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Cheng T, Wu J, Xu Y, Liu C, Zhang H, Wang M. CD40/TRAF1 decreases synovial cell apoptosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis through JNK/NF-κB pathway. J Bone Miner Metab 2022; 40:819-828. [PMID: 35960381 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-022-01350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A genome-wide association analysis revealed a rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-risk-associated genetic locus on chromosome 9, which contained the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1). However, the detail mechanism by TRAF1 signaled to fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) apoptosis remains to be fully understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS Synovial tissue of 10 RA patients and osteoarthritis patients were obtained during joint replacement surgery. We investigated TRAF1 level and FLSs apoptosis percentage in vivo and elucidated the mechanism involved in the regulation of apoptotic process in vitro. RESULTS We proved the significant increase of TRAF1 level in FLSs of RA patients and demonstrated that TRAF1 level correlated positively with DAS28 score and negatively with FLSs apoptosis. Treatment with siTRAF1 was able to decrease MMPs levels and the phosphorylated forms of JNK/NF-κB in vitro. Moreover, JNK inhibitor could attenuate expression of MMPs and increase percentage of apoptosis in RA-FLSs, while siTRAF1 could not promote apoptosis when RA-FLSs were pretreated with JNK activator. CONCLUSIONS High levels of TRAF1 in RA synovium play an important role in the synovial hyperplasia of RA by suppressing apoptosis through activating JNK/NF-kB-dependent signaling pathways in response to the engagement of CD40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yaozeng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Huayong Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
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Feng Y, Yang M, Wu H, Lu Q. The pathological role of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: From basic research to clinical. Autoimmunity 2019; 53:56-64. [PMID: 31876195 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2019.1700232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that often occurs in females of child-bearing age. It involves multiple systems and severely threatens human life. One of the typical characteristics of SLE is the formation of immune complexes with autoantibodies produced by B cells that target various autoantigens, thus indicating the pivotal role of B cells in the pathogenesis of SLE. Increasing evidence has shown abnormal expression of B cells in the peripheral blood of SLE patients. Moreover, numerous studies have shown that B cells in SLE patients are abnormally activated, as well as aberrantly differentiated, and are involved in the inflammatory cytokine milieu, abnormal transcription factor activity, and signalling pathways. Several biological therapies targeting B cells, such as anti-CD20 antibodies, have been intensively studied in preclinical and clinical trials. However, the results have not met expectations. Therefore, new therapies targeting B cells are in great need. This review will summarize the latest progress in basic research on B cells to better understand the pathogenesis of SLE and will discuss the outcomes of B-cell-targeting treatments that provide potential therapeutic targets and strategies for SLE. Studies have clarified high levels of IL-21 in serum from SLE patients and animal models. IL-21 promotes B cell differentiation, which results in antibodies accumulation leads to SLE. Therefore, further studies on IL-21 will give new perspectives on SLE treatments. In addition, the application of drugs targeting plasma cell depletion in SLE patients may also achieve satisfied results in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Remer M, White A, Glennie M, Al-Shamkhani A, Johnson P. The Use of Anti-CD40 mAb in Cancer. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 405:165-207. [PMID: 25651948 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy is at the forefront of developing cancer therapeutics with numerous targeted agents proving highly effective in selective patients at stimulating protective host immunity, capable of eradicating established tumours and leading to long-term disease-free states. The cell surface marker CD40 is expressed on a range of immune cells and transformed cells in malignant states whose signalling plays a critical role in modulating adaptive immune responses. Anti-CD40 mAb therapy acts via multiple mechanisms to stimulate anti-tumour immunity across a broad range of lymphoid and solid malignancies. A wealth of preclinical research in this field has led to the successful development of multiple anti-CD40 mAb agents that have shown promise in early-phase clinical trials. Significant progress has been made to enhance the engagement of antibodies with immune effectors through their interactions with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) by the process of Fc engineering. As more is understood about how to best optimise these agents, principally through the fine-tuning of mAb structure and choice of synergistic partnerships, our ability to generate robust, clinically beneficial anti-tumour activity will form the foundation for the next generation of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Remer
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Ann White
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin Glennie
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Peter Johnson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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Abstract
CD30 and CD40 are members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. These two receptors have pleiotropic biologic functions including induction of apoptosis and enhancing cell survival. This review will discuss the pattern of expression of these receptors in malignant lymphoid disorders and their prospective ligands. Understanding issues related to these two ligands and their receptors in lymphoid malignancies may help to improve the classification of these diseases and could open the doors for new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Younes
- Department of Lymphoma, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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5
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Packham G, Krysov S, Allen A, Savelyeva N, Steele AJ, Forconi F, Stevenson FK. The outcome of B-cell receptor signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: proliferation or anergy. Haematologica 2014; 99:1138-48. [PMID: 24986876 PMCID: PMC4077074 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.098384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologists and clinicians agree that the B-cell receptor influences the behavior of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and promising new drugs are aimed at receptor-associated kinases. Engagement of surface immunoglobulin by antigen is a key driver of malignant cells with outcome influenced by the nature of the cell, the level of stimulation and the microenvironment. Analysis of surface immunoglobulin-mediated signaling in the two major disease subsets defined by IGHV mutational status reveals bifurcation of responses toward proliferation or anergy. Mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia, generally of relatively good prognosis, is mainly, but not exclusively, driven towards anergy in vivo. In contrast, unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia shows less evidence for anergy in vivo retaining more responsiveness to surface immunoglobulin M-mediated signaling, possibly explaining increased tumor progression. Expression and function of surface immunoglobulin M in unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia appear rather homogeneous, but mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia exhibits a highly heterogeneous profile that may relate to further variable clinical behavior within this subset. Anergy should increase susceptibility to apoptosis but, in leukemic cells, this may be countered by overexpression of the B-cell lymphoma-2 survival protein. Maintained anergy spreads to chemokines and adhesion molecules, restraining homing and migration. However, anergy is not necessarily completely benign, being able to reverse and regenerate surface immunoglobulin M-mediated responses. A two-pronged attack on proliferative and anti-apoptotic pathways may succeed. Increased understanding of how chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells are driven to anergy or proliferation should reveal predictive biomarkers of progression and of likely response to kinase inhibitors, which could assist therapeutic decisions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Packham
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Serge Krysov
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Alex Allen
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Natalia Savelyeva
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew J Steele
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Francesco Forconi
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Freda K Stevenson
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
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Hafez M, Al-Tonbary Y, El-Bayoumi MA, Hatem N, Hawas S, Mansour A, Marzouk I, Hafez MM, Yahia S, Farahat N. Markers of apoptosis and proliferation related gene products as predictors of treatment outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology 2013; 12:209-18. [PMID: 17558696 DOI: 10.1080/10245330701214384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to characterize markers of apoptosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in relation to treatment outcome of the disease. The study was performed on 34 children with ALL and 39 healthy children as a control group. Apoptosis was assessed by cell morphology; DNA fragmentation; ELISA and RT-PCR for CD95, CD95L, BcL-2 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB); and flow cytometry for CD95, CD40, CD49d and CD11a. Apoptosis was significantly lower in patients than controls. Apoptosis detected by CD95 ligand was significantly lower in cases with no remission after treatment than those who achieved remission. Anti-apoptotic factors: CD40, BcL-2, and NF-kappaB were all found to be higher in cases than controls and in cases with no remission than those achieved remission. CD49d was significantly lower in cases than controls, and significantly lower in cases with who did not achieve remission. CD11a levels were similar in the various groups. Delayed apoptosis of ALL cells is genetically controlled either directly or indirectly by a network of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. CD40 appeared to stimulate both T and B lineage and is considered the most potent influencer and predictor of resistance to therapy. Inhibitors for the activity of CD40, Bcl-2 and NF-kappaB as well as stimulants to CD95 could have a potential therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hafez
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
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Wong R, Pepper C, Brennan P, Nagorsen D, Man S, Fegan C. Blinatumomab induces autologous T-cell killing of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Haematologica 2013; 98:1930-8. [PMID: 23812940 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.082248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is an incurable B-cell malignancy that is associated with tumor cell-mediated T-cell dysfunction. It therefore represents a challenging disease for T-cell immunotherapeutics. The CD19/CD3 bi-specific antibody construct blinatumomab (AMG103 or MT103) has been tested clinically in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia but has not been assessed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We investigated whether blinatumomab could overcome T-cell dysfunction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia in vitro. Blinatumomab was tested on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 28 patients (treatment naïve and previously treated). T-cell activation and function, as well as cytotoxicity against leukemic tumor cells were measured. Blinatumomab induced T-cell activation, proliferation, cytokine secretion and granzyme B release in a manner similar to that occurring with stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads. However, only blinatumomab was able to induce tumor cell death and this was found to require blinatumomab-mediated conjugate formation between T cells and tumor cells. Cytotoxicity of tumor cells was observed at very low T-cell:tumor cell ratios. A three-dimensional model based on confocal microscopy suggested that up to 11 tumor cells could cluster round each T cell. Importantly, blinatumomab induced cytotoxicity against tumor cells in samples from both treatment-naïve and treated patients, and in the presence of co-culture pro-survival signals. The potent cytotoxic action of blinatumomab on tumor cells appears to involve conjugation of T cells with tumor cells at both the activation and effector stages. The efficacy of blinatumomab in vitro suggests that the bi-specific antibody approach may be a powerful immunotherapeutic strategy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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Sachanas S, Levidou G, Angelopoulou MK, Moschogiannis M, Yiakoumis X, Kalpadakis C, Vassilakopoulos TP, Kontopidou F, Tsirkinidis P, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kokoris S, Dimitriadou E, Kyrtsonis MC, Panayiotidis P, Papadaki H, Patsouris E, Korkolopoulou P, Pangalis GA. Apoptotic and proliferative characteristics of proliferation centers in lymph node sections of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:571-82. [PMID: 23697878 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.806802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of a wide range of molecules along with the proliferation rate separately in the proliferation centers (PCs) and in the rest of the tumor area, in lymph node or spleen sections of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Fas, FasL and c-FLIP were observed both within and outside the PCs in all cases. However, only the difference in FasL expression between the PCs and the non-PC areas attained statistical significance. Median survivin expression in the PCs was higher compared to the non-PC areas. Cleaved caspase 3 was expressed at very low levels both within and outside PCs, while BCL-2 protein was expressed at high levels in all cases in both tumor compartments. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that concurrent overexpression of Fas/FasL/c-FLIP in the PCs was correlated with worse outcome for progression-free survival as well as for overall survival.
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9
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The functional in vitro response to CD40 ligation reflects a different clinical outcome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2011; 25:1760-7. [PMID: 21709686 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Malignant B lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients maintain the capacity to respond to CD40 ligation, among other microenvironmental stimuli. In this study, we show that (i) leukemic CLL cells stimulated with the soluble form of CD40L in vitro show differential responses in terms of upregulation of surface markers (CD95 and CD80) and induction of chemokines (CCL22 and CCL17) expression/secretion, and that (ii) these changes are mirrored by a distinct activation of intracellular signalling pathways including increase in IKKalpha/beta phosphorylation and upregulation of antiapoptotic proteins (BCL-2 and MCL-1). CLL patients can then be segregated into two distinct functional subsets. We defined the responsive subset of cases CD40L dependent, considering the capacity to respond as a sign of persistent need of this stimulation for the leukemic expansion. Conversely, we named the unresponsive cases CD40L independent, considering them less dependent on this microenvironmental signal, presumably because of a higher autonomous proliferative and survival potential. Importantly, we report that (iii) the two functional subsets show an opposite clinical outcome, with CD40L-independent cases having a shorter time to progression. This indicates that the functional differences observed in vitro may reflect a different leukemic potential in vivo likely responsible for a distinct clinical course.
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10
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Bertilaccio MTS, Scielzo C, Muzio M, Caligaris-Cappio F. An overview of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia biology. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2011; 23:21-32. [PMID: 20620968 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is characterised by accumulation of CD5(+) monoclonal B cells in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues. Genetic defects and stimuli originating from the microenvironment concur to the selection and expansion of the malignant clone. Several lines of evidence, including molecular and functional analysis of the monoclonal immunoglobulin, support the hypothesis that stimulation through the B-cell receptor affects life and death of leukaemic cells. The microenvironment also has a critical role in the survival and accumulation of leukaemic cells within lymphoid organs where signals delivered from the surrounding cells are likely crucial in inducing proliferation. Nevertheless, several major biological issues still remain to be solved including regulation of the balance between proliferation and survival of leukaemic cells and the links between emerging gene abnormalities and microenvironment. In this context, mouse models are helpful tools in understanding disease mechanisms and in evaluating the efficacy of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T S Bertilaccio
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Division of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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11
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Humphreys EH, Williams KT, Adams DH, Afford SC. Primary and malignant cholangiocytes undergo CD40 mediated Fas dependent apoptosis, but are insensitive to direct activation with exogenous Fas ligand. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14037. [PMID: 21103345 PMCID: PMC2984448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare malignancy of the biliary tract, the incidence of which is rising, but the pathogenesis of which remains uncertain. No common genetic defects have been described but it is accepted that chronic inflammation is an important contributing factor. We have shown that primary human cholangiocyte and hepatocyte survival is tightly regulated via co-operative interactions between two tumour necrosis family (TNF) receptor family members; CD40 and Fas (CD95). Functional deficiency of CD154, the ligand for CD40, leads to a failure of clearance of biliary tract infections and a predisposition to cholangiocarcinoma implying a direct link between TNF receptor-mediated apoptosis and the development of cholangiocarcinoma. AIMS To determine whether malignant cholangiocytes display defects in CD40 mediated apoptosis. By comparing CD40 and Fas-mediated apoptosis and intracellular signalling in primary human cholangiocytes and three cholangiocyte cell lines. RESULTS Primary cholangiocytes and cholangiocyte cell lines were relatively insensitive to direct Fas-mediated killing with exogenous FasL when compared with Jurkat cells, which readily underwent Fas-mediated apoptosis, but were extremely sensitive to CD154 stimulation. The sensitivity of cells to CD40 activation was similar in magnitude in both primary and malignant cells and was STAT-3 and AP-1 dependent in both. CONCLUSIONS 1) Both primary and malignant cholangiocytes are relatively resistant to Fas-mediated killing but show exquisite sensitivity to CD154, suggesting that the CD40 pathway is intact and fully functional in both primary and malignant cholangiocytes 2) The relative insensitivity of cholangiocytes to Fas activation demonstrates the importance of CD40 augmentation of Fas dependent death in these cells. Agonistic therapies which target CD40 and associated intracellular signalling pathways may be effective in promoting apoptosis of malignant cholangiocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H. Humphreys
- Centre for Liver Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin T. Williams
- Centre for Liver Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Adams
- Centre for Liver Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C. Afford
- Centre for Liver Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Fc-engineered anti-CD40 antibody enhances multiple effector functions and exhibits potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity against hematologic malignancies. Blood 2010; 116:3004-12. [PMID: 20616215 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-01-265280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CD40 is highly expressed on various B-lineage malignancies and represents an attractive immunotherapy target for neoplastic disease. Previous work showed that engineering the Fc domain of an antibody for increased binding to Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) significantly enhanced Fc-mediated immune effector function and antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. We developed a humanized anti-CD40 antibody similarly Fc-engineered for increased FcγR binding (XmAbCD40) and compared its efficacy with that of an anti-CD40 native IgG1 analog and the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. XmAbCD40 increased antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) up to 150-fold relative to anti-CD40 IgG1 against B-lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma cell lines, and significantly enhanced ADCC against primary tumors. XmAbCD40 was also superior to rituximab in enhancing ADCC (both in cell lines and primary tumors) and in augmenting antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. XmAbCD40 significantly inhibited lymphoma growth in disseminated and established mouse xenografts and was more effective than the IgG1 analog or rituximab. An anti-CD40 antibody constructed to abrogate FcγR binding showed no reduction of tumor growth, indicating that the in vivo antitumor activity of XmAbCD40 is primarily mediated via FcγR-dependent mechanisms. These data demonstrate that XmAbCD40 displays potent antitumor efficacy and merits further evaluation for the treatment of CD40(+) malignancies.
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Difference in the relative distribution of CD4+ T-cell subsets in B-CLL with mutated and unmutated immunoglobulin (Ig) VH genes: implication for the course of disease. J Immunother 2009; 32:302-9. [PMID: 19242370 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318197b5e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is a clinically heterogeneous disease in which the clinical course is influenced by the presence or absence of immunoglobulin (Ig) variable heavy chain (VH) gene mutations. The poor clinical outcome of the subgroup with unmutated Ig VH genes has been linked to the persistent ability of the B-cell receptor in tumor cells from these cases to respond to antigen. As B-cell receptor signaling generally relies on T-cell help, we hypothesized that the course of B-CLL might not only be influenced by the Ig VH mutational status but also by the activation/differentiation status of T cells. We assessed the relative distribution of naive and memory T-cell subsets in peripheral blood from patients with mutated (M-CLL, n=71) and unmutated Ig VH genes (UM-CLL, n=42) and correlated it with the course of disease. We also compared the prosurvival potential of naive and memory T cells cocultured with B-CLL cells in vitro. A significant increase in relative numbers of central and effector memory T cells was observed in the CD4 T-cell pool from UM-CLL as compared with M-CLL cases and was associated with high Rai stage, progressive disease and shorter treatment-free survival (TFS). In a multivariate analysis, the relative number of CD4 central and effector memory T cells remained a significant prognostic parameter for TFS after correction for CD38 expression, Ig VH status, genomic aberrations, and Rai stage. The inverse correlation of memory CD4 T cells with TFS might be explained by their potential to support survival of B-CLL cells.
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Lapalombella R, Gowda A, Joshi T, Mehter N, Cheney C, Lehman A, Chen CS, Johnson AJ, Caligiuri MA, Tridandapani S, Muthusamy N, Byrd JC. The humanized CD40 antibody SGN-40 demonstrates pre-clinical activity that is enhanced by lenalidomide in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2009; 144:848-55. [PMID: 19183192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapies, such as rituximab and alemtuzumab, have contributed significantly to the treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The CD40 antigen is expressed predominantly on B-cells and represents a potential target for immune-based therapies. SGN-40 is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody currently in Phase I/II clinical trials for indolent lymphomas, diffuse large B cell lymphomas and Multiple Myeloma. Its biological effect on CLL cells has not been studied. The present study demonstrated that SGN-40 mediated modest apoptosis in a subset of patients with secondary cross-linking but did not mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity. SGN-40 also mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) predominantly through natural killer (NK) cells. Previous studies by our group and others have demonstrated that lenalidomide upregulates CD40 expression on primary B CLL cells and activates NK-cells. We therefore examined for the combinatorial effect of lenalidomide and SGN-40 and demonstrated that both enhanced direct apoptosis and ADCC against primary CLL B cells. These data together provide justification for clinical trials of SGN-40 and lenalidomide in combination for CLL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lapalombella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Law CL, Grewal IS. Therapeutic interventions targeting CD40L (CD154) and CD40: the opportunities and challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 647:8-36. [PMID: 19760064 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD40 was originally identified as a receptor on B-cells that delivers contact-dependent T helper signals to B-cells through interaction with CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154). The pivotal role played by CD40-CD40L interaction is illustrated by the defects in B-lineage cell development and the altered structures of secondary lymphoid tissues in patients and engineered mice deficient in CD40 or CD40L. CD40 signaling also provides critical functions in stimulating antigen presentation, priming of helper and cytotoxic T-cells and a variety of inflammatory reactions. As such, dysregulations in the CD40-CD40L costimulation pathway are prominently featured in human diseases ranging from inflammatory conditions to systemic autoimmunity and tissue-specific autoimmune diseases. Moreover, studies in CD40-expressing cancers have provided convincing evidence that the CD40-CD40L pathway regulates survival of neoplastic cells as well as presentation of tumor-associated antigens to the immune system. Extensive research has been devoted to explore CD40 and CD40L as drug targets. A number of anti-CD40L and anti-CD40 antibodies with diverse biological effects are in clinical development for treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. This chapter reviews the role of CD40-CD40L costimulation in disease pathogenesis, the characteristics of therapeutic agents targeting this pathway and status of their clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Leung Law
- Department of Preclinical Therapeutics, Seattle Genetics Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington, 98021, USA.
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Abstract
Although chemotherapy can induce complete responses in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), it is not considered curative. Treated patients generally develop recurrent disease requiring additional therapy, which can cause worsening immune dysfunction, myelosuppression, and selection for chemotherapy-resistant leukemia-cell subclones. Cellular immune therapy promises to mitigate these complications and potentially provide for curative treatment. Most experience with this is in the use of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), in which graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects can be observed and shown responsible for long-term disease-free survival. However, use of allo-HSCT for CLL is limited because of the lack of suitable donors and the treatment-related morbidity/mortality for elderly patients, who constitute the majority at risk for developing this disease. The GVL effect, however, suggests there are specific CLL-associated antigens that could be targeted in autologous cellular immune therapy. Effective strategies for this will have to overcome the disease-related acquired immune deficiency and the capacity of the leukemia-cell to induce T-cell tolerance, thereby compromising the activity of even conventional vaccines in patients with this disease. We will discuss the different strategies being developed to overcome these limitations that might provide for effective cellular immune therapy of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Abstract
Although the philosophy of management of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has been altered with the advent of fludarabine-based therapies, impact on long-term survival is unclear and a significant proportion of patients will develop resistance to fludarabine. Similar to other haematological malignancies, a potential for 'cure' is likely to be achieved only if 'high-quality' complete remissions (CRs) are achieved. Treatment options for patients who develop resistance to fludarabine continue to be limited, with only a proportion obtaining a response (usually not CRs) with salvage therapies. This review summarises novel therapies that are being evaluated in patients with CLL, specifically those targeting the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family of proteins and receptors (e.g., CD40, CD80, HLA-DR) involved in mediating survival signals from the microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Biphenyl Compounds/therapeutic use
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- HLA-DR Antigens/pharmacology
- HLA-DR Antigens/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Nitrophenols
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/therapeutic use
- Piperazines
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2/immunology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sulfonamides
- Thionucleotides/genetics
- Thionucleotides/metabolism
- Thionucleotides/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W L Yee
- Department of Leukaemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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18
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Kelley SK, Gelzleichter T, Xie D, Lee WP, Darbonne WC, Qureshi F, Kissler K, Oflazoglu E, Grewal IS. Preclinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and activity of a humanized anti-CD40 antibody (SGN-40) in rodents and non-human primates. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:1116-23. [PMID: 16847437 PMCID: PMC1752010 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Cell-surface expression of CD40 in B-cell malignancies and multiple solid tumors has raised interest in its potential use as a target for antibody-based cancer therapy. SGN-40, a humanized monoclonal anti-CD40 antibody, mediates antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and inhibits B-cell tumor growth in vitro, properties of interest for the treatment of cancers, and is currently in Phase I clinical trials for B-cell malignancies. In this study, we determined in vivo activity and pharmacokinetics properties of SGN-40. 2. Effect of SGN-40 in xenograft model of CD40-expressing B-cell lymphoma in severe-combined immune deficiency mice and its in vivo pharmacokinetics properties in normal mice, rats and cynomolgus monkeys were studied. 3. Treatment with SGN-40 significantly increased the survival of mice xenografted with human B-cell lymphoma cell line. SGN-40 exhibited nearly 100% bioavailability in mice and it cleared faster when given at a low dose. In monkeys, clearance of SGN-40 was also much faster at low dose, suggesting nonlinear pharmacokinetics in these species. In rats, however, SGN-40 clearance at all tested doses was similar, suggesting that pharmacokinetics were linear in this dose range in rats. Administration of SGN-40 to monkeys also produced marked, dose-dependent, and persistent depletion of peripheral CD20(+) B lymphocytes. 4. Data presented in this report suggest that SGN-40 is active in in vivo, and based upon interspecies scaling, SGN-40 clearance in humans is predicted to be similar to observed SGN-40 clearance in monkeys. These data suggest that SGN-40 has appropriate pharmacokinetic properties that support its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K Kelley
- Product Portfolio Management, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | | | - Dong Xie
- Development Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Walter C Darbonne
- Development Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Ferhan Qureshi
- Development Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Kim Kissler
- Department of Translational Biology, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, U.S.A
| | - Ezogelin Oflazoglu
- Department of Translational Biology, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, U.S.A
| | - Iqbal S Grewal
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Preclinical Therapeutics, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, U.S.A
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19
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Kojima Y, Tsurumi H, Goto N, Shimizu M, Kasahara S, Yamada T, Kanemura N, Hara T, Sawada M, Saio M, Yamada T, Takahashi T, Tomita E, Takami T, Moriwaki H. Fas and Fas ligand expression on germinal center type-diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is associated with the clinical outcome. Eur J Haematol 2006; 76:465-72. [PMID: 16494623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2006.00631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has been classified by DNA microarray analysis into the germinal center B-cell-like (GC) type, the activated B-cell-like (ABC) type and type 3. The latter two types can be collectively categorized as the non-GC (NGC) type. From the prognostic perspective, the GC type has a favorable clinical outcome when compared with the NGC type. The protein Fas induces apoptosis of lymphocytes by binding with the Fas ligand (FasL), and escape from such apoptosis is considered to lead to malignant transformation of the cells and unrestricted growth of lymphoma. We proposed a hypothesis that Fas/FasL expression could be possibly related with a better survival of GC type DLBCL and evaluated 69 DLBCL cases immunohistochemically with CD10, Bcl-6, MUM1, Fas and FasL. These lymphomas were classified as GC type (positive for CD10 or Bcl-6 and negative for MUM1) or NGC type. The GC type had a better overall survival rate than the NGC type (P = 0.0723). Among markers as given above, positive CD10 was the most significant prognostic factor for overall survival in total DLBCL (P < 0.05). In the GC type, Fas and FasL expressions were significantly associated with a favorable overall survival (Fas: P < 0.005; FasL: P < 0.05). Hence, Fas or FasL expression might contribute to a better prognosis of this type of DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Doxorubicin/analogs & derivatives
- Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Humans
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/analysis
- L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/blood
- Life Tables
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/classification
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Prednisolone/administration & dosage
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6
- Survival Analysis
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/genetics
- Vincristine/administration & dosage
- fas Receptor/biosynthesis
- fas Receptor/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kojima
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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20
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Greaney P, Nahimana A, Lagopoulos L, Etter AL, Aubry D, Attinger A, Beltraminelli N, Huni B, Bassi I, Sordat B, Demotz S, Dupuis M, Duchosal MA. A Fas agonist induces high levels of apoptosis in haematological malignancies. Leuk Res 2005; 30:415-26. [PMID: 16181674 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We developed and tested a potent hexameric Fas agonist, termed MegaFasL, for its cytotoxic effects on a panel of human haematopoietic malignant cells and healthy human haematopoietic progenitor cells (CD34+CD38low). Results demonstrated that MegaFasL induced apoptosis in cell lines and primary cells representing multiple myeloma (MM), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and Burkitt's lymphoma. Cells from a chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) line and from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) were resistant. Furthermore, CD34+CD38low progenitor cells were also resistant to MegaFasL. The data indicate that MegaFasL could be a highly efficient therapeutic agent ex vivo or potentially in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Greaney
- Apoxis S.A., 18-20 Avenue de Sévelin, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Law CL, Gordon KA, Collier J, Klussman K, McEarchern JA, Cerveny CG, Mixan BJ, Lee WP, Lin Z, Valdez P, Wahl AF, Grewal IS. Preclinical antilymphoma activity of a humanized anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, SGN-40. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8331-8. [PMID: 16166310 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SGN-40 is a humanized IgG1 antihuman CD40 that is currently in a phase I clinical trial for the treatment of multiple myeloma. As surface CD40 expression on B-lineage cells is maintained from pro-B cells to plasma cells, SGN-40 may be applicable to treatment of other B-cell neoplasias, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In this study, we examined potential in vitro and in vivo anti-B-lineage lymphoma activity of SGN-40. Recombinant SGN-40 was expressed and purified from Chinese hamster ovary cells and characterized based on binding affinity, specificity, and normal B-cell stimulation. The ability of SGN-40 to target neoplastic B cells was examined in vitro by proliferation inhibition, cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity assays and in vivo by human lymphoma xenograft models. Recombinant SGN-40 showed high affinity, Kd of approximately 1 nmol/L, and specific binding to CD40. Whereas SGN-40 was a weak agonist in stimulating normal B-cell proliferation in the absence of IL-4 and CD40L, it delivered potent proliferation inhibitory and apoptotic signals to, and mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against, a panel of high-grade B-lymphoma lines. These in vitro antilymphoma effects were extended to disseminated and s.c. xenograft CD40 tumor models. In these xenograft models, the antitumor activity of SGN-40 was comparable with that of rituximab. The preclinical in vitro and in vivo antilymphoma activity of SGN-40 observed in this study provides a rationale for the clinical testing of SGN-40 in the treatment of CD40+ B-lineage lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Leung Law
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, Washington 98021, USA.
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22
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Scholz M, Cinatl J. Fas/FasL interaction: a novel immune therapy approach with immobilized biologicals. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:331-42. [PMID: 15599929 DOI: 10.1002/med.20025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemically applied agents to modulate the Fas/FasL system, e.g., by stimulation of Fas on activated leukocytes or tumor cells failed as strategies in immune therapy due to severe toxic effects in the host. Recently, a novel strategy has been developed by using immobilized immune active biologicals in a medical device that may allow immune management without expensive systemic therapy. This review reports on the potential role of Fas/FasL in immune therapy and summarizes current experimental and clinical data with the leukocyte inhibition module (LIM), an immobilized anti-Fas antibody containing device yet used in extracorporeal blood circulation. This proof of principal may stimulate the development of other devices based on the regulation of Fas/FasL or other targets relevant for immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Scholz
- Institute of Medical Virology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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23
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Inoue S, MacFarlane M, Harper N, Wheat LMC, Dyer MJS, Cohen GM. Histone deacetylase inhibitors potentiate TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis in lymphoid malignancies. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11 Suppl 2:S193-206. [PMID: 15608694 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapies are required for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), an incurable disease characterized by failure of mature lymphocytes to undergo apoptosis. Activation of cell surface death receptors, such as via TRAIL receptor ligation, may provide a novel therapeutic target for various malignancies. However, CLL and other lymphoid malignancies are resistant to TRAIL. We report that low concentrations of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, such as depsipeptide, which alone failed to induce apoptosis, markedly sensitize CLL cells and other primary lymphoid malignancies to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These combinations caused little or no toxicity to normal lymphocytes. HDAC inhibitors sensitized resistant cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by facilitating formation of an active death-inducing signalling complex (DISC), leading to the rapid activation of caspase-8. The facilitated DISC formation also occurred in the absence of TRAIL-R2 upregulation. Thus, the combination of HDAC inhibitors and TRAIL may be valuable in the treatment of various hemopoietic malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Caspase 8
- Caspases/drug effects
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Death Domain Receptor Signaling Adaptor Proteins
- Depsipeptides/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells/drug effects
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- U937 Cells/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inoue
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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24
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Farahani M, Treweeke AT, Toh CH, Till KJ, Harris RJ, Cawley JC, Zuzel M, Chen H. Autocrine VEGF mediates the antiapoptotic effect of CD154 on CLL cells. Leukemia 2005; 19:524-30. [PMID: 15674425 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CD154 is an important regulator of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)-cell survival. In CLL, high serum levels of VEGF are a feature of advanced disease, and we and others have previously shown that CLL cells produce and secrete this growth factor. Since CD154 stimulates VEGF production in other cell types, and VEGF is known to promote cell survival, we examined whether the cytoprotection of CLL cells by CD154 involves VEGF. We report for the first time that treatment of CLL cells with CD154 results in increased VEGF production and demonstrate involvement of NF-kappaB in this process. Moreover, we show that CD154-induced CLL-cell survival is reduced by anti-VEGF-neutralising antibody and by inhibiting VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signalling with SU5416. However, addition of exogenous VEGF alone or blocking secreted autocrine VEGF had little or no effect on CLL-cell survival. We therefore conclude that CLL-cell cytoprotection in the presence of CD154 requires combined signalling by both CD40 and VEGFR. This combined signalling and resulting cytoprotection were shown to involve NF-kappaB activation and increased survivin production. In conclusion, our findings identify autocrine VEGF as an important mediator of the antiapoptotic effect of CD40 ligation, and thus provide new insights into CLL-cell rescue by CD154 in lymphoreticular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farahani
- Department of Haematology, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
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25
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Bonyhadi M, Frohlich M, Rasmussen A, Ferrand C, Grosmaire L, Robinet E, Leis J, Maziarz RT, Tiberghien P, Berenson RJ. In vitro engagement of CD3 and CD28 corrects T cell defects in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2366-75. [PMID: 15699173 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of leukemic B cells concomitant with immunological abnormalities and depressed immune responses. The T cell abnormalities found in CLL patients are thought to increase the risk of infection and hamper immune recognition and elimination of leukemic cells. We evaluated whether providing signals through CD3 and CD28 would correct some of these T cell defects. PBMC were incubated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs conjugated to superparamagnetic beads for 12-14 days. This resulted in a 1400-fold increase in T cell numbers. Activated T cells expressed high levels of CD25, CD54, CD137, and CD154, and produced IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and GM-CSF. The mean T cell composition of cultures increased from approximately 6% to >90% and leukemic B cells decreased from a mean of approximately 85% to 0.1% or less. Leukemic B cells up-regulated expression of CD54, CD80, CD86, and CD95. Receptor up-regulation required direct cell contact with the activated T cells and could be blocked with anti-CD154 mAb, suggesting that the CD40-CD40L pathway helped mediate these effects. Poor T cell responses to allostimulation were corrected by the activation and expansion process. The skewing in the TCR repertoire returned to normal, or near normal following the culture process in eight of nine patients with abnormal TCR repertoires. Activated T cells had potent in vitro antileukemic effects in contrast to nonactivated T cells. Based upon these findings, a clinical trial has been initiated to test the potential therapeutic effects of T cells activated using this approach in patients with CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Immunomagnetic Separation/methods
- Immunophenotyping
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Kinetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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26
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Morales AA, Olsson A, Celsing F, Osterborg A, Jondal M, Osorio LM. High expression of bfl-1 contributes to the apoptosis resistant phenotype in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Cancer 2005; 113:730-7. [PMID: 15499630 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify regulatory genes involved in the development of an apoptosis-resistant phenotype in patients with chemotherapy refractory B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) expression of apoptosis-regulating genes in B-CLL cells was quantified using cDNA arrays and RT-PCR. Data were obtained from and compared between 2 groups of B-CLL patients with either nonprogressive, indolent, previously untreated disease and with leukemic cells sensitive to in vitro fludarabine-induced apoptosis, referred to as sensitive B-CLL (sB-CLL) or with progressive, chemotherapy refractory disease and with leukemic cells resistant to in vitro fludarabine-induced apoptosis, referred to as resistant B-CLL (rB-CLL). By performing a supervised clustering of genes that most strongly discriminated between rB-CLL vs. sB-CLL a small group of genes was identified, where bfl-1 was the strongest discriminating gene (p < 0.05), with higher expression in rB-CLL. A group of apoptosis-regulating genes were modulated during induction of apoptosis by serum deprivation in vitro in a similar manner in all cases studied. However, bfl-1 was preferentially downregulated in sB-CLL as compared to rB-CLL (p < 0.05). We conclude that bfl-1 may be an important regulator of B-CLL apoptosis, which could contribute to disease progression and resistance to chemotherapy, and as such represent a future potential therapeutic target.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Culture Media, Serum-Free/pharmacology
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phenotype
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation
- Vidarabine/adverse effects
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejo A Morales
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Herishanu Y, Polliack A. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A review of some new aspects of the biology, factors influencing prognosis and therapeutic options. Transfus Apher Sci 2005; 32:85-97. [PMID: 15737877 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2004.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review provides some basic information on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and attempts to present some of the newer data which have accumulated in recent years including those relating to familial aggregation of CLL and the detection of monoclonal CD5+ lymphocytosis in the general population and families of CLL patients. Novel data on the pathogenesis and concepts of cell origin in CLL are also reviewed stressing the fact that there is biased IgVH gene usage, and the importance of mutational status of the CLL cell, as reported in recent years by different authors. A brief review of the significance of the microenvironmental interactions between stromal cells and other accessory cells, and the leukemic CLL cells is also provided. Other clinical aspects are discussed including diagnostic criteria, clinical staging, and the newer prognostic factors which influence survival and timing of therapy for CLL patients. We also attempt to outline the therapeutic options available and the principles of planning risk and age-adapted treatment, stressing the importance and the necessity for participating in ongoing and future international clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Herishanu
- Department of Hematology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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28
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St Clair EW, Tedder TF. New prospects for autoimmune disease therapy: B cells on deathwatch. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 54:1-9. [PMID: 16385491 DOI: 10.1002/art.21525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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29
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Ghia P, Circosta P, Scielzo C, Vallario A, Camporeale A, Granziero L, Caligaris-Cappio F. Differential effects on CLL cell survival exerted by different microenvironmental elements. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 294:135-45. [PMID: 16323430 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29933-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Selected microenvironmental stimuli confer to leukemic cells a growth advantage and an extended survival. We aimed at dissecting the differential support provided by the different cellular components of the microenvironment where CLL cells accumulate. To this end we cultured purified CLL cells in vitro in the presence or absence of different accessory cells (stromal cells, autologous T lymphocytes) and/or soluble molecules (IL-4, sCD40L) and assessed the leukemic cell response in terms of cell viability and chemoattracting capacity. The results indicate that both T lymphocytes and stromal cells are involved in sustaining the survival of leukemic B cells, but indicate that their support is different in terms of time of onset and duration. T cells have a short-term support activity while stromal cells provide long-term support.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ghia
- Department of Oncology, Università Vita-Salute, San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
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30
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Kater AP, Evers LM, Remmerswaal EBM, Jaspers A, Oosterwijk MF, van Lier RAW, van Oers MHJ, Eldering E. CD40 stimulation of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells enhances the anti-apoptotic profile, but also Bid expression and cells remain susceptible to autologous cytotoxic T-lymphocyte attack. Br J Haematol 2004; 127:404-15. [PMID: 15521917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the poor antigen-presenting capacity of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL), CD40 triggering has been considered as an active immunotherapy. However, CD40 stimulation also has an anti-apoptotic effect and may further impair the dysregulated response of B-CLL to apoptotic stimuli. Therefore, we measured the expression of virtually all regulators of apoptosis before and after CD40 stimulation. These findings were correlated with sensitivity for chemotherapy- and death-receptor-induced apoptosis and T-cell-mediated killing. CD40 stimulation enhanced the constitutive anti-apoptotic profile of B-CLL cells by upregulation of Bcl-xL and Bfl-1 and downregulation of the BH3-only protein Harakiri. Unexpectedly, the BH3-only protein Bid was strongly induced. Functionally, CD40-stimulated B-CLL cells became resistant to drug-induced apoptosis and, despite upregulation of CD95 and Bid, were not sensitive to CD95L. In contrast, autologous T cell killing, triggered by loading CLL cells with viral (CMV) peptides, was very efficient both before and after CD40 stimulation. Upon CTL interaction, CLL targets underwent mitochondrial depolarization and caspase-3 activation. Thus, despite an increased anti-apoptotic profile, CD40 triggered B-CLL cells remain excellent targets for resident cytotoxic T cells. These data support therapeutic exploitation of CD40 stimulation in B-CLL, provided that a strong CTL component is induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon P Kater
- Department of Haematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Hernandez MC, Knox SJ. Radiobiology of radioimmunotherapy: targeting CD20 B-cell antigen in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 59:1274-87. [PMID: 15275710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2003] [Revised: 02/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The radiobiology of radioimmunotherapy is an important determinant of both the toxicity and the efficacy associated with the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with radiolabeled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. The properties of the target, CD20, and the mechanisms of action of both the monoclonal antibodies and the associated exponentially decreasing low-dose-rate radiotherapy are described. The radiation dose and dose-rate effects are discussed and related to both the tumor responses and normal organ toxicity. Finally, the use of either unlabeled or radiolabeled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies as a component of combined modality therapy (including the sequential or concurrent use of sensitizers) and future directions of the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Hernandez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, 269 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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32
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Aref S, Salama O, Al-Tonbary Y, Mansour A. Assessment of bcl-2 expression as modulator of fas mediated apoptosis in acute leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 9:113-21. [PMID: 15203866 DOI: 10.1080/1024533042000205496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the primary mechanism through which most chemotherapeutic agents induce tumor cell death. The balance in the expression of pro (Fas/CD95) and anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) may control the response of leukemic cells to chemotherapy and subsequently affect the patient's prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of Bcl-2 and Fas expression on blast cells from patients with acute leukemia and to correlate the degree of expression to the clinical and laboratory prognostic factors and the patient's outcome. Forty newly diagnosed patients with acute leukemia (16 ALL, 24 AML) were included in the study. Ten normal subjects of matched age and sex were studied as a reference control group. The degree of Bcl-2 and Fas expression on acute leukemia blast cells were assessed before the start of therapy and on mononuclear cells after 1 year of follow up, using flow cytometry. The degree of Bcl-2 and Fas expression were significantly higher in AML (P<0.01,<0.05, respectively) and ALL (P<0.01, <0.05, respectively) as compared to controls. The expression of Fas and Bcl-2 was related to FAB type with the highest Bcl-2 and lowest Fas expression in M5 and T-ALL (P<0.01, for all). In ALL, patients responding to induction chemotherapy revealed lower Bcl-2 and higher Fas expression when compared to non-responders (P<0.05). In contrast, in AML the difference between responders and non-responders to induction chemotherapy regarding Bcl-2 and Fas expressions was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Bcl-2 and Fas expression were significantly elevated in the relapsed acute leukemia group (in both AML and ALL) when compared to those in remission (P<0.01, <0.05, respectively). Bcl-2 and Fas expression at diagnosis was not significantly different when those surviving were compared to the group who had died, either in the ALL or AML groups (P>0.05). Bcl-2 expression was significantly correlated to bone marrow blast cell counts (R=0.6, P<0.01), blast cell distribution ratio (R=0.4, P<0.05) and lymphadenopathy (R=0.33, P<0.05). Whereas Fas expression was significantly correlated to bone marrow blast cell counts (R=0.52, P<0.01). In conclusion, assessment of Bcl-2 and Fas expression at diagnosis in acute leukemia (1) could predict responsiveness to induction chemotherapy in ALL but not in AML group but (2) could not predict patients out come both in ALL and AML groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aref
- Hematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt.
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33
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Vitale B, Martinis M, Antica M, Kusić B, Rabatić S, Gagro A, Kusec R, Jaksić B. Prolegomenon for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia. Scand J Immunol 2003; 58:588-600. [PMID: 14636414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2003.01331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a unique lymphoproliferative disorder that scarcely occurs under the age of 40; thereafter the incidence of CLL increases exponentially with age. CLL is characterized by progressive expansion of malignant CD5+ME+ B-cell clone accompanied by a myriad of cellular and humoral immune defects. Each of them might be linked to different clinically manifested complications such as increasing rate of infections, autoimmune disorders and disturbed immune surveillance against tumour cells. We assume that CLL occurs as a consequence of age-dependent, genetically related functional restrictions of the thymic microenvironment in supporting common lymphoid progenitor cells (CD5+ME+CD4-CD8-) to differentiate into mature T-cell and B-cell descendants. In conjunction with genetic abnormalities developing in B-cell progenitors, presumably expressing P glycoprotein (Pgp+), we postulate that developmentally altered T-cell descendants, along with quantitative imbalance among CD4+, their subsets and CD8+ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, play an important additional role in facilitating the malignant B-cell clone emergence and in modulating the CLL clinical evolution. Namely, imbalance of any of T-cell-mediated cell interactive homeostatic mechanisms accompanied by imbalance in the production of various cytokines might in CLL influence leukaemic B-cell growth by deregulating inducer (c-myc and p53) and/or suppressor (bcl-2 and mutant p53) oncogenes responsible for the promotion or suppression of B-cell mitogenesis that may in turn further contribute to their impaired differentiation and/or differentiation arrest. In conclusion, CLL might be interpreted as a primary immunodeficiency syndrome developing in elderly population due to gradually evolving restriction of genetically controlled programs in the thymic microenvironment responsible for irregular maturation of common lymphoid progenitor cells that constitutively express CD5 antigen and ME receptor into T-cell and B-cell descendants.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Communication
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Prognosis
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vitale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.
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34
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Greil R, Anether G, Johrer K, Tinhofer I. Tracking death dealing by Fas and TRAIL in lymphatic neoplastic disorders: pathways, targets, and therapeutic tools. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74:311-30. [PMID: 12949235 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0802416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, it was concluded from a number of investigations that death domain-containing members of the tumor necrosis factor-receptor (TNF-R) family and their ligands such as Fas/FasL and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-R/TRAIL are essential for maintaining an intact immune system for surveillance against infection and cancer development and that nondeath domain-containing members such as CD30 or CD40 are involved in the fine tuning of this system during the selection process of the lymphatic system. In line with this conclusion are the observations that alterations in structure, function, and regulation of these molecules contribute to autoimmunity and cancer development of the lymphoid system. Besides controlling size and function of the lymphoid cell pool, Fas/FasL and TRAIL-R/TRAIL regulate myelopoiesis and the dendritic cell functions, and severe alterations of these lineages during the outgrowth and expansion of the lymphoid tumors have been reported. It is the aim of this review to summarize what is currently known about the complex role of these two death receptor/ligand systems in normal, disturbed, and neoplastic hemato-/lymphopoiesis and to point out how such knowledge can be used in developing novel, therapeutic options and the problems that will have to be faced along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck Medical School, Austria.
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35
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Ravandi F, Verma A, Ridgeway J, Pursell K. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) occurring with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: implications. Leuk Res 2003; 27:853-7. [PMID: 12804644 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(03)00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the west and over the past two decades the incidence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has significantly increased, few reports of the coincidence of these diseases exist in the literature. Other lymphoid malignancies such as non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) and Hodgkin's disease (HD) occur frequently with HIV and indeed the former is an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining illness. It is not clear why HIV infected patients have a predisposition for some B-cell disorders and not others. This may be related to the different age ranges for patients with CLL and HIV infection although an overlap clearly does exist. Here, we describe our experience with a patient with co-existing HIV infection and CLL and explore possible implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, MC 787, Chicago, IL 60612-7323, USA.
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36
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Chapman-Shimshoni D, Yuklea M, Radnay J, Shapiro H, Lishner M. Simvastatin induces apoptosis of B-CLL cells by activation of mitochondrial caspase 9. Exp Hematol 2003; 31:779-83. [PMID: 12962723 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(03)00192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the western world. Despite several advances in therapeutic options, the disease remains incurable. Recently, it was repeatedly demonstrated that statins, competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, have antineoplastic effects. Therefore we aimed to study the effects of simvastatin (Sim) on malignant B cells derived from patients with CLL and mechanisms of action of the drug. METHODS AND RESULTS Purified B-CLL cells from 15 patients were cultured either alone or with Sim at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 microM. Viability, measured by the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases, was reduced significantly in the cells treated with Sim at 50 and 100 microM for 24 hours (p<0.005). The level of apoptosis, as measured by annexin binding to exposed phosphatidylserine moieties, increased significantly in the treated cells at concentrations higher than 50 microM for 24 hours (p<0.003). The level of necrosis, as measured by propidium iodide internalization, increased significantly after 24 hours exposure to Sim at 50 microM (p<0.01). The apoptotic cascade was studied by immunoblot analysis of caspases following Sim treatment. These showed cleavage of caspases 9, 8, and 3. Addition of the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk inhibited caspase 8 and 3 significantly but did not affect caspase 9. CONCLUSION Exposure of clonal B lymphocytes from patients with CLL to simvastatin decreases viability significantly by the induction of apoptosis. The apoptosis induced by Sim is probably initiated by the mitochondrial caspase 9, which indirectly leads to activation of caspase 3 and 8.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Caspase 3
- Caspase 8
- Caspase 9
- Caspases/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Humans
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Simvastatin/pharmacology
- Simvastatin/therapeutic use
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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37
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Chiorazzi N, Ferrarini M. B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: lessons learned from studies of the B cell antigen receptor. Annu Rev Immunol 2003; 21:841-94. [PMID: 12615894 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is an accumulative disease of slowly proliferating CD5(+) B lymphocytes that develops in the aging population. Whereas some patients with B-CLL have an indolent course and die after many years from unrelated causes, others progress very rapidly and succumb within a few years from this currently incurable leukemia. Over the past decade studies of the structure and function of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) used by these leukemic cells have helped redefine the nature of this disease. In this review we summarize and reinterpret several aspects of these BCR-related studies and how they might relate to the disease. In particular, we address the ability of antigens to select out and drive B cell clones from the normal state to overt leukemic cells by binding to BCRs that are relatively unique and characteristic of B-CLL cells. The differential capacity of some B-CLL cases to continue to transduce signals through the BCR during the leukemic phase and the consequences for the in vivo biology of the leukemic clone is also considered. Finally, we discuss current and emerging views of the cellular origin of B-CLL cells and the differentiation pathways down which we believe these cells progress.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Clone Cells/pathology
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- Preleukemia/genetics
- Preleukemia/immunology
- Preleukemia/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chiorazzi
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.
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38
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Li H, Ma X, Moskovits T, Inghirami G, Tsiagbe VK. Identification of oligoclonal CD4 T cells in diffuse large B cell lymphomas. Clin Immunol 2003; 107:160-9. [PMID: 12804529 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6616(03)00043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human B cell lymphomas often contain CD4 T cells. Here we show that, in diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLCL), such T cells are oligoclonal. The CDR3 lengths and nucleotide sequences of oligoclonal TCRBV of CD4 T cells in an original and relapsed lymphoma from one patient were compared. Three BV23 sequences were identical (12/17 and 16/16 clones in primary and relapsed lymphomas, respectively), but were absent in CD4 T cells from another patient's DLCL. Two of the repetitive BV23 sequences were found in peripheral blood CD4 T cells (5/17 clones); gamma-irradiated DLCL from this patient stimulated syngeneic BV23 response in CD4 cells (92% of BV23 had the same CDR3 length). Skew in TCRBV representation was observed in CD4 T cells from all the DLCL. One DLCL, with overrepresentation of BV13S1 in CD4 cells, stimulated the same TCR in CD4 cells from three unrelated individuals. These findings support the conclusion that there is clonal selection of CD4 T cells in DLCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Li
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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39
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Granziero L, Circosta P, Scielzo C, Frisaldi E, Stella S, Geuna M, Giordano S, Ghia P, Caligaris-Cappio F. CD100/Plexin-B1 interactions sustain proliferation and survival of normal and leukemic CD5+ B lymphocytes. Blood 2003; 101:1962-9. [PMID: 12406905 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and survival of chronic B-cell tumors are favored by the malignant cell's capacity to respond to selected microenvironmental stimuli provided by nontumoral bystander cells. To investigate which mechanisms operate in these crosstalks and whether they are malignancy-related or reproduce the mechanisms used by normal B cells we have studied the expression and functional role of semaphorin CD100 (now called Sema4D) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and normal CD5+ B cells. We demonstrate here that (1) leukemic and normal CD5+ B lymphocytes uniformly express CD100; (2) the CD100 high-affinity receptor Plexin-B1 is expressed by bone marrow stromal cells, follicular dendritic cells, and activated T lymphocytes, and is thus available to CD100+ lymphocytes in different specific microenvironments; and (3) upon interaction between CD100 and Plexin-B1 both CLL and normal CD5+ B cells increase their proliferative activity and extend their life span. These findings establish that Plexin-B1 is an easily accessible receptor for CD100 within the immune system. The encounter of CD100+ leukemic cells with Plexin-B1 may promote the proliferation and survival of malignant cells. The crosstalk operated by the CD100/Plexin-B1 interaction is not malignancy related but reproduces a mechanism used by normal CD5+ B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Granziero
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Torino, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo (TO) and Division of Clinical Immunology and Hematology, Ospedale Mauriziano Umberto I, Torino, Italy
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40
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Munzert G, Kirchner D, Stobbe H, Bergmann L, Schmid RM, Döhner H, Heimpel H. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 gene overexpression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: analysis of NF-kappa B/Rel-regulated inhibitors of apoptosis. Blood 2002; 100:3749-56. [PMID: 12411322 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.10.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is characterized by a resistance toward apoptosis-inducing agents. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)/Rel has been shown to regulate the expression of antiapoptotic genes, such as members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) gene families. Expression and regulation of NF-kappaB/Rel-dependent inhibitors of apoptosis have not been collectively studied in B-CLL. We examined expression of known NF-kappaB/Rel-regulated antiapoptotic genes by RNAse protection assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting in patients with B-CLL. TRAF1 and to a lesser extent TRAF2 were overexpressed in B-CLL lymphocytes as compared with normal CD19(+) B cells. TRAF1 overexpression did not correlate with markers of disease progression or overall survival. Furthermore, we found high constitutive expression of the IAP genes c-IAP-1, c-IAP-2, and XIAP both in normal and B-CLL lymphocytes. Focusing on the regulation of TRAF1, NF-kappaB/Rel activity in B-CLL nuclear extracts was shown to bind to TRAF1 promoter elements. However, IkappaB kinase (IKK) activity was not increased in CLL lymphocytes as compared with normal CD19(+) B cells. The known IKK inhibitor sulfasalazine did not compromise TRAF1 expression. Thus, although our study revealed a common expression pattern of NF-kappaB/Rel-regulated inhibitors of apoptosis, our findings indicate an IKK-independent regulation of TRAF1 in B-CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis
- Autocrine Communication
- Case-Control Studies
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- I-kappa B Kinase
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins
- Insect Proteins/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Middle Aged
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins v-rel/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 1
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Munzert
- Abteilung Innere Medizin III and Abteilung Innere Medizin I, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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41
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Pedersen IM, Kitada S, Schimmer A, Kim Y, Zapata JM, Charboneau L, Rassenti L, Andreeff M, Bennett F, Sporn MB, Liotta LD, Kipps TJ, Reed JC. The triterpenoid CDDO induces apoptosis in refractory CLL B cells. Blood 2002; 100:2965-72. [PMID: 12351409 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-04-1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells develop chemo-resistance over time. Most anticancer agents function through induction of apoptosis, and therefore resistance against these agents is likely to be caused by selection for CLL cells with defects in the particular apoptosis pathway that is triggered by these drugs. Anticancer agents that function through alternative apoptotic pathways might therefore be useful in treating chemo-resistant CLL. Triterpenoids represent a class of naturally occurring and synthetic compounds with demonstrated antitumor activity. We examined the effects of CDDO (triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid) on CLL B cells in vitro. CDDO induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in all (n = 30) CLL samples tested, including previously untreated and chemo-resistant CLL specimens. CDDO induced rapid proteolytic processing of caspase-8, but not caspase-9, in CLL B cells, suggesting activation of a mitochondria-independent pathway. CDDO-induced apoptosis of CLL B cells was blocked by cytokine response modifier A (CrmA), a suppressor of caspase-8, but not by X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein-baculovirus IAP repeat-3 (XIAP-BIR3), a fragment of XIAP, which selectively inhibits caspase-9. Examination of CDDO effects on expression of several apoptosis-relevant genes demonstrated significant reductions in the levels of caspase-8 homolog Fas-ligand interleukin-1-converting enzyme (FLICE)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), an endogenous antagonist of caspase-8. However, reductions of FLIP achieved by FLIP antisense oligonucleotides were insufficient for triggering apoptosis, indicating that CDDO has other targets in CLL B cells besides FLIP. These data suggest that the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO should be further explored as a possible therapeutic agent for treatment of chemo-resistant CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Caspases/blood
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oleanolic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- Oleanolic Acid/pharmacology
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- Vidarabine/therapeutic use
- Vidarabine/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Pedersen
- The Burnham Institute and University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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42
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MacFarlane M, Harper N, Snowden RT, Dyer MJS, Barnett GA, Pringle JH, Cohen GM. Mechanisms of resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in primary B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Oncogene 2002; 21:6809-18. [PMID: 12360407 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2001] [Revised: 06/28/2002] [Accepted: 07/05/2002] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Primary B cells from B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) were resistant to the novel selective cytotoxic agent, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Low levels of the death-inducing TRAIL receptors, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 but not the putative 'decoy' receptors, TRAIL-R3 and TRAIL-R4, were expressed on the surface of B-CLL cells. Resistance to TRAIL was upstream of caspase-8 activation, as little or no caspase-8 was processed in TRAIL-treated B-CLL cells. Low levels of a TRAIL death-inducing signalling complex (DISC) were formed in these cells, accompanied by the recruitment of endogenous FADD, caspase-8 and c-FLIP(L) but not c-FLIP(S). Both caspase-8 and c-FLIP(L) were cleaved to form two stable intermediates of approximately 43 kDa, which remained associated with the DISC. Caspase-8 was not further processed to its active heterotetramer. Thus the resistance of B-CLL cells to TRAIL may be due partly to low surface expression of the death receptors resulting in low levels of DISC formation and also to the high ratio of c-FLIP(L) to caspase-8 within the DISC, which would prevent further activation of caspase-8. Our results highlight the possibility of sensitising B-CLL cells to TRAIL by modulation of c-FLIP levels or by upregulation of surface expression of death receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion MacFarlane
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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43
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Abstract
Most current classifications of lymphoid neoplasms define the tumors based on the cell of origin, phenotype, genetic abnormalities, and clinical features. Here it is proposed that human lymphocytic tumors can be categorized based on the propensity and capacity of the tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. The first category is defined by malignant cells that are resistant to apoptosis due to expression of anti-apoptotic factors such as bcl-2 and cellular inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs). These tumors would include CLL and follicular lymphomas, as well as some malignancies in which the tumor cells are infected by viruses that co-opt cell survival pathways, such as human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV)-1. The second category, in which the malignant cells are apoptosis-prone, would include tumors arising in the context of impaired cytotoxic T-cell function. These neoplasms would include some human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related lymphomas such as Burkitt's lymphoma, and post-transplantation lymphomas. The third category would include neoplasms of intermediate sensitivity to apoptosis, some of which are associated with infection such as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas of the stomach. Although this classification is tentative, it should evolve in parallel with our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in lymphoid neoplasia, and provides a novel framework with which to consider the appropriateness of specific therapeutic strategies. Distinctions among lymphocytic tumors in terms of the likelihood of response to therapies such as antisense to bcl-2 related proteins, inhibitors of NF-kappa B activity, and new approaches aimed at bolstering the host's immune response, would cross standard classifications based on the T or B-cell origin of the tumor cells.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, bcl-2/genetics
- Humans
- Infections
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/classification
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/classification
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/physiopathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine J Schattner
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Room C-640, Weill Medical College, USA.
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44
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Husebekk A, Fellowes V, Read EJ, Williams J, Petrus MJ, Gress RE, Fowler DH. Selection and expansion of T cell from untreated patients with CLL: source of cells for immune reconstitution? Cytotherapy 2002; 2:187-93. [PMID: 12042041 DOI: 10.1080/146532400539143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocyte-derived malignancies can be treated with combinations of drugs that efficiently eradicate normal and malignant lymphocytes. Lack of T lymphocytes after treatment of B lymphocyte CLL (B-CLL) makes the patients susceptible to serious infections and may limit the benefit of the therapy. The aim of the study was to purify and culture-expand normal T lymphocytes from B-CLL patients prior to therapy. These cells could be frozen and given to the patients in the lymphopenic period post-chemotherapy. METHODS T lymphocytes were isolated from the mononuclear cell apheresis products from five patients with previously untreated B-CLL. The apheresis products were red-cell depleted by density gradient centrifugation. B-lymphocyte purging was performed by incubating with MAbs to four different B-cell epitopes, followed by magnetic-bead depletion. One round of negative selection removed >90% of the B lymphocytes. The T-lymphocyte enriched cell suspension was cultured for 10/11 days in the presence of IL-2 and the anti-T cell receptor Ab OKT3. In addition, in some cultures anti-CD22 ricin immunotoxin was added. RESULTS T cells from CLL patients expanded 4.7-21-fold over a 10/11 days culture interval. After culture, CLL cells could no longer be identified by flow cytometric evaluation. The cultured T lymphocytes were predominantly CD8(+), and were capable of lysing autologous CLL cells through a fas-dependent mechanism. DISCUSSION Selection and expansion of T lymphocytes by this method may represent a strategy for enhancing immunity in the lymphopenic period following CLL treatment.
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MESH Headings
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromium/metabolism
- Epitopes
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- A Husebekk
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Haynes AP, Daniels I, Abhulayha AM, Carter GI, Metheringham R, Gregory CD, Thomson BJ. CD95 (Fas) expression is regulated by sequestration in the Golgi complex in B-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2002; 118:488-94. [PMID: 12139737 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The CD95 (Fas) molecule transmits apoptotic signals important in B-cell development and the genesis of B-cell lymphoma. We have investigated the surface and intracellular expression of CD95 in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells, an important non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of B-cell origin. Group I BL cells did not express CD95 at the cell surface, but contained high levels of this receptor in the cytoplasm. In contrast, group III BL cells expressed CD95 intracellularly and at the cell surface. In group I and group III BL cells, cytoplasmic CD95 was localized to the Golgi complex, as assessed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation followed by immunoblotting. Trafficking through the Golgi complex is regulated by elements within the target protein and cellular sorting mechanisms. CD95 contains candidate signals for interaction with trafficking machinery. Group I BL cells can be induced to upregulate surface expression of CD95 following CD40 ligation and certain group I BL cell lines drift invitro to a group III phenotype, with consequent surface expression of CD95. Taken together, these observations show that CD95 can either be retained in the Golgi complex or exported to the cell surface, and suggest that membrane trafficking has an important and previously unrecognized role in regulating CD95 expression in B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Haynes
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Haematology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
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46
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Szocinski JL, Khaled AR, Hixon J, Halverson D, Funakoshi S, Fanslow WC, Boyd A, Taub DD, Durum SK, Siegall CB, Longo DL, Murphy WJ. Activation-induced cell death of aggressive histology lymphomas by CD40 stimulation: induction of bax. Blood 2002; 100:217-23. [PMID: 12070030 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.1.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD40 is present on both normal and neoplastic B-lineage cells. CD40 stimulation of normal B cells has been shown to promote normal growth and differentiation, whereas aggressive histology B lymphomas are growth inhibited. The inhibition of neoplastic B-cell growth is believed to occur via activation-induced cell death in which stimuli that typically promote the growth of normal cells prevent the growth of their neoplastic counterparts. We show here that CD40 stimulation using either a soluble recombinant human CD40 ligand (srhCD40L) or anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody resulted in apoptosis of human Burkitt lymphoma cell lines. Additional studies examining the mechanism of CD40-mediated death revealed an increase in bax messenger RNA with a subsequent increase in Bax protein in the mitochondria of the treated cells. In vitro exposure of the cells to bax antisense oligonucleotides resulted in a significant decline in Bax protein levels and partial protection from CD40-mediated death, indicating that induction of Bax was at least one mechanism underlying this inhibitory effect of CD40 stimulation on lymphomas. When immunodeficient mice bearing Burkitt lymphoma were treated with srhCD40L, significant increases in survival were observed indicating a direct antitumor effect as a result of CD40 stimulation in vivo. Overall, these results demonstrate that CD40 ligation of aggressive histology B-lymphoma cells results in inhibition both in vitro and in vivo and thus may be of potential clinical use in their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Szocinski
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Biology,and SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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47
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Chu P, Deforce D, Pedersen IM, Kim Y, Kitada S, Reed JC, Kipps TJ. Latent sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis after CD40 ligation may explain activity of CD154 gene therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:3854-9. [PMID: 11891278 PMCID: PMC122613 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.022604399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated with adenovirus (Ad)-CD154 (CD40L) gene therapy experience reductions in leukemia cell counts and lymph node size associated with induction of the death receptor Fas (CD95). CD4 T cell lines can induce apoptosis of CD40-activated CLL cells via a CD95 ligand (CD95-L)-dependent mechanism. To examine whether CD95-L was sufficient to induce cytolysis of CD40-activated CLL cells, we used Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with CD95-L as cytotoxic effector cells. CD40-activated CLL cells were initially resistant to CD95-mediated apoptosis despite high-level expression of CD95. However, after 72 h, CLL cells from seven of seven patients became increasingly sensitive to CD95-mediated apoptosis. This sensitivity correlated with a progressive decline in Flice-inhibitory protein (FLIP), which was induced within 24 h of CD40 ligation. Down-regulation of FLIP with an antisense oligonucleotide or a pharmacologic agent, however, was not sufficient to render CLL cells sensitive to CD95-mediated apoptosis in the 24-72 h after CD40 activation. Although the levels of pro-Caspase-8 appeared sufficient, inadequate levels of Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) and DAP3 may preclude assembly of the death-inducing signaling complex. Seventy-two hours after CD40 ligation, sensitivity to CD95 and a progressive increase in FADD and DAP3 were associated with the acquired ability of FADD and FLIP to coimmunoprecipitate with the death-inducing signaling complex after CD95 ligation. Collectively, these studies reveal that CD40 ligation on CLL B cells induces a programmed series of events in which the cells initially are protected and then sensitized to CD95-mediated apoptosis through shifts in the balance of the anti- and proapoptotic proteins FLIP and FADD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- CD40 Ligand/administration & dosage
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- CD40 Ligand/therapeutic use
- CHO Cells
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Caspase 8
- Caspase 9
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cricetinae
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Oleanolic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- Oleanolic Acid/pharmacology
- Precipitin Tests
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chu
- The Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stein Institute for Research on Aging, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0663, USA
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48
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Ciusani E, Perego P, Carenini N, Corna E, Facchinetti F, Boiardi A, Salmaggi A, Zunino F. Fas/CD95-mediated apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells: a target for sensitisation to topoisomerase I inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:881-7. [PMID: 11911840 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the death receptor Fas/CD95 is cell type-specific and can be modulated by different cytotoxic treatments. In spite of a frequent expression of Fas/CD95 in high-grade gliomas, these tumours are typically refractory to conventional therapy. Using a human glioblastoma cell line (GBM), we explored the possibility of modulating susceptibility to Fas/CD95-mediated apoptosis following cytotoxic treatment. GBM cells were sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of topoisomerase I inhibitors (topotecan and a novel lipophilic analog CPT83) and taxol, less sensitive to cisplatin and, in any case, rather resistant to drug-induced apoptosis. This pattern of cellular response was consistent with p53 mutation. GBM cells expressed low levels of Fas/CD95, which was associated with low susceptibility to antibody-stimulated Fas/CD95-mediated apoptosis. A significant up-regulation of Fas/CD95 expression was detected after exposure to topotecan and CPT83, whereas cisplatin induced a low increase and taxol did not modify Fas/CD95 expression. In addition, after treatment with topoisomerase I inhibitors, the up-regulation of Fas/CD95 resulted in an increased susceptibility of GBM cells to antibody-stimulated Fas/CD95-mediated apoptosis, while no synergistic effects were detected after treatment with cisplatin or taxol. Our data suggest that Fas/CD95 up-regulation can be a common response to DNA damage, whereas sensitisation to Fas/CD95-mediated apoptosis appears to be dependent on the type of DNA damage and on the pathway of cellular response. The observed effects might have important therapeutic implications for the design of novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of malignant gliomas.
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Reed JC, Kitada S, Kim Y, Byrd J. Modulating apoptosis pathways in low-grade B-cell malignancies using biological response modifiers. Semin Oncol 2002; 29:10-24. [DOI: 10.1053/sonc.2002.30155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Laytragoon-Lewin N, Rossmann ED, Castro J, Mellstedt H. Significance of phosphotyrosine proteins, Bcl-2 and p53 for apoptosis in resting B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Int J Cancer 2002; 97:344-8. [PMID: 11774286 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction and apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells with a post-germinal center (GC) phenotype were studied. Specific activation of the cells was induced by a combination of soluble anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody and interleukin-4 (CD40/IL-4) and nonspecific activation with a combination of phytohemagglutinin, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and ionomycin (chemical mixture). Less than 5% of these leukemia cells entered the cell cycle after activation, as indicated by the number of cells in G0/G1 phase. The protein tyrosine phosphorylation pattern and expression of the Bcl-2 protein were specific in ex vivo CLL cells of each individual patient. Expression of the p53 protein was not detectable in these leukemia cells. Cross-linking of the CD40/IL-4 receptors on CLL cells significantly upregulated phosphotyrosine proteins and the p53 protein. In the presence of chemical mixture, downregulated phosphotyrosine proteins were detected. Alterations in Bcl-2 expression were independent of cross-linking with CD40/IL-4 or chemical mixture. A high frequency of apoptotic cells was detected in cells that had downregulated phosphotyrosine proteins and Bcl-2 protein. There was no correlation between induction of apoptosis and expression of p53 protein. Our results suggest that apoptosis in resting leukemia cells could occur prior to the cell cycle progression. Alterations in phosphotyrosine proteins and Bcl-2 but not p53 might play an important role in the regulation of apoptosis in resting G0/G1 memory post-GC B-CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongnit Laytragoon-Lewin
- Department of Oncology Research Laboratory, Clinical Research Center, Huddinge University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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