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Amato VS, Maia de Souza R, Moyses Franco LA, Ruedas Martins RC, Maia da Silva CA, Emori CT, Celeste BJ, Castanheira GV, Tuon FF. Case Report: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient Receiving Methotrexate. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:785-788. [PMID: 36067991 PMCID: PMC9651513 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive effect of methotrexate has rarely been associated with reactivation of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Here we present a case of a cutaneous leishmaniasis patient with atypical clinical symptoms without splenomegaly but with cutaneous manifestations after treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate and blood recovery of the parasite. Next-generation sequencing was used to identify Leishmania infantum chagasi in the patient's blood sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdir Sabbaga Amato
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Parasitologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Maia de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Parasitologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Augusto Moyses Franco
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Parasitologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Cristina Ruedas Martins
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Parasitologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Alves Maia da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Parasitologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christini Takemi Emori
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Julieta Celeste
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Victor Castanheira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Parasitologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Francisco Tuon
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Abstract
Infectious diseases of the skin have become rarer in industrialized nations, but they still affect a considerable part of the population in tropical regions. Skin diseases induced by protozoa, worms and ectoparasites are among the 17 "neglected tropical diseases" defined by the WHO (leishmaniasis, dracunculiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis). Skin symptoms in travellers returning from the tropics may challenge dermatologists in Germany regarding differential diagnostic assessment and therapy. Among the 12 most frequent skin diseases in travellers are cutaneous larva migrans, leishmaniasis and myiasis. In this review, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of some the most relevant tropical dermatoses due to protozoa, worms and ectoparasites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schliemann
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07743, Jena, Deutschland,
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Zandieh A, Zandieh B, Dastgheib L. Dissemination of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in an organ transplant recipient: case report and literature review. Int J Dermatol 2012; 52:59-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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García-Río I, Daudén E, Ballestero-Díez M, Fraga J, García-Díez A. Leishmaniasis y nodulosis reumatoide en paciente con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Leishmaniasis and Rheumatoid Nodulosis in a Patient With HIV Infection. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1578-2190(10)70603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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6
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Leishmaniasis and biologic therapies for rheumatologic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2009; 40:e3-5. [PMID: 19782386 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xynos ID, Tektonidou MG, Pikazis D, Sipsas NV. Leishmaniasis, autoimmune rheumatic disease, and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy, Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:956-9. [PMID: 19523302 PMCID: PMC2727307 DOI: 10.3201/eid1506.090101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report 2 cases of leishmaniasis in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases
in Greece. To assess trends in leishmaniasis reporting in this patient
population, we searched the literature for similar reports from Europe. Reports
increased during 2004–2008, especially for patients treated with
anti–tumor necrosis factor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Xynos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Hachicha I, Sellami M, Fourati H, Akrout R, Hdiji N, Baklouti S. [Cutaneous leishmaniasis in rheumatoid arthritis]. Rev Med Interne 2009; 30:609-12. [PMID: 19285366 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a protozoal infection. Its prevalence is increasing, especially in immunocompromised subjects. CASE REPORTS We report four patients with rheumatoid arthritis, treated with methotrexate and prednisone who developed cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical outcome was favorable after institution of antimony therapy in three cases despite the continuation of methotrexate and prednisone. One patient failed to respond to therapy. DISCUSSION The frequency of cutaneous leishmaniasis is increasing especially in immunocompromised subjects. In our patients, rheumatoid arthritis, corticosteroid therapy and methotrexate were predisposing factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hachicha
- Service de rhumatologie, CHU Hédi Chaker, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia.
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Mulvaney P, Aram G, Maggiore PR, Kutzner H, Carlson JA. Delay in diagnosis: trauma- and coinfection-related cutaneous leishmaniasis because ofLeishmania guyanensisinfection. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:53-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Okwor I, Uzonna J. Persistent parasites and immunologic memory in cutaneous leishmaniasis: implications for vaccine designs and vaccination strategies. Immunol Res 2008; 41:123-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Saha M, Shipley D, McBride S, Kennedy C, Vega-Lopez F. Atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis in two patients receiving low-dose methotrexate. Br J Dermatol 2007; 155:830-3. [PMID: 16965437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease that has high morbidity. There have been increasing reports of leishmaniasis in patients with an underlying immunosuppressed state. We present two cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Old World species in patients on methotrexate therapy. We postulate that the T-cell-mediated response to leishmaniasis infection could be modulated by methotrexate and may render an immunosuppressed individual more susceptible to developing clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saha
- Department of Dermatology, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK.
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Tuon FF, Sabbaga Amato V, Floeter-Winter LM, de Andrade Zampieri R, Amato Neto V, Siqueira França FO, Shikanai-Yasuda MA. Cutaneous leishmaniasis reactivation 2 years after treatment caused by systemic corticosteroids - first report. Int J Dermatol 2006; 46:628-30. [PMID: 17550567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.03096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), an endemic anthropozoonosis in various countries in the world, is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania. Despite reports on ATL reactivation as a result of immunosuppression, to the best of our knowledge, this paper describes the first case of ATL reactivation in its localized form (cutaneous leishmaniasis) associated with the administration of systemic corticosteroids. The possible action of corticosteroids on the host immune response to the parasite in patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis is discussed. This report demonstrates the possibility of ATL reactivation in patients using corticosteroids, an observation that should be considered in individuals treated with this medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Francisco Tuon
- Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Clinic, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mendez S, Reckling SK, Piccirillo CA, Sacks D, Belkaid Y. Role for CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells in reactivation of persistent leishmaniasis and control of concomitant immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:201-10. [PMID: 15263027 PMCID: PMC2212012 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of dormant infections causes an immense burden of morbidity and mortality in the world at large. Reactivation can occur as a result of immunosuppression, environmental insult, or aging; however, the cause of reactivation of such infections is often not clear. We have previously shown that persistence of the parasite Leishmania major is controlled by endogenous CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T (T reg) cells. In this report, we show that despite efficient parasite clearance at secondary sites of infection, Leishmania superinfection can cause disease reactivation at the primary site. Our results strongly suggest that T reg cells, whose numbers increase in sites of reactivation, are directly responsible for such reactivation. Depletion of CD25(+) cells at the time of secondary challenge prevented disease reactivation at the site of persistent infection while strengthening the expression of immunity at the site of secondary challenge. Finally, transfer of T reg cells purified from infected mice into chronically infected mice was sufficient to trigger disease reactivation and prevent the expression of an effector memory response. Our results demonstrate that after persistence is achieved, an equilibrium between T reg cells and effector lymphocytes, which can be disturbed by superinfection, controls the efficiency of recall immune responses and disease reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Mendez
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kóczán G, Ghose AC, Mookerjee A, Hudecz F. Methotrexate conjugate with branched polypeptide influences Leishmania donovani infection in vitro and in experimental animals. Bioconjug Chem 2002; 13:518-24. [PMID: 12009941 DOI: 10.1021/bc015530e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) has been coupled to various structurally related, polycationic (poly[Lys(DL-Ala(m))] (AK), poly[Lys(Ser(i)-DL-Ala(m))] (SAK), poly[Lys(DL-Ala(m)-Leu(i))] (ALK)), or amphoteric (poly[Lys(Glu(i)-DL-Ala(m))] (EAK)) synthetic branched polypeptides containing poly[L-Lys] backbone by the aid of BOP reagent. The average degree of MTX incorporation was found to be dependent on the charge properties of the polymer. Under the experimental conditions used, the molar substitution ratio achieved was higher for polycations (25%) than for the amphoteric polypeptide (10%). We have studied the effect of polycationic polypeptides on Leishmania donovani infection. Results demonstrated that MTX conjugates in which the drug is covalently attached to carrier have pronounced leishmanicid activity. In this communication we showed that (a) a branched polypeptide-methotrexate conjugate with a polycationic carrier (ALK) increases the effect of MTX against Leishmania donovani infection in mice; (b) the covalent bond between the carrier and methotrexate is essential for both in vivo and in vitro activity; and (c) the number of Leishmania donovani parasites in infected macrophages are markedly reduced in conjugate treated animals. In vitro observation might also indicate that the MTX conjugate exhibits an effect through an uptake by macrophages which is different from that of the free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Kóczán
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, Budapest 112, POB 32, Hungary, H-1518
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Bouza E, Moya JG, Muñoz P. Infections in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2001; 15:335-61, vii. [PMID: 11447699 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have a higher infection rate than the general population. It is estimated that at least 50% of them will suffer a severe infectious episode during the course of the disease. Improvements in the control of the disease are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bouza
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Service, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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