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Golpour A, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Antimicrobial and Immune-Modulatory Effects of Vitamin D Provide Promising Antibiotics-Independent Approaches to Tackle Bacterial Infections - Lessons Learnt from a Literature Survey. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2019; 9:80-87. [PMID: 31662886 PMCID: PMC6798578 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial multidrug-resistance (MDR) constitutes an emerging threat to global health and makes the effective prevention and treatment of many, particularly severe infections challenging, if not impossible. Many antibiotic classes have lost antimicrobial efficacy against a plethora of infectious agents including bacterial species due to microbial acquisition of distinct resistance genes. Hence, the development of novel anti-infectious intervention strategies including antibiotic-independent approaches is urgently needed. Vitamins such as vitamin D and vitamin D derivates might be such promising molecular candidates to combat infections caused by bacteria including MDR strains. Using the Pubmed database, we therefore performed an in-depth literature survey, searching for publications on the antimicrobial effect of vitamin D directed against bacteria including MDR strains. In vitro and clinical studies between 2009 and 2019 revealed that vitamin D does, in fact, possess antimicrobial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species, whereas conflicting results could be obtained from in vivo studies. Taken together, the potential anti-infectious effects for the antibiotic-independent application of vitamin D and/or an adjunct therapy in combination with antibiotic compounds directed against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, H. pylori infections, or skin diseases, for instance, should be considered and further investigated in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainoosh Golpour
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Charité - University Medicine Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Charité - University Medicine Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Charité - University Medicine Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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de la Fuente-Núñez C, Silva ON, Lu TK, Franco OL. Antimicrobial peptides: Role in human disease and potential as immunotherapies. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 178:132-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Xia X, Cheng L, Zhang S, Wang L, Hu J. The role of natural antimicrobial peptides during infection and chronic inflammation. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 111:5-26. [PMID: 28856473 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a family of small polypeptides that are produced by constitutive or inducible expression in organisms, are integral components of the host innate immune system. In addition to their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, natural AMPs also have many biological activities against fungi, viruses and parasites. Natural AMPs exert multiple immunomodulatory roles that may predominate under physiological conditions where they lose their microbicidal properties in serum and tissue environments. Increased drug resistance among microorganisms is occurring far more quickly than the discovery of new antibiotics. Natural AMPs have shown promise as 'next generation antibiotics' due to their broad-spectrum curative effects, low toxicity, the fact that they are not residual in animals, and the low rates of resistance exhibited by many pathogens. Many types of synthetic AMPs are currently being tested in clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of various diseases such as chemotherapy-associated infections, diabetic foot ulcers, catheter-related infections, and other conditions. Here, we provide an overview of the types and functions of natural AMPs and their role in combating microorganisms and different infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, Hualan Street, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Likun Cheng
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, 256600, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, Hualan Street, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, Hualan Street, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, Hualan Street, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China.
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Samy RP, Kandasamy M, Gopalakrishnakone P, Stiles BG, Rowan EG, Becker D, Shanmugam MK, Sethi G, Chow VTK. Wound healing activity and mechanisms of action of an antibacterial protein from the venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus). PLoS One 2014; 9:e80199. [PMID: 24551028 PMCID: PMC3925076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic phospholipase A2 was identified from the venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake. The Crotalus adamanteus toxin-II (CaTx-II) induced bactericidal effects (7.8 µg/ml) on Staphylococcus aureus, while on Burkholderia pseudomallei (KHW), and Enterobacter aerogenes were killed at 15.6 µg/ml. CaTx-II caused pore formation and membrane damaging effects on the bacterial cell wall. CaTx-II was not cytotoxic on lung (MRC-5), skin fibroblast (HEPK) cells and in mice. CaTx-II-treated mice showed significant wound closure and complete healing by 16 days as compared to untreated controls (**P<0.01). Histological examination revealed enhanced collagen synthesis and neovascularization after treatment with CaTx-II versus 2% Fusidic Acid ointment (FAO) treated controls. Measurement of tissue cytokines revealed that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) expression in CaTx-II treated mice was significantly suppressed versus untreated controls. In contrast, cytokines involved in wound healing and cell migration i.e., monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), fibroblast growth factor-basic (FGF-b), chemokine (KC), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were significantly enhanced in CaTx-II treated mice, but not in the controls. CaTx-II also modulated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation during skin wound healing. The CaTx-II protein highlights distinct snake proteins as a potential source of novel antimicrobial agents with significant therapeutic application for bacterial skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Perumal Samy
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Programme, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| | - Matheswaran Kandasamy
- Infection & Immunity Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ponnampalam Gopalakrishnakone
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bradley G. Stiles
- Integrated Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward G. Rowan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Becker
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muthu K. Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Research Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Research Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincent T. K. Chow
- Infectious Diseases Programme, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Jahns AC, Lundskog B, Berg J, Jonsson R, McDowell A, Patrick S, Golovleva I, Palmer RH, Alexeyev OA. Microbiology of folliculitis: a histological study of 39 cases. APMIS 2013; 122:25-32. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anika C. Jahns
- Medical Biosciences/Pathology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | | | - Johanna Berg
- Medical Biosciences/Pathology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | | | - Andrew McDowell
- Centre for Infection & Immunity; Queen's University; Belfast UK
| | - Sheila Patrick
- Centre for Infection & Immunity; Queen's University; Belfast UK
| | - Irina Golovleva
- Medical Biosciences/Medical and Clinical Genetics; Umeå University; Umeå
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Korting H, Schöllmann C, Stauss-Grabo M, Schäfer-Korting M. Antimicrobial Peptides and Skin: A Paradigm of Translational Medicine. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25:323-34. [DOI: 10.1159/000341990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bernard JJ, Gallo RL. Protecting the boundary: the sentinel role of host defense peptides in the skin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2189-99. [PMID: 21573782 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The skin is our primary shield against microbial pathogens and has evolved innate and adaptive strategies to enhance immunity in response to injury or microbial insult. The study of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production in mammalian skin has revealed several of the elegant strategies that AMPs use to prevent infection. AMPs are inducible by both infection and injury and protect the host by directly killing pathogens and/or acting as multifunctional effector molecules that trigger cellular responses to aid in the anti-infective and repair response. Depending on the specific AMP, these molecules can influence cytokine production, cell migration, cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and wound healing. Abnormal production of AMPs has been associated with the pathogenesis of several cutaneous diseases and plays a role in determining a patient's susceptibility to pathogens. This review will discuss current research on the regulation and function of AMPs in the skin and in skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Bernard
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92126, USA
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Severity of Staphylococcus aureus infection of the skin is associated with inducibility of human beta-defensin 3 but not human beta-defensin 2. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3112-7. [PMID: 20404083 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00078-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria are the predominant cause of skin infections. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are believed to be of major importance in skin's innate defense against these pathogens. This study aimed at providing clinical evidence for the contribution of AMP inducibility to determining the severity of Gram-positive skin infection. Using real-time PCR, we determined the induction of human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2), HBD-3, and RNase 7 by comparing healthy and lesional mRNA levels in 32 patients with Gram-positive skin infection. We then examined whether AMP induction differed by disease severity, as measured by number of recurrences and need for surgical drainage in patients with Staphylococcus aureus-positive lesions. We found that HBD-2 and -3, but not RNase 7, mRNA expression was highly induced by Gram-positive bacterial infection in otherwise healthy skin. Less induction of HBD-3, but not HBD-2, was associated with more-severe S. aureus skin infection: HBD-3 mRNA levels were 11.4 times lower in patients with more than 6 recurrences (P = 0.01) and 8.8 times lower in patients reporting surgical drainage (P = 0.01) than in the respective baseline groups. This suggests that inducibility of HBD-3 influences the severity of Gram-positive skin infection in vivo. The physiological function of HBD-2 induction in this context remains unclear.
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AdıÅen E, Yüksek J, Erdem O, Aksakal FN, Aksakal AB. Expression of human neutrophil proteins in acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24:32-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The skin continuously encounters microbial pathogens. To defend against this, cells of the epidermis and dermis have evolved several innate strategies to prevent infection. Antimicrobial peptides are one of the primary mechanisms used by the skin in the early stages of immune defense. In general, antimicrobial peptides have broad antibacterial activity against gram-positive and negative bacteria and also show antifungal and antiviral activity. The antimicrobial activity of most peptides occurs as a result of unique structural characteristics that enable them to disrupt the microbial membrane while leaving human cell membranes intact. However, antimicrobial peptides also act on host cells to stimulate cytokine production, cell migration, proliferation, maturation, and extracellular matrix synthesis. The production by human skin of antimicrobial peptides such as defensins and cathelicidins occurs constitutively but also greatly increases after infection, inflammation or injury. Some skin diseases show altered expression of antimicrobial peptides, partially explaining the pathophysiology of these diseases. Thus, current research suggests that understanding how antimicrobial peptides modify susceptibility to microbes, influence skin inflammation, and modify wound healing, provides greater insight into the pathophysiology of skin disorders and offers new therapeutic opportunities.
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Zaiou M. Multifunctional antimicrobial peptides: therapeutic targets in several human diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:317-29. [PMID: 17216206 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have emerged as promising agents against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. They represent essential components of the innate immunity and permit humans to resist infection by microbes. These gene-encoded peptides are found mainly in phagocytes and epithelial cells, showing a direct activity against a wide range of microorganisms. Their role has now broadened from that of simply endogenous antibiotics to multifunctional mediators, and their antimicrobial activity is probably not the only primary function. Although antimicrobial peptide deficiency, dysregulation, or overproduction is not known to be a direct cause of any single human disease, numerous studies have now provided compelling evidence for their involvement in the complex network of immune responses and inflammatory diseases, thereby influencing diverse processes including cytokine release, chemotaxis, angiogenesis, wound repair, and adaptive immune induction. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent literature, showing that antimicrobial peptides are associated with several human conditions including infectious and inflammatory diseases, and to discuss current clinical development of peptide-based therapeutics for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zaiou
- INSERM 525 E4, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy I, 30 Rue Lionnois, 54000, Nancy, France.
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Braff MH, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides: an essential component of the skin defensive barrier. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 306:91-110. [PMID: 16909919 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29916-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The skin is positioned at the interface between an organism's internal milieu and an external environment characterized by constant assault with potential microbial pathogens. While the skin was formerly considered an inactive physical protective barrier that participates in host immune defense merely by blocking entry of microbial pathogens, it is now apparent that a major role of the skin is to defend the body by rapidly mounting an innate immune response to injury and microbial insult. In the skin, both resident and infiltrating cells synthesize and secrete small peptides that demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. Antimicrobial peptides also act as multifunctional immune effectors by stimulating cytokine and chemokine production, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Cathelicidins and defensins comprise two major families of skin-derived antimicrobial peptides, although numerous others have been described. Many such immune defense molecules are currently being developed therapeutically in an attempt to combat growing bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Braff
- University of California, San Diego 92161, USA
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Abstract
The skin actively contributes to host defense by mounting an innate immune response that includes the production of antimicrobial peptides. These peptides, which include but are not limited to the cathelicidin and defensin gene families, provide rapid, broad-spectrum defense against infection by acting as natural antibiotics and by participating in host cell processes involved in immune defense. This review discusses the biology and clinical relevance of antimicrobial peptides expressed in the skin. The importance of the epithelial contribution to host immunity is evident, as alterations in antimicrobial peptide expression have been associated with various pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa H Braff
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
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Milner SM, Bhat S, Buja M, Gulati S, Poindexter BJ, Bick RJ. Expression of human β defensin 2 in thermal injury. Burns 2004; 30:649-54. [PMID: 15475136 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a common and serious complication of major burn injury and accounts for over 54% of deaths in burn patients. Burns are associated with high levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and immunosuppression, promoting systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis, for which no effective treatment is currently available. Defensins, a family of cationic, naturally occurring, antimicrobial peptides are important components of the innate immune system, playing a major role in the body's defence by inhibiting activities of bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses. These natural antimicrobials also chemoattract immature dendritic cells, some types of T and B-lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages, and act as an adjuvant, enhancing adaptive immunity. Our prior studies suggested a decreased expression of human beta defensin 2 (HBD2) in burn wounds. Here we have identified HBD2 protein in skin samples of partial and full thickness burns and in normal skin using fluorescence deconvolution microscopy. Images showed that in normal skin the majority of HBD2 is located in the Malpighian layer and, in smaller amounts, in the more superficial layers, a pattern that is absent in burned skin in which the epidermis is destroyed or damaged. However, surviving dermal and subcutaneous layers revealed the presence of HBD2 in a number of other cell types and structures, such as hair follicles and sweat gland acini, but not in vascular endothelium and fat cells. The results of these studies further contribute to an understanding of the role of antimicrobial peptides in the pathophysiology of burn injury, associated immunosuppression and sepsis and the possibility of using these other sites of HBD2 deposition for upregulation of antimicrobial synthesis in the treatment of burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Milner
- Division of Plastic Surgery, The Institute for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 19653, 747 N Rutledge Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9653, USA.
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Oono T, Morizane S, Yamasaki O, Shirafuji Y, Huh WK, Akiyama H, Iwatsuki K. Involvement of granulysin-producing T cells in the development of superficial microbial folliculitis. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150:904-9. [PMID: 15149502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulysin is a recently identified antimicrobial protein expressed on cytotoxic T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and NKT cells. It has been shown that granulysin contributes to the defence mechanisms against mycobacterial infection. Superficial microbial folliculitis is a common skin disease. In a previous report, we showed that, as a first line of defence, alpha-defensin, a human neutrophil peptide, and beta-defensin (human beta-defensin-2) were expressed in infiltrating neutrophils and in lesional epidermal keratinocytes, respectively, in superficial folliculitis. As we also observed many infiltrating lymphocytes in lesional dermis, we hypothesized that infiltrating lymphocytes may possess antimicrobial substances, such as granulysin, and play a role in the defence mechanism as a second line of defence. OBJECTIVES Seven specimens of superficial microbial folliculitis diagnosed clinically and histologically were examined by means of immunohistochemistry. To identify the phenotype of cells expressing granulysin, confocal laser microscopic examination was performed. RESULTS A dense lymphoid cell infiltrate was observed in pustules, in the perivascular regions. A large number of these lymphoid cells were positive for granulysin. Phenotypically, cells consisted of CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and UCHL-1+ T cells. CD20+ cells and CD56+ cells were not observed. Microscopic examination with a confocal laser showed that the lymphocytes producing granulysin were CD3+ and CD4+ T cells but not CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS We showed that many granulysin-bearing T cells infiltrated affected follicles and perilesional dermis in superficial microbial folliculitis. However, few granulysin-positive lymphoid cells were observed in sterile pustular lesions. Our observations indicated that adaptive immunity such as granulysin, a lymphocyte-produced antimicrobial protein, may play an important role in the cutaneous defence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oono
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan.
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