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Daruish M, Ambrogio F, Foti C, Filosa A, Cazzato G. Tumid Lupus Erythematosus (TLE): A Review of a Rare Variant of Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (cCLE) with Emphasis on Differential Diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:780. [PMID: 38611691 PMCID: PMC11011942 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumid lupus erythematosus (TLE) has been the subject of heated debate regarding its correct nosographic classification. The definition of TLE has changed over time, varying according to the different studies performed. In this review, we address the initial definition of TLE, the changes that have taken place in the understanding of TLE, and its placement within the classification of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), with a focus on clinical, histopathological, immunophenotypical, and differential diagnosis aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Daruish
- Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Dorchester DT1 2JY, UK;
| | - Francesca Ambrogio
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (C.F.)
| | - Caterina Foti
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (C.F.)
| | - Alessandra Filosa
- Pathology Department, “A. Murri” Hospital-ASUR Marche, Aree Vaste n. 4 and 5, 63900 Fermo, Italy;
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
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2
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Bitar C, Menge TD, Chan MP. Cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus: A practical clinicopathologic review for pathologists. Histopathology 2021; 80:233-250. [PMID: 34197657 DOI: 10.1111/his.14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of connective tissue diseases is often challenging and relies on careful correlation between clinical and histopathologic features, direct immunofluorescence studies, and laboratory workup. Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a prototype of connective tissue disease with a variety of cutaneous and systemic manifestations. Microscopically, cutaneous LE is classically characterized by an interface dermatitis, although other histopathologic patterns also exist depending on the clinical presentation, location, and chronicity of the skin lesions. In this article, we review the clinical, serologic, histopathologic, and direct immunofluorescence findings in LE-specific and LE-nonspecific skin lesions, with an emphasis on lesser known variants, newly described features, and helpful ancillary studies. This review will guide general pathologists and dermatopathologists in accurately diagnosing and subclassifying cutaneous LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Bitar
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tyler D Menge
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - May P Chan
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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Cooper EE, Pisano CE, Shapiro SC. Cutaneous Manifestations of "Lupus": Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Beyond. Int J Rheumatol 2021; 2021:6610509. [PMID: 34113383 PMCID: PMC8154312 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6610509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus, Latin for "wolf," is a term used to describe many dermatologic conditions, some of which are related to underlying systemic lupus erythematosus, while others are distinct disease processes. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus includes a wide array of visible skin manifestations and can progress to systemic lupus erythematosus in some cases. Cutaneous lupus can be subdivided into three main categories: acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Physical exam, laboratory studies, and histopathology enable differentiation of cutaneous lupus subtypes. This differentiation is paramount as the subtype of cutaneous lupus informs upon treatment, disease monitoring, and prognostication. This review outlines the different cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus and provides an update on both topical and systemic treatment options for these patients. Other conditions that utilize the term "lupus" but are not cutaneous lupus erythematosus are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas, Austin 78701, USA
| | - Catherine E. Pisano
- Department of Dermatology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas, Austin 78701, USA
| | - Samantha C. Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas, Austin 78701, USA
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4
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Obermoser G, Zelger B, Zelger B. [Lupus erythematosus-a clinico-pathological heterogeneous disease]. DER PATHOLOGE 2020; 41:334-343. [PMID: 32347330 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-020-00785-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lupus erythematosus (LE) is an autoimmune disorder where immune tolerance towards nucleic acids is lost and a hyperactivated type I interferon system drives chronic immune activation. Typically, signs, symptoms, and clinical disease course are very variable between patients. Cutaneous LE can be associated with or precede systemic involvement or be limited to the skin, necessitating careful examination and follow-up of patients. LE skin disease includes a wide range of manifestations and precise classification for clinical studies is challenging. In this review article we discuss common and rare manifestations of cutaneous lupus with its clinical presentation and histopathological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bettina Zelger
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - Bernhard Zelger
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich.
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5
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Patsinakidis N, Kautz O, Gibbs BF, Raap U. Lupus erythematosus tumidus: clinical perspectives. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019; 12:707-719. [PMID: 31632119 PMCID: PMC6778445 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s166723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lupus erythematosus tumidus (LET) is an uncommon and photosensitive inflammatory skin disorder which is characterised by erythematous urticarial plaques. In the last 20 years, extensive research on clinical and histological aspects of the disease have led to a better characterization of this nosological entity and to differentiate it from other similar or related diseases. Today, LET is considered as a separate subtype of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) with a benign, intermittent clinical course (intermittent CLE, ICLE) and only rarely associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Patsinakidis
- University Clinic of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Oldenburg, Klinikum Oldenburg Aör, Oldenburg, Germany.,Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ocko Kautz
- University Clinic of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Oldenburg, Klinikum Oldenburg Aör, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard F Gibbs
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Raap
- University Clinic of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Oldenburg, Klinikum Oldenburg Aör, Oldenburg, Germany.,Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Wuyts L, Dandelooy J, Siozopolou V, Lambert J, Aerts O. Mepacrine as successful monotherapy for refractory Jessner-Kanof disease: still an important drug in the dermatologic armamentarium. J DERMATOL TREAT 2016; 28:276-278. [PMID: 27686749 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2016.1214668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Jessner-Kanof disease (JKD), a lymphocytic infiltration of the skin, can be difficult to treat. Mepacrine (quinacrine), an anti-malarial less available in Belgium, may be beneficial. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two female patients with biopsy-proven and therapy-resistant JKD, not responding to topical and systemic corticosteroids, (hydroxy-)chloroquine and/or dapsone, were treated with mepacrine 100 mg daily. RESULTS In both patients an amelioration was observed during the first month of treatment, and clinical remission was obtained by the fourth month, without any side-effects. In both cases, the dose could be tapered to three times weekly. DISCUSSION JKD is strongly related to lupus erythematosus (tumidus), and although spontaneous remissions may occur, it is notoriously difficult to treat. Mepacrine may be initiated as an add-on therapy to (hydroxy-)chloroquine, but also as monotherapy. A dose of 100 mg a day, tapered to weekly doses once remission is obtained, seems feasible. Except for (mild) yellow skin discoloration, the drug has few side-effects, and offers the advantage of not displaying retinal toxicity. CONCLUSION Mepacrine is still a useful and safe drug for treating cutaneous lupus erythematosus and related skin conditions, such as refractory JKD in particular. Its future availability, also in Belgium, is therefore important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wuyts
- a Department of Dermatology , University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), University of Antwerp (UA) , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Julie Dandelooy
- a Department of Dermatology , University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), University of Antwerp (UA) , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Vasiliki Siozopolou
- b Department of Pathology , University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), University of Antwerp (UA) , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Julien Lambert
- a Department of Dermatology , University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), University of Antwerp (UA) , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Olivier Aerts
- a Department of Dermatology , University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), University of Antwerp (UA) , Antwerp , Belgium
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7
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Bakardzhiev I, Chokoeva AA, Krasnaliev I, Tana C, Wollina U, Lotti T, Tchernev G. Unilateral unique Lupus tumidus: pathogenetic mystery and diagnostic problem. Wien Med Wochenschr 2016; 166:250-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-015-0421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Rodríguez-Caruncho C, Bielsa I. Lupus Erythematosus Tumidus: A Clinical Entity Still Being Defined. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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9
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Rodríguez-Caruncho C, Bielsa I. Lupus eritematoso túmido, una entidad en proceso de definición. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011; 102:668-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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10
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Obermoser G, Sontheimer RD, Zelger B. Overview of common, rare and atypical manifestations of cutaneous lupus erythematosus and histopathological correlates. Lupus 2010; 19:1050-70. [PMID: 20693199 DOI: 10.1177/0961203310370048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the second most frequently affected organ system in lupus erythematosus. Although only very rarely life threatening--an example is lupus erythematosus-associated toxic epidermal necrolysis--skin disease contributes disproportionally to disease burden in terms of personal and psychosocial wellbeing, vocational disability, and hence in medical and social costs. Since several manifestations are closely associated with the presence and activity of systemic lupus erythematosus, prompt and accurate diagnosis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus is essential. This review aims to cover common, rare, and atypical manifestations of lupus erythematosus-associated skin disease with a detailed discussion of histopathological correlates. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus covers a wide morphological spectrum well beyond acute, subacute and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, which are commonly classified as lupus-specific skin disease. Other uncommon or less well-known manifestations include lupus erythematosus tumidus, lupus profundus, chilblain lupus, mucosal lupus erythematosus, and bullous lupus erythematosus. Vascular manifestations include leukocytoclastic and urticarial vasculitis, livedoid vasculopathy and livedo reticularis/ racemosa. Finally, we discuss rare presentations such as lupus erythematosus-related erythema exsudativum multiforme (Rowell syndrome), Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, extravascular necrotizing palisaded granulomatous dermatitis (Winkelmann granuloma), and neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Obermoser
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Abstract
In patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and mild skin involvement, local therapy consisting of topically applied pharmacological agents, e.g., topical/intralesional steroids, may be sufficient. Recent reports have also shown efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors in patients with CLE, particularly on the face. Special attention receives consistent sun protection through photoresistant clothing and application of light-shielding substances with highly potent chemical or physical UVA- and UVB-protective filters. These substances should be applied in sufficient amount (ca. 2 mg/cm(2)) at least 20-30 minutes before sun exposure in order to avoid induction and exacerbation of cutaneous lesions. The mainstay of treatment for disfiguring and widespread skin manifestations in patients with CLE, irrespective of the subtype of the disease, is antimalarial agents. Our understanding of the use of combinations of antimalarials and proper dosing according to the ideal bodyweight limits problems with toxicity. Further therapies, such as methotrexate, or retinoids, dapsone, mycophenolate mofetil, and thalidomide in selected cases, can be helpful for patients with resistant disease; however, side effects need to be taken into consideration. Recent advances in biotechnology resulted in the development of novel systemic agents, but randomized controlled trials are necessary for the approval of new therapeutic strategies in CLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuhn
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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12
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Awotesu S, Dubois V, El-Hindy N, Watts M. Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate: a rare cause of lid ectropion. BMJ Case Rep 2010; 2010:bcr07.2009.2064. [PMID: 22347890 PMCID: PMC3029424 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.07.2009.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectropion is a condition in which the lower eyelid turns outwards from the globe. It is commonly due to age related involutional laxity of the lid tissue. Ectropion may also be secondary to scarring or contracture of the periorbital skin and underlying tissues which pulls the eyelids outwards. Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate is a rare and enigmatic dermatological condition which is uncommon in the elderly. We describe a case of recurrent ectropion following redo lid surgery in which Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate was fortuitously diagnosed on skin biopsy. We are unaware of any report in the literature describing recurrent cicatrical ectropion due to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segun Awotesu
- Arrowe Park Hospital, Ophthalmology Department, Arrowe Park Road, Upton, Wirral CH49 5PE, UK
| | - Vincent Dubois
- Arrowe Park Hospital, Ophthalmology Department, Arrowe Park Road, Upton, Wirral CH49 5PE, UK
| | - Nabil El-Hindy
- Norfolk & Norwich, Ophthalmology Department, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Mark Watts
- Arrowe Park Hospital, Ophthalmology Department, Arrowe Park Road, Upton, Wirral CH49 5PE, UK
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13
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Hafejee A, Winhoven S, Coulson IH. Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate responding to oral auranofin. J DERMATOL TREAT 2009; 15:331-2. [PMID: 15370403 DOI: 10.1080/09546630410016924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate is a chronic benign T cell disorder with annular erythematous plaques found mainly on sun exposed sites. Topical and intralesional steroids, antimalarials, thalidomide and prozaquone have been used in treatment with variable success. We report a case of a 38 year old man who responded to oral auranofin after failing more established therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hafejee
- Department of Dermatology, Burnley General Hospital, Burnley, Lancashire, UK
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15
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Obermoser G, Schwingshackl P, Weber F, Stanarevic G, Zelger B, Romani N, Sepp N. Recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in ultraviolet irradiation-induced lupus erythematosus tumidus. Br J Dermatol 2009; 160:197-200. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Rémy-Leroux V, Léonard F, Lambert D, Wechsler J, Cribier B, Thomas P, Adamski H, Marguery MC, Aubin F, Leroy D, Bernard P. Comparison of histopathologic–clinical characteristics of Jessner's lymphocytic infiltration of the skin and lupus erythematosus tumidus: Multicenter study of 46 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58:217-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Wenzel J, Zahn S, Mikus S, Wiechert A, Bieber T, Tüting T. The expression pattern of interferon-inducible proteins reflects the characteristic histological distribution of infiltrating immune cells in different cutaneous lupus erythematosus subsets. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:752-7. [PMID: 17714558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and type I interferons (IFNs) are supposed to play a central proinflammatory role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE). The IFN-inducible chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 are involved in recruiting CXCR3+ effector lymphocytes from the peripheral blood into skin lesions of LE. We hypothesized that the expression pattern of IFN-inducible proteins reflects the characteristic distribution of the inflammatory infiltrate in different subsets of cutaneous LE. OBJECTIVES To test this hypothesis in patients with LE. METHODS Lesional skin biopsies taken from patients with different subsets of LE [chronic discoid LE (CDLE), n = 12; subacute cutaneous LE (SCLE), n = 5; LE tumidus (LET), n = 4; LE profundus (LEP), n = 6] were investigated by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies to the lymphocyte surface markers CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20 and CD68, the cytotoxic proteins Tia1 and granzyme B, the chemokine receptor CXCR3, the specifically type I IFN-inducible protein myxovirus protein A (MxA) and the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10. RESULTS The expression pattern of MxA followed the distribution of the inflammatory infiltrate typically seen in the investigated cutaneous LE subsets. In CDLE and SCLE, expression was focused in the epidermis and upper dermis, while in LET a perivascular and in LEP a subcutaneous pattern was found. Similar findings were obtained for CXCL9 and CXCL10. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a close morphological association between the expression pattern of IFN-inducible proteins and the distribution of CXCR3+ CD3+ lymphocytes in all investigated subsets of cutaneous LE. This supports the importance of an IFN-driven inflammation in this condition. Infiltrating lymphocytes carrying CXCL10 in their granules might amplify the lesional inflammation and be responsible for the chronic course of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study 26 cases of lupus erythematosus tumidus (LET), a subset of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE), referred to in the literature as a rare entity. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective study was conducted of 26 patients diagnosed with LET between 1996 and 2002. The clinical characteristics, histopathologic and laboratory findings, response to treatment, association with other subsets of lupus, course, and diagnostic criteria were analyzed. RESULTS The incidence by sex was similar. The mean age of presentation was 49.19 years. The clinical presentation usually involved erythematous, edematous plaques located on the face, chest, back, or extremities, related to sun exposure. A dermal lymphocytic infiltrate with a perivascular disposition and differing degrees of mucin deposition was observed in all cases. Minimal epidermal changes were present in 18 cases, and 11 of these also showed minimal dermal-epidermal changes. Only one case showed dermal-epidermal changes without any epidermal alteration. Direct immunofluorescence test was performed in 15 patients, and 11 were negative. All cases showed a benign course without systemic manifestations. The response to topical steroids or antimalarial treatment was excellent, but a seasonal recurrence was usually observed. Discussion No defined criteria for LET are universally accepted. The main controversies are the acceptance of LET as a separate subset of CCLE, and the histopathologic diagnostic features, mainly the presence or absence of epidermal and dermal-epidermal changes in these lesions. CONCLUSIONS No inflexible histologic criteria should be employed for the diagnosis of LET. This subset of lupus erythematosus is characterized by intense photosensitivity, definite clinical lesions, a benign course, the absence of systemic disease, good response to antimalarial treatment, and a tendency to recur. More studies should be performed in order to establish the true incidence of LET because this subset of CCLE is probably underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vieira
- Department of Dermatology and Pathology, Hospital Juan Canalejo, La Coruña, Spain.
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19
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Kuhn A, Hanneken S, Megahed M, Ruzicka T, Neumann NJ. Extreme Photosensitivität seit der Kindheit. Hautarzt 2006; 57:56-8, 60. [PMID: 16440239 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-004-0881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kuhn
- Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf.
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20
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Draft KS, Wiser EB, Elenitsas R. Dermatopathology update of "newer" dermatologic manifestations of systemic disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 21:101-32. [PMID: 16350440 DOI: 10.1016/j.yadr.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karla S Draft
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Abstract
Lupus erythematosus is the great imitator of other diseases. There is a broad range of cutaneous symptoms induced by lupus or by its various treatments. This article provides a short overview of uncommon presentations of cutaneous symptoms in the lupus spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Teaching Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt, 01067 Dresden, Germany.
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Vassallo C, Colombo G, Canevari R, Brazzelli V, Ardigò M, Carrera C, Cananzi R, Borroni G. Monolateral severe eyelid erythema and edema as unique manifestation of lupus tumidus. Int J Dermatol 2005; 44:858-60. [PMID: 16207190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Vassallo
- Department of Dermatology and of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pavia, Italy.
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Adamski H, Le Gall F, Chevrant-Breton J. Positive photobiological investigation in reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2004; 20:235-8. [PMID: 15379872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2004.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reticular erythematous mucinosis (REM) syndrome is a rare disorder. Its clinical course is cyclic with remissions and exacerbations. In this disease, photosensitivity has previously been noticed but rarely demonstrated. We report three new cases with positive photobiological investigation. CASE REPORTS Three patients (two males, one female) with a mean age 47 years were seen with reticular erythematous papules on the upper chest and or back. After sun exposure, the lesions were exacerbated. Skin biopsies showed dermal lymphocytic perivascular infiltration with mucin deposition between collagen bundles. Direct immunofluorescence was negative. Antinuclear antibodies were absent. In cabin, ultraviolet (UV)A exposure reproduced clinically and histologically REM lesions in our cases. UVA and UVB provocating phototests were negative. In all patients treatment with oral antimalarials and external photoprotection was effective. CONCLUSIONS In our patients, we confirm the photosensitive feature of REM syndrome by provocative irradiation in UVA cabin. The mechanism of triggering is actually unclear. It is supposed that UV radiation, heat, and perspiration are necessary to reveal this affection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Adamski
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Pontchaillou, University of Rennes, Rue H. Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes Cedex 9, France.
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Sonntag M, Lehmann P, Megahed M, Ruzicka T, Kuhn A. Lupus erythematosus tumidus in childhood. Report of 3 patients. Dermatology 2004; 207:188-92. [PMID: 12920372 DOI: 10.1159/000071793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2002] [Accepted: 12/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a rare disorder in childhood. Most patients reported in the literature present with systemic manifestations, and, to date, fewer than 20 children with chronic cutaneous LE have been documented. In this article, we describe 3 patients with childhood LE tumidus, an uncommon but distinct subtype of chronic cutaneous LE. The lesions are characterized by erythematous, urticaria-like, nonscarring plaques in sun-exposed areas and, unlike in other variants of chronic cutaneous LE, there is no epidermal involvement. The clinical, photobiological, and histologic features as well as the differential diagnoses of childhood LE tumidus are discussed and compared with the adult form of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sonntag
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Poenitz N, Dippel E, Klemke CD, Qadoumi M, Goerdt S. Jessner’s Lymphocytic Infiltration of the Skin: A CD8+ Polyclonal Reactive Skin Condition. Dermatology 2003; 207:276-84. [PMID: 14571070 DOI: 10.1159/000073090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2003] [Accepted: 03/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jessner's lymphocytic infiltration of the skin (JLIS) is a clinically and histologically distinct disease entity. Conflicting results have been reported concerning its differentiation from cutaneous lupus erythematosus and polymorphous light eruption, its relationship to palpable migratory arciform erythema and its classification as a B-cell or a CD4+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disease. OBJECTIVE Our study was performed in order to re-evaluate JLIS clinically and by immunohistochemical and molecular analyses. METHODS Stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria were used to collect a cohort of 34 patients with JLIS that did not overlap with lupus erythematosus or polymorphous light eruption. Clinical data were analysed, and immunohistochemical and molecular studies were performed including TCR-gamma PCR GeneScan software analysis of tissue and peripheral blood samples. RESULTS In the majority of the patients, the lesions consisted only of papules and plaques while in 12% annular lesions were also seen. The lesions were found on the face (38%), on the trunk and arms (50%) or at both sites (12%). Immunohistochemical analyses revealed a clear predominance of T cells in all patients, and of CD8+ T cells in 77% of the patients. As judged by TCR-gamma PCR GeneScan analysis, 98 and 79% of the tissue and peripheral blood samples, respectively, showed a polyclonal T-cell population; identical T-cell clones were not detected concomitantly in both the skin and the peripheral blood of the same patient. CONCLUSIONS JLIS occurs at 2 major predilection sites, that is the face and trunk. Therefore introduction of palpable migratory arciform erythema as a separate entity is not justified. The lymphoid infiltrates are dominated immunohistochemically by CD8+ T cells that do not show clonality on molecular analysis. Thus, JLIS represents a characteristic CD8+ polyclonal reactive skin condition.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Biopsy, Needle
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Cohort Studies
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous/diagnosis
- Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Pseudolymphoma/diagnosis
- Pseudolymphoma/immunology
- Pseudolymphoma/pathology
- Risk Assessment
- Skin Diseases/diagnosis
- Skin Diseases/immunology
- Skin Diseases/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- N Poenitz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Alexiades-Armenakas MR, Baldassano M, Bince B, Werth V, Bystryn JC, Kamino H, Soter NA, Franks AG. Tumid lupus erythematosus: criteria for classification with immunohistochemical analysis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 49:494-500. [PMID: 12910555 DOI: 10.1002/art.11206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define comprehensive criteria for the classification and differential diagnosis of tumid lupus erythematosus (LE). METHODS A prospective study of patients fulfilling the classical description of tumid LE was performed. Clinical evaluation, histopathologic and direct immunofluorescence analyses of skin specimens, and serologic evaluation were conducted. The inflammatory cell infiltrate was quantitatively investigated by immunohistochemical analysis of fresh frozen skin specimens using multiple lymphocytic markers. RESULTS Fifteen patients were followed for a mean of 7 years. Smooth, indurated, nonscarring, pink to violaceous papules, plaques, or nodules, devoid of surface changes were distributed on sun exposed sites. The mean lesion duration was 2 years, female:male ratio was 8:7, and racial distribution was 11 white, 2 Hispanic, and 2 African American patients. Histopathologic findings included a superficial and deep, perivascular, and frequently periadnexal infiltrate of lymphocytes, mucin deposition throughout the dermis, and absent to focal dermal-epidermal junctional involvement. Direct immunofluorescence immunoreactants and low titer antinuclear antibodies were variably present. Immunohistochemical findings included a predominance of pan-T cell marker CD3-expressing (78.0% +/- 6.3%) T lymphocytes. Most were CD4 expressing (82.7% +/- 8.0%) helper T cells; a minority were CD8 expressing (31.3% +/- 14.0%) cytotoxic T cells. The CD4:CD8 ratio was 3.1 (+/-1.3):1. One patient developed systemic LE and one a discoid LE lesion. CONCLUSION Comprehensive clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical criteria for the classification of tumid LE are proposed that differentiate tumid LE from other cutaneous disorders that may be clinically and histologically indistinguishable. The chronic, benign course indicates that tumid LE be classified as a form of chronic cutaneous LE, although it may be a cutaneous feature of systemic LE.
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Kuhn A, Sonntag M, Ruzicka T, Lehmann P, Megahed M. Histopathologic findings in lupus erythematosus tumidus: review of 80 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48:901-8. [PMID: 12789183 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2003.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a recent study, we demonstrated that lupus erythematosus (LE) tumidus (LET) is a distinct subset of cutaneous LE (CLE), which is clinically characterized by erythematous, urticaria-like, nonscarring plaques in sun-exposed areas. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to analyze skin biopsy specimens from 80 patients with this disease and to determine whether it could be differentiated from other variants of CLE on histopathologic grounds. METHODS Skin biopsy specimens from 53 primary and 38 UVA- and/or UVB-induced lesions of 80 patients with LET were examined and compared with skin biopsy specimens from patients with discoid LE (DLE) and subacute CLE (SCLE). RESULTS Specimens from LET lesions showed a characteristic and diagnostic pattern of perivascular and periadnexal cellular infiltrates in the papillary and reticular dermis composed almost entirely of lymphocytes. In some cases, few scattered neutrophils were present. Furthermore, interstitial mucin deposition was observed in all specimens, as confirmed by colloidal iron staining. In contrast to discoid LE and subacute CLE lesions, epidermal atrophy or alteration at the dermoepidermal junction was not detected. CONCLUSION Skin lesions of patients with LET present with specific histopathologic features, and the differences compared with subacute CLE and discoid LE further support the concept to consider LET as a separate entity of CLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Kuhn
- Departments of Dermatology at Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Kuhn A, Sonntag M, Sunderkötter C, Lehmann P, Vestweber D, Ruzicka T. Upregulation of epidermal surface molecule expression in primary and ultraviolet-induced lesions of lupus erythematosus tumidus. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146:801-9. [PMID: 12000376 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus erythematosus tumidus (LET), a photosensitive skin disorder with characteristic clinical and histological features, has not been generally accepted as a subset of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). OBJECTIVES To analyse the expression of epidermal surface molecules in skin biopsy specimens from patients with LET and to relate the results to other variants of CLE, such as discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and subacute CLE (SCLE). METHODS In total, 45 patients with different subtypes of CLE were included in the study, and cryostat sections from primary and ultraviolet (UV) A- and UVB-induced skin lesions were investigated using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS In contrast to healthy controls, skin lesions of LET showed upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and histocompatibility class II molecules (HLA-DR), with an expression pattern resembling that seen in DLE and SCLE. Furthermore, staining with a monoclonal antibody against 27E10, a distinct marker for cell activation and differentiation, revealed intense focal or band-like labelling of all epidermal layers independent of the type of lesion. CONCLUSIONS Expression of epidermal surface molecules such as ICAM-1, HLA-DR and 27E10 is equally upregulated in primary and UV-induced lesions of patients with LET, DLE and SCLE. These results support our recent clinical findings that LET represents a distinct subset of CLE with a similar immunopathomechanism rather than a different disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuhn
- Department of Dermatology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Murphy GM. Diseases associated with photosensitivity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2001; 64:93-8. [PMID: 11744394 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitive disorders may be classified as those entirely caused by solar exposure and the photoaggravated disorders. Those in the former category include polymorphic light eruption, juvenile spring eruption, actinic prurigo, hydroa vacciniforme, solar urticaria, also chronic actinic dermatitis. Genodermatoses whose expression mainly depends on UV or light exposure include the DNA repair deficient disorders, some disorders of cornification, the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and porphyria. Examples of photoaggravated diseases include lupus erythematosus, erythema multiforme, atopic eczema, psoriasis, viral exanthemata, pemphigus, dermatitis herpetiformis and rosacea. Drugs and chemicals may interact with UV to induce photosensitivity. In many of these diseases the action spectrum is known or may be determined by phototesting. Recognition of the reaction patterns associated with the photodermatoses greatly assists clinical classification of the photodermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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