gas flow on wash-in, wash-out time and gas consumption for sevoflurane and desflurane, comparing two anaesthesia machines, a test-lung study. F1000Res 2017; 6:1997. [PMID: 29333245 PMCID: PMC5754744 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13064.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-flow anaesthesia is considered beneficial for the patient and the environment, and it is cost reducing due to reduced anaesthetic gas consumption. An initial high-flow to saturate the circle system (
wash-in) is desirable from a clinical point of view. We measured the wash-in and wash-out times (time to saturate and to eliminate the anaesthetic agent, AA), for sevoflurane and desflurane, in a test-lung with fixed 3 MAC vaporizer setting at different fresh gas flow (FGF) and calculated the consumption of AA. We tried to find an optimal flow rate for speed and gas consumption, comparing two anaesthesia machines (AMs): Aisys and Flow-i. Time to reach 1 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) (wash-in) decreased (p<0.05) at higher flow rates (1 – 2 – 4) but plateaued at 4-4.8 l/min. The consumption of AA was at its lowest around 4-4.8 l/min (optimal flow) for all but the Aisys /desflurane group. Wash-out times decreased as FGF increased, until reaching plateau at FGF of 4-6 l/min. Aisys had generally shorter wash-in times at flow rates < 4 l/min as well as lower consumption of AA. At higher flow rates there were little difference between the AMs. The “optimal FGF” for wash-out, elimination of gas from the test-lung and circle system, plateaued with no increase in speed beyond 6 l/min. A fresh gas flow of 4 l/min. seems “optimal” taking speed to reach a 1 MAC ET and gas consumption into account during wash-in with a fixed 3 MAC vaporizer setting, and increasing fresh gas flow beyond 6 l/min does not seem to confirm major benefit during wash-out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan G Jakobsson
- Institution for Clinical Science, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyds University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Venkatachalapathy R, Cherian A, Panneerselvam S. Changes in Gas Composition during Low Flow Anaesthesia without Nitrous Oxide. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:UC29-UC33. [PMID: 28893018 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/27141.10313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low flow anaesthesia utilising Oxygen (O2) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) mixture carries a risk of hypoxia, but avoiding N2O results in increased analgesic and volatile anaesthetic agent requirement. AIM This study attempted to find the lowest Fraction of inspired Oxygen (FiO2) levels achieved with a mixture of 300 mL/min each of O2 and medical air over two hours and to compare the overall analgesic requirement and cost while using similar flows of N2O and O2, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted between March 2015 and June 2016 at the Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India. Patients of American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) Grade 1 and 2 undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia with an endotracheal tube were included in the study, in two groups of 40 each. In the initial ten minutes following induction of anaesthesia, both groups received high Fresh Gas Flows (FGF) of 3 L/min each (Group O: medical air and oxygen; Group N: N2O and oxygen), following which the FGF rates were reduced to 300 ml/min each. Any value of FiO2 lesser than 0.3 during the duration of anaesthesia was considered to render the technique unsafe for clinical use. SPSS software version 20.0 was used to generate data and figures. RESULTS The lowest FiO2 recorded was 0.33 in Group O and 0.3 in Group N which occurred at the end of two hours. Mean analgesic requirement was significantly higher in Group O compared to Group N (151.85 μg, 124.85 μg; p-value=0.004) with a 62% increase in the cost incurred. CONCLUSION The use of medical air and oxygen in flows of 300 ml/min each following initial high flows of 3 L/min appears to be a safe technique. However, this combination was associated with an increase in the cost of anaesthesia and in the need for additional intra-operative analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Venkatachalapathy
- Junior Resident, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Anusha Cherian
- Associate Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Sakthirajan Panneerselvam
- Associate Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
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Magee P. Circle (CO 2 reabsorbing) breathing systems: Human applications. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2017; 231:617-624. [PMID: 28661230 DOI: 10.1177/0954411917698502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Artificial breathing systems to help humans survive extreme environments are used over a range of ambient pressures, using various gases of different volumetric concentrations. These activities include anaesthesia and intensive care activity, high-altitude mountaineering, firefighting, aerospace extravehicular space activity and underwater diving operations. A circle breathing system is one in which the exhaled carbon dioxide is absorbed by an alkali substance and the remaining unused gases are recirculated, usually for the sake of economy and environment. This allows the flow of the fresh gas to be considerably reduced, thereby saving on fresh-gas supply. Circle systems are often used in the circumstances cited above, although not always at low fresh-gas flows. The circle system used in anaesthesia and intensive care has the least engineering demands made on it, although it is used on patients who are highly vulnerable; it usually provides a mixture of air and oxygen, and perhaps a breathable anaesthetic gas, all at sea-level pressure. Mountaineering and firefighting applications involve an extreme earthbound environment, with the user undergoing extreme physical work. The astronaut's spacesuit and life support system contains a high-flow circle system, the breathing gases themselves pressurising the suit as well as providing respiratory life support and thermal comfort; the gas provided is pure oxygen at about a third of sea-level atmosphere. There are numerous varieties of breathing systems for diving, including a circle system, often for clandestine naval activity; the gases used are a combination of oxygen, nitrogen and helium, to minimise the possibility of decompression sickness, nitrogen narcosis and oxygen toxicity and must be provided at a varying pressure and concentration appropriate to depth.
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Sathitkarnmanee T, Tribuddharat S, Nonlhaopol D, Thananun M, Somdee W. 1-1-12 one-step wash-in scheme for desflurane low flow anesthesia: performance without nitrous oxide. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:977-81. [PMID: 25733815 PMCID: PMC4338778 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s78233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background We reported a 1-1-12 wash-in scheme for desflurane-nitrous oxide (N2O) low flow anesthesia that is simple, rapid, and predictable. There remain some situations where N2O should be avoided, which limits the generalizability of this wash-in scheme. The objective of our study was to determine the performance of this scheme in contexts where N2O is not used. Methods We recruited 106 patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. After induction and intubation, wash-in was started with a fresh gas flow of air:O2 1:1 L/min and a vaporizer concentration of desflurane of 12%. Controlled ventilation was then adjusted to maintain PACO2 at 30–35 mmHg. Results The alveolar concentration of desflurane (FAD) rose rapidly from 0% to 6% in 4 minutes in the same pattern as observed in our previous study in which N2O was used. An FAD of 7% was achieved in 6 minutes. An FAD of 1% to 7% occurred at 0.6, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 6 minutes. The rise in heart rate during wash-in was statistically significant, although not clinically so. There was a slight but statistically significant decrease in blood pressure, but this had no clinical significance. Conclusion Performance of the 1-1-12 wash-in scheme is independent of the use of N2O. Respective FADs of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, and 7% can be expected at 0.6, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 6 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sirirat Tribuddharat
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Duangthida Nonlhaopol
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Maneerat Thananun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wilawan Somdee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Candia Arana CA, Castillo Monzón CG, Álvarez Gómez JA, Roca González J, Eslava Schmalbach JH. Desempeño predictivo y clínico de un dispositivo target-controlled infusion para sevofluorano en una estación de trabajo convencional: correlación farmacocinética del modelo empleado. COLOMBIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rca.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Candia Arana CA, Castillo Monzón CG, Álvarez Gómez JA, González JR, Eslava Schmalbach JH. Predictive and clinical performance of a TCI device for sevoflurane at a conventional workstation: Pharmacokinetic correlation of the model used. COLOMBIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcae.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Ryksen E, Diedericks BJS. Calculation of comparative utilisation and cost: a South African perspective on intravenous vs. inhalational anaesthesia for procedures of differing duration. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/22201173.2012.10872871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Ryksen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State
| | - BJS Diedericks
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State
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1-1-12 one-step wash-in scheme for desflurane-nitrous oxide low-flow anesthesia: rapid and predictable induction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:867504. [PMID: 24991571 PMCID: PMC4065730 DOI: 10.1155/2014/867504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background. We propose a 1-1-12 wash-in scheme for desflurane-nitrous oxide (N2O) low-flow anesthesia. The objective of our study was to determine the time to achieve alveolar concentration of desflurane (FAD) at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%. Methods. We enrolled 106 patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. After induction and intubation, wash-in was started with a fresh gas flow (FGF) of N2O : O2 1 : 1 L min−1 and vaporizer concentration of desflurane (FD) of 12%. Ventilation was controlled to maintain PACO2 at 30–35 mmHg. Results. The FAD rose rapidly from 0 to 4% in 2 min in a linear manner in 0.5 min increments. An FAD of 6% was achieved in 4 min in a linear fashion from FAD of 4% but in 1 min increments. An FAD of 1 to 6% occurred at 0.6, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 min. Heart rate during wash-in showed a statistically, albeit not clinically, significant pattern of increase. By contrast, blood pressure slightly decreased during this period. Conclusions. We developed a 1-1-12 wash-in scheme using a FGF of N2O : O2 1 : 1 L min−1 and FD of 12% for desflurane-nitrous oxide low-flow anesthesia. A respective FAD of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6% can be expected at 0.6, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 min.
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Predictive and clinical performance of a TCI device for sevoflurane at a conventional workstation: Pharmacokinetic correlation of the model used☆. COLOMBIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/01819236-201442040-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Brattwall M, Warrén-Stomberg M, Hesselvik F, Jakobsson J. Brief review: theory and practice of minimal fresh gas flow anesthesia. Can J Anaesth 2012; 59:785-97. [PMID: 22653840 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-012-9736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this brief review is to provide an update on the theory regarding minimal fresh gas flow techniques for inhaled general anesthesia. The article also includes an update and discussion of the practical aspects associated with minimal-flow anesthesia, including the advantages, potential limitations, and safety considerations of this important anesthetic technique. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Reducing the fresh gas flow to < 1 L·min(-1) during maintenance of anesthesia is associated with several benefits. Enhanced preservation of temperature and humidity, cost savings through more efficient utilization of inhaled anesthetics, and environmental considerations are three key reasons to implement minimal-flow and closed-circuit anesthesia, although potential risks are hypoxic gas mixtures and inadequate depth of anesthesia. The basic elements of the related pharmacology need to be considered, especially pharmacokinetics of the inhaled anesthetics. The third-generation inhaled anesthetics, sevoflurane and desflurane, have low blood and low tissue solubility, which facilitates rapid equilibration between the alveolar and effect site (brain) concentrations and makes them ideally suited for low-flow techniques. The use of modern anesthetic machines designed for minimal-flow techniques, leak-free circle systems, highly efficient CO(2) absorbers, and the common practice of utilizing on-line real-time multi-gas monitor, including essential alarm systems, allow for safe and cost-effective minimal-flow techniques during maintenance of anesthesia. The introduction of new anesthetic machines with built-in closed-loop algorithms for the automatic control of inspired oxygen and end-tidal anesthetic concentration will further enhance the feasibility of minimal-flow techniques. CONCLUSIONS With our modern anesthesia machines, reducing the fresh gas flow of oxygen to 0.3-0.5 L·min(-1) and using third-generation inhaled anesthetics provide a reassuringly safe anesthetic technique. This environmentally friendly practice can easily be implemented for elective anesthesia; furthermore, it will facilitate cost savings and improve temperature homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metha Brattwall
- Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive care, Institution for clinical sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Laws D. The volatile consumption: uptake ratio as a measure of the efficiency of semi-closed circle breathing system usage. Anaesthesia 2011; 66:749. [PMID: 21749350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hendrickx JF, Lemmens H, De Cooman S, Van Zundert AA, Grouls RE, Mortier E, De Wolf AM. Mathematical method to build an empirical model for inhaled anesthetic agent wash-in. BMC Anesthesiol 2011; 11:13. [PMID: 21702937 PMCID: PMC3224103 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2253-11-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wide range of fresh gas flow - vaporizer setting (FGF - FD) combinations used by different anesthesiologists during the wash-in period of inhaled anesthetics indicates that the selection of FGF and FD is based on habit and personal experience. An empirical model could rationalize FGF - FD selection during wash-in. METHODS During model derivation, 50 ASA PS I-II patients received desflurane in O2 with an ADU® anesthesia machine with a random combination of a fixed FGF - FD setting. The resulting course of the end-expired desflurane concentration (FA) was modeled with Excel Solver, with patient age, height, and weight as covariates; NONMEM was used to check for parsimony. The resulting equation was solved for FD, and prospectively tested by having the formula calculate FD to be used by the anesthesiologist after randomly selecting a FGF, a target FA (FAt), and a specified time interval (1 - 5 min) after turning on the vaporizer after which FAt had to be reached. The following targets were tested: desflurane FAt 3.5% after 3.5 min (n = 40), 5% after 5 min (n = 37), and 6% after 4.5 min (n = 37). RESULTS Solving the equation derived during model development for FD yields FD=-(e(-FGF*-0.23+FGF*0.24)*(e(FGF*-0.23)*FAt*Ht*0.1-e(FGF*-0.23)*FGF*2.55+40.46-e(FGF*-0.23)*40.46+e(FGF*-0.23+Time/-4.08)*40.46-e(Time/-4.08)*40.46))/((-1+e(FGF*0.24))*(-1+e(Time/-4.08))*39.29). Only height (Ht) could be withheld as a significant covariate. Median performance error and median absolute performance error were -2.9 and 7.0% in the 3.5% after 3.5 min group, -3.4 and 11.4% in the 5% after 5 min group, and -16.2 and 16.2% in the 6% after 4.5 min groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS An empirical model can be used to predict the FGF - FD combinations that attain a target end-expired anesthetic agent concentration with clinically acceptable accuracy within the first 5 min of the start of administration. The sequences are easily calculated in an Excel file and simple to use (one fixed FGF - FD setting), and will minimize agent consumption and reduce pollution by allowing to determine the lowest possible FGF that can be used. Different anesthesia machines will likely have different equations for different agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fa Hendrickx
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Onze Lieve Vrouwziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium.
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Comparison of the effects of low-flow and high-flow inhalational anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and desflurane on mucociliary activity and pulmonary function tests. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011; 28:279-83. [DOI: 10.1097/eja.0b013e3283414cb7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Devadoss U, Babu S, Cherian V. Quantifying the effect of isoflurane and nitrous oxide on somatosensory-evoked potentials. Indian J Anaesth 2010; 54:40-4. [PMID: 20532071 PMCID: PMC2876901 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5049.60496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaesthetic techniques may have a significant effect on intraoperative-evoked potentials (EP). The present study is designed to compare Propofol anaesthesia with Isoflurane (with or without nitrous oxide) during intraoperative somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring in 15 ASA Grade I and II patients undergoing surgery for intracranial tumours. SSEPs in response to median and posterior tibial nerve stimulation were recorded under four different anaesthetic conditions: 1) Propofol infusion and ventilation with air-oxygen, 2) Isoflurane, 1.0 MAC and ventilation with air-oxygen, 3) Isoflurane 1.0 MAC and ventilation with nitrous oxide-oxygen, and 4) Return to Isoflurane, 1.0 MAC and ventilation with air-oxygen. Intraoperative monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials is best recordable using Propofol. The morphology of the EP is reproducible with Isoflurane. This effect is exaggerated when it is advisable to avoid nitrous oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Devadoss
- Department of Anaesthesia, Christian Medical College, Vellore - 632 004, Tamilnadu, India
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Van Zundert T, Brebels A, Hendrickx J, Carette R, De Cooman S, Gatt S, De Wolf A. Derivation and Prospective Testing of a Two-step Sevoflurane-O2-N2O Low Fresh Gas Flow Sequence. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009; 37:911-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0903700608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple vaporiser setting (FD) and fresh gas flow (FGF) sequences make the practice of low-flow anaesthesia not only possible but also easy to achieve. We sought to derive a sevoflurane FD sequence that maintains the end-expired sevoflurane concentration (FAsevo) at 1.3% using the fewest possible number of FD adjustments with a previously described O2-N2O FGF sequence that allows early FGF reduction to 0.7 l.min−1. In 18 ASA physical status I to II patients, FD was determined to maintain FAsevo at 1.3% with 2 l.min−1 O2 and 4 l.min−1 N2O FGF for three minutes, and with 0.3 and 0.4 l.min−1 thereafter. Using the same FGF sequence, the FD schedule that approached the 1.3% FAsevo pattern with the fewest possible adjustments was prospectively tested in another 18 patients. The following FD sequence approximated the FD course well: 2% from zero to three minutes, 2.6% from three to 15 minutes and 2.0% after 15 minutes. When prospectively tested, median (25th; 75th percentile) performance error was 0.8 (-2.9; 5.9)%, absolute performance error 6.7 (3.3; 10.6)%, divergence 18.2 (-5.6; 27.4)%.h−1 and wobble 4.4 (1.7; 8.1)%. In one patient, FGF had to be temporarily increased for four minutes. One O2/N2O rotameter FGF setting change from 6 to 0.7 l.min−1 at three minutes and two sevoflurane FD changes at three and 15 minutes maintained predictable anaesthetic gas concentrations during the first 45 minutes in all but one patient in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Van Zundert
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Onze Lieve Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
- Research Fellow, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy and University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A. Brebels
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Onze Lieve Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
| | - J. Hendrickx
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Onze Lieve Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
- Consultant Anaesthesiologist, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy and Consulting Assistant Professor, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - R. Carette
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Onze Lieve Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
| | - S. De Cooman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Onze Lieve Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
- Consultant Anaesthesiologist, Department of Anaesthesiology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
| | - S. Gatt
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Onze Lieve Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
- Associate Professor, Head of Division and Director, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Prince of Wales and Sydney Children's Hospitals, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - A. De Wolf
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Onze Lieve Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
- Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Optimisation de l’administration des agents anesthésiques inhalés : débit de gaz frais ou fraction délivrée ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 27:900-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2008.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hendrickx JF, Dewulf BB, De Mey N, Carette R, Deloof T, De Cooman S, De Wolf AM. Development and performance of a two-step desflurane—O2/N2O fresh gas flow sequence. J Clin Anesth 2008; 20:501-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hendrickx JFA, Cardinael S, Carette R, Lemmens HJM, De Wolf AM. The ideal oxygen/nitrous oxide fresh gas flow sequence with the Anesthesia Delivery Unit machine. J Clin Anesth 2007; 19:274-9. [PMID: 17572322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine whether early reduction of oxygen and nitrous oxide fresh gas flow from 6 L/min to 0.7 L/min could be accomplished while maintaining end-expired nitrous oxide concentration > or =50% with an Anesthesia Delivery Unit anesthesia machine. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized clinical study. SETTING Large teaching hospital in Belgium. PATIENTS 53 ASA physical status I and II patients requiring general endotracheal anesthesia and controlled mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups depending on the duration of high oxygen/nitrous oxide fresh gas flow (two and 4 L/min, respectively) before lowering total fresh gas flow to 0.7 L/min (0.3 and 0.4 L/min oxygen and nitrous oxide, respectively): one, two, three, or 5 minutes (1-minute group, 2-minute group, 3-minute group, and 5-minute group), with n = 10, 12, 13, and 8, respectively. The course of the end-expired nitrous oxide concentration and bellows volume deficit at end-expiration was compared among the 4 groups during the first 30 minutes. RESULTS At the end of the high-flow period the end-expired nitrous oxide concentration was 35.6 +/- 6.2%, 48.4 +/- 4.8%, 53.7 +/- 8.7%, and 57.3 +/- 1.6% in the 4 groups, respectively. Thereafter, the end-expired nitrous oxide concentration decreased to a nadir of 36.1 +/- 4.5%, 45.4 +/- 3.8%, 50.9 +/- 6.1%, and 55.4 +/- 2.8% after three, 4, 6, and 8 minutes after flows were lowered in the 1- to 5-minute groups, respectively. A decrease in bellows volume was observed in most patients, but was most pronounced in the 2-minute group. The bellows volume deficit gradually faded within 15 to 20 minutes in all 4 groups. CONCLUSIONS A 3-minute high-flow period (oxygen and nitrous oxide fresh gas flow of 2 and 4 L/min, respectively) suffices to attain and maintain end-expired nitrous oxide concentration > or =50% and ensures an adequate bellows volume during the ensuing low-flow period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F A Hendrickx
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Onze Lieve Vrouw Hospital, 9300 Aalst, Belgium.
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Abstract
Even when anaesthesia does not represent a major part of the expense of a given surgical operation, reducing costs is not negligible because the large number of patients passing through a department of anaesthesia accounts for a huge annual budget. Volatile anaesthetics contribute 20% of the drug expenses in anaesthesia, coming just behind the myorelaxants; however, the cost of halogenated agents has potential for savings because a significant part of the delivered amount is wasted when a non- or partial-rebreathing system is used. The cost of inhaled agents is related to more than the amount taken up; it also depends on their market prices, their relative potencies, the amount of vapour released per millilitre of liquid, and last but not least the fresh-gas flow rate (FGF) delivered to the vaporizer--the most important factor determining the cost of anaesthesia. Poorly soluble agents like desflurane and sevoflurane facilitate the control of low-flow anaesthesia and reduce the duration of temporary high-flow phases to rapidly wash in or adjust the circuit gas concentrations. Modelling low-flow or minimal-flow anaesthesia will help anaesthetists to understand the kinetics of inhaled agents in those circumstances and to design their own clinical protocols. The monitoring facilities present on modern anaesthesia machines should convince clinicians that low- or even minimal-flow anaesthesia would not jeopardize the safety of their patients. Cost containment requires primarily a decrease in FGFs, but it may also be influenced by a rational use of the available halogenated agents. Isoflurane, the cheapest generic agent, might be advantageous for maintenance of anaesthesia of less than 3 hours. Sevoflurane is the agent of choice for inhalational induction and might also be used for maintenance. Desflurane might be preferred for long anaesthetics where rapid recovery will generate savings in the PACU.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Odin
- University Hospital of Limoges, France
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Wilkes AR. The moisture-conserving performance of breathing system filters in use with simulated circle anaesthesia breathing systems*. Anaesthesia 2004; 59:271-7. [PMID: 14984526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Breathing system filters can be used to humidify gases delivered to patients. Performance can be determined by measuring the net moisture loss (the difference between expired and inspired levels of humidity) from a patient model. The net moisture loss should be decreased by increasing the level of humidity in the breathing system by, for example, using a circle breathing system. The effect of four different filters, three different levels of humidity in the breathing system (7, 13 and 19 g.m-3) and two tidal volumes (0.5 l and 1.0 l) on the net moisture loss from a patient model was measured. The net moisture loss decreased as the humidity in the breathing system increased and was less for the lower tidal volume. Adequate levels of humidity (>/= 20 g.m-3) will be delivered to patients by most filters provided they are used in conjunction with circle breathing systems and low fresh gas flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Wilkes
- Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Nickalls RWD, Mapleson WW. Age-related iso-MAC charts for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane in man. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91:170-4. [PMID: 12878613 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeg132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The motivation for this study was the current difficulty in estimating the total age-related MAC for a patient in a clinical setting. METHODS Age-related iso-MAC charts for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane were developed for the clinically useful MAC range (0.6-1.6), age range 5-95 yr, and put in a convenient form for use by practising anaesthetists. The charts are based on Mapleson's meta-analysis (1996) of the available MAC data and can be used to allow for the contribution of nitrous oxide to the total MAC. RESULTS The charts indicate the influence of age on anaesthetic requirements, showing, for example, that a total MAC of 1.2 using isoflurane and nitrous oxide 67% in oxygen requires an end-expired isoflurane concentration of only 0.25% in a patient of 95 yr vs 1% in a 5-yr-old patient. Colleagues found the charts to be helpful and simple to use clinically. CONCLUSIONS The iso-MAC charts show clearly how patient age can be used to guide the choice of end-expired agent concentration. They also allow a consistent total MAC to be maintained when changing the inspired nitrous oxide concentration, thereby reducing the chance of inadvertent awareness, particularly at the extremes of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W D Nickalls
- Department of Anaesthesia, City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.
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Tempia A, Olivei MC, Calza E, Lambert H, Scotti L, Orlando E, Livigni S, Guglielmotti E. The anesthetic conserving device compared with conventional circle system used under different flow conditions for inhaled anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:1056-1061. [PMID: 12651660 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000050558.89090.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Anesthetic Conserving Device (ACD) is a high-flow anesthesia system closed to volatile anesthetics only. We compared the ACD with a circle system under different fresh gas flow (FGF) conditions. Eighty-one patients undergoing major surgery were randomly allocated to receive sevoflurane from a circle circuit combined either with the ACD placed at the Y-piece (n = 41) or with a vaporizer (n = 40). The FGF was set to 8 L/min in the ACD system, where the circle circuit served as a nonrebreather. In the conventional circle system without ACD, the vaporizer was supplied with 1-, 1.5-, 3-, and 6-L/min FGFs. We compared the ACD with the circle system under the four FGFs in terms of sevoflurane dosing, sevoflurane consumption, humidification efficiency, and environmental pollution. The ACD and the low-flow circle system (1.5- and 1-L/min FGFs) resulted in the smallest sevoflurane consumption. The increase in inspired sevoflurane concentration was faster with the circle system than with the ACD only with FGFs > or =3 L/min. The removal of ACD from the circuit allowed the fastest washout of sevoflurane. Respiratory gas humidification was always adequate. Sevoflurane ambient concentration with the ACD was 1-70 ppb. The ACD is a valid and simple alternative to low-flow systems. IMPLICATIONS The Anesthetic Conserving Device (ACD) is a new device for anesthetic vapor delivery. We demonstrated that the ACD reduces anesthetic consumption and environmental pollution similarly to a low-flow circle system, offering advantages such as simplicity, no toxicity from compounds produced in the absorber, and potential cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Tempia
- *Istituto di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale San Luigi, Orbassano, Italy; Servizio di Anestesia †A e ‡B, Ospedale San Giovanni Bosco, Torino, Italy; §Istituto di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; and ∥Hudson RCI, Upplands Väsby, Sweden
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Lerou JGC, Verheijen R, Booij LHDJ. Model-based administration of inhalation anaesthesia. 4. Applying the system model. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88:175-83. [PMID: 11883384 DOI: 10.1093/bja/88.2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We developed and tested a simple dosing strategy for rapid induction with isoflurane followed by maintenance under minimal-flow conditions, that is 0.5 litre min(-1) total fresh gas flow (FGF). An end-expired concentration was to be achieved within 5 min in a desired therapeutic window, that is 0.8-1.1 vol%, and to be maintained within it for at least 30 min. METHODS With our new model we computed a three-stage regimen using one fixed vaporizer setting: 3 vol% isoflurane in a FGF of 3 and 1.5 litre min(-1), each for 3 min, and 0.5 litre min thereafter. The ratio of nitrous oxide:oxygen was, consecutively, 2:1, 2:1, and 2:3. We evaluated this scheme in 58 adult patients (body mass 74 (SD 13) kg), mostly during eye and ear, nose, and throat surgery. RESULTS Measured oxygen (33-45 vol%) and nitrous oxide concentrations (66-50 vol%) evolved in accordance with those computed. In five patients with a median of body mass 92 kg (range 76-126 kg), inspired oxygen concentrations decreased to less than 30 vol%. End-expired isoflurane concentration entered the window after 2 min (range 1.0-5.67 min) and attained its maximum, that is 0.96 vol% (0.8-1.2 vol%), after 3.45 min (1.67-6.33 min). The mean end-expired concentration was in the desired window from 3-60 min and an average of 72% of individual measurements were within the window from 3-30 min. The scheme was adapted in six patients (excluded from analysis) because of hypotension. CONCLUSION The regimen is easily remembered, reliable, and lends itself to alternative strategies, but must be guided by the monitoring of gas and vapour concentrations and haemodynamic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G C Lerou
- Institute for Anaesthesiology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Coetzee JF, Stewart LJ. Fresh gas flow is not the only determinant of volatile agent consumption: a multi-centre study of low-flow anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88:46-55. [PMID: 11881883 DOI: 10.1093/bja/88.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
METHODS Seven academic centres studied 302 patients, using desflurane, enflurane, halothane, or isoflurane using circle-systems and Dräger Julian anaesthetic machines, with fresh gas flows (V(F)) of 3, 1, and 0.5 litre min(-1). Volatile agent partial pressures in the breathing system were recorded and agent consumptions measured by weighing. RESULTS At these flows, desflurane consumption depended on V(F). In contrast, halothane consumption was not influenced by V(F). Isoflurane and enflurane showed differences in consumption between flows of 0.5 and 3 litre min(-1). Stepwise linear regression suggested that besides V(F), other factors influenced consumption of the more soluble agents (sex, age, weight, height, altitude, and temperature). The partial pressure ratios were independent of V(F) for desflurane (end-tidal to fresh gas=0.8), but the ratios of the more soluble agents varied with V(F) (end-tidal to fresh gas=0.3-0.7). CONCLUSIONS At V(F) that involves significant re-breathing, consumption of soluble agents depends only partially on V(F). These results can be explained using Mapleson's hydraulic analogue model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Coetzee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Ip-Yam PC. The fresh-gas flow sequence at the start of low-flow anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2001; 56:911. [PMID: 11531683 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2001.02230-10.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Feiss P. (Part 2) Economic aspects of concentration-oriented anaesthesia: halogenated agents. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1053/bean.2001.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ip-Yam PC, Goh MH, Chan YH, Kong CF. Clinical evaluation of the Mapleson theoretical ideal fresh gas flow sequence at the start of low-flow anaesthesia with isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane. Anaesthesia 2001; 56:160-4. [PMID: 11167476 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2001.01835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mapleson used a computer spreadsheet model to predict the theoretical ideal fresh gas flow sequence at the start of low-flow anaesthesia. The aim was to increase the end-expired partial pressure of inhalational agent (PE'an) to one minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) as quickly as practicable and then to keep it constant. Ninety adult patients undergoing elective tonsillectomy under general anaesthesia were randomly allocated to one of three groups (n = 30) to receive isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane in oxygen. Fresh gas flow and vaporiser settings as specified by Mapleson were followed in all cases except that the maximum setting for desflurane was 18% (2.7 MAC instead of 3 MAC). Recordings of PE'an were made at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 min. Mean values of PE'an exceeded 1 MAC by 2 min in all three groups and remained above this value throughout. Each group's PE'an measurements were divided by their respective 1-MAC value. A simple two-level model (with patients at level 2 and time at level 1), with measurements at 1 min excluded, showed that the fitted value at 2 min and the time-weighted mean for 2-20 min for PE'iso (1.042 [95% CI 0.980-1.104] and 1.044 [0.984-1.104], respectively) were not significantly different from its 1-MAC value, whereas those of the PE'sevo (1.169 [1.119-1.219] and 1.143 [1.119-1.219]) and PE'des (1.305 [1.261-1.349] and 1.140 [1.098-1.182]) were significantly higher than their respective 1-MAC values. The Mapleson concept of an initial high fresh gas flow and high vaporiser settings, followed first by reduced high fresh gas flow, as followed in this clinical study, results in PE'an values close to or slightly higher than predicted in the spreadsheet model.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Ip-Yam
- Department of Anaesthesia & Surgical Intensive Care, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore.
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Lerou JG, Booij LH. Model-based administration of inhalation anaesthesia. 2. Exploring the system model. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86:29-37. [PMID: 11575406 DOI: 10.1093/bja/86.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored our model by displaying its new capabilities, testing its sensitivity to variations in input data and illustrating its use. Its multiple-gas character allows simulation of the mechanisms governing concentration and second gas effects. Simulating the volume of a standing bellows makes it possible to test algorithms for automated closed-circuit anaesthesia. Using desflurane, the model's sensitivity to changes in blood/gas partition coefficient (range 0.42-0.576), cardiac output and minute ventilation was analysed. The model was very sensitive to changes in blood solubility; other results agreed with those reported previously. An alveolar isoflurane tension of 1% atm was rapidly attained and maintained, even using 0.5 litres min(-1) of fresh gas, when isoflurane was 'co-administered' through a vaporizer set to 3.5 vol% and a single aliquot (1.25 ml liquid) injected into the expiratory limb. As a result of its credibility and capabilities, the model is to be tested in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Lerou
- Institute for Anaesthesiology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Smith NT. Simulation in anesthesia: the merits of large simulators versus small simulators. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2000; 13:659-65. [PMID: 17016372 DOI: 10.1097/00001503-200012000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anesthesia simulation is generally perceived as involving large simulators that provide a limited number of operating room scenarios, especially crisis management. The scope of both anesthesia and flight simulation is much wider, and this review summarizes the range of the former. The areas where simulation has been used include training, education and science. The diversity of its uses may surprise the reader. The models that are used in simulations are important, and these are discussed in part of the discussion. As a result of the current imbalance in perception, I emphasize the merits of small simulators at the expense of large simulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Smith
- University of California, San Diego, California 92106-3033, USA.
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Hendrickx JF, Vandeput DM, De Geyndt AM, De Ridder KP, Haenen JS, Deloof T, De Wolf AM. Maintaining sevoflurane anesthesia during low-flow anesthesia using a single vaporizer setting change after overpressure induction. J Clin Anesth 2000; 12:303-7. [PMID: 10960203 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-8180(00)00159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE A sevoflurane vaporizer dial setting of 1.9% was previously found to maintain the end-expired sevoflurane concentration (Et(sevo)) at 1.3% during maintenance of anesthesia for procedures up to one hour with an O(2) FGF of 1 L/min. We examined whether applying these parameters could simplify low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia after overpressure induction using two slightly different techniques. DESIGN Prospective clinical study. SETTING Large teaching hospital. PATIENTS Sixteen patients receiving general anesthesia for a variety of peripheral procedures. INTERVENTIONS Anesthesia was induced with overpressure with sevoflurane (8%) in an 8 L. min(-1) O(2)/N(2)O mixture (30%/70%). After a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was placed, fresh gas flow (FGF) was lowered to 1 L. min(-1) using O(2) and N(2)O (FiO(2) 30%) with patients breathing spontaneously. In group I patients (n = 8), the vaporizer dial was set at 1.9% at the same time the FGF was lowered. In group II patients (n = 8), the vaporizer was turned off until Et(sevo) had decreased to 1.3%, after which the dial was set at 1.9%. The course of Et(sevo) in the two groups was examined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In group I, Et(sevo) after 3 min was 4.88 +/- 1. 12%. Et(sevo) decreased slowly after reduction of FGF to 1.83 +/- 0. 19%, 1.59 +/- 0.18%, and 1.52 +/- 0.19% at 10, 20, and 30 min, respectively. In group II, Et(sevo) after 3 min was 4.34 +/- 0.84%, and decreased more rapidly after reduction of FGF to 1 L. min(-1) than in group I. Et(sevo) was 1.40 +/- 0.09%, 1.40 +/- 0.11%, and 1. 38 +/- 0.13% at 10, 20, and 30 min, respectively. CONCLUSIONS After high-flow overpressure induction with sevoflurane, a single change in vaporizer setting (to 1.9%) and FGF (to 1 L. min(-1)) suffices for the Et(sevo) to approach the predicted Et(sevo) (1.3%) within 10-15 min; thereafter the Et(sevo) remains nearly constant. As expected, the predicted Et(sevo) is attained slightly faster when the vaporizer is temporarily turned off. Clinically applying previously derived pharmacokinetic parameters simplifies low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia after overpressure induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Hendrickx
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium
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