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Qin L, Liu N, Bao CLM, Yang DZ, Ma GX, Yi WH, Xiao GZ, Cao HL. Mesenchymal stem cells in fibrotic diseases-the two sides of the same coin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:268-287. [PMID: 35896695 PMCID: PMC9326421 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is caused by extensive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, which play a crucial role in injury repair. Fibrosis attributes to ~45% of all deaths worldwide. The molecular pathology of different fibrotic diseases varies, and a number of bioactive factors are involved in the pathogenic process. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of multipotent stem cells that have promising therapeutic effects in the treatment of different diseases. Current updates of fibrotic pathogenesis reveal that residential MSCs may differentiate into myofibroblasts which lead to the fibrosis development. However, preclinical and clinical trials with autologous or allogeneic MSCs infusion demonstrate that MSCs can relieve the fibrotic diseases by modulating inflammation, regenerating damaged tissues, remodeling the ECMs, and modulating the death of stressed cells after implantation. A variety of animal models were developed to study the mechanisms behind different fibrotic tissues and test the preclinical efficacy of MSC therapy in these diseases. Furthermore, MSCs have been used for treating liver cirrhosis and pulmonary fibrosis patients in several clinical trials, leading to satisfactory clinical efficacy without severe adverse events. This review discusses the two opposite roles of residential MSCs and external MSCs in fibrotic diseases, and summarizes the current perspective of therapeutic mechanism of MSCs in fibrosis, through both laboratory study and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Nian Liu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Chao-le-meng Bao
- CASTD Regengeek (Shenzhen) Medical Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Da-zhi Yang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Gui-xing Ma
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Wei-hong Yi
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Guo-zhi Xiao
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Hui-ling Cao
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055 China
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2
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Animal Models of Systemic Sclerosis: Using Nailfold Capillaroscopy as a Potential Tool to Evaluate Microcirculation and Microangiopathy: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050703. [PMID: 35629370 PMCID: PMC9147447 DOI: 10.3390/life12050703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease with three pathogenic hallmarks, i.e., inflammation, vasculopathy, and fibrosis. A wide plethora of animal models have been developed to address the complex pathophysiology and for the development of possible anti-fibrotic treatments. However, no current model comprises all three pathological mechanisms of the disease. To highlight the lack of a complete model, a review of some of the most widely used animal models for SSc was performed. In addition, to date, no model has accomplished the recreation of primary or secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon, a key feature in SSc. In humans, nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) has been used to evaluate secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon and microvasculature changes in SSc. Being a non-invasive technique, it is widely used both in clinical studies and as a tool for clinical evaluation. Because of this, its potential use in animal models has been neglected. We evaluated NFC in guinea pigs to investigate the possibility of applying this technique to study microcirculation in the nailfold of animal models and in the future, development of an animal model for Raynaud’s phenomenon. The applications are not only to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of vasculopathy but can also be used in the development of novel treatment options.
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Perrino C, Ferdinandy P, Bøtker HE, Brundel BJJM, Collins P, Davidson SM, den Ruijter HM, Engel FB, Gerdts E, Girao H, Gyöngyösi M, Hausenloy DJ, Lecour S, Madonna R, Marber M, Murphy E, Pesce M, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Sluijter JPG, Steffens S, Gollmann-Tepeköylü C, Van Laake LW, Van Linthout S, Schulz R, Ytrehus K. Improving translational research in sex-specific effects of comorbidities and risk factors in ischaemic heart disease and cardioprotection: position paper and recommendations of the ESC Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:367-385. [PMID: 32484892 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is a complex disorder and a leading cause of death and morbidity in both men and women. Sex, however, affects several aspects of IHD, including pathophysiology, incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis as well as treatment and outcome. Several diseases or risk factors frequently associated with IHD can modify cellular signalling cascades, thus affecting ischaemia/reperfusion injury as well as responses to cardioprotective interventions. Importantly, the prevalence and impact of risk factors and several comorbidities differ between males and females, and their effects on IHD development and prognosis might differ according to sex. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these differences are still poorly understood, and their identification might have important translational implications in the prediction or prevention of risk of IHD in men and women. Despite this, most experimental studies on IHD are still undertaken in animal models in the absence of risk factors and comorbidities, and assessment of potential sex-specific differences are largely missing. This ESC WG Position Paper will discuss: (i) the importance of sex as a biological variable in cardiovascular research, (ii) major biological mechanisms underlying sex-related differences relevant to IHD risk factors and comorbidities, (iii) prospects and pitfalls of preclinical models to investigate these associations, and finally (iv) will provide recommendations to guide future research. Although gender differences also affect IHD risk in the clinical setting, they will not be discussed in detail here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Perrino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Hajnoczy str. 6., H-6722 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hans E Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 161, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bianca J J M Brundel
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1108 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Collins
- Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney St, Chelsea, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, WC1E 6HX London, UK
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Gerdts
- Department for Clinical Science, University of Bergen, PO Box 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Henrique Girao
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, and Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore.,The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK.,Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, Chris Barnard Building, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3 7935 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Institute of Cardiology, University of Pisa, Lungarno Antonio Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School in Houston, 6410 Fannin St #1014, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Marber
- King's College London BHF Centre, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, Cardiovascular Branch, NHLBI, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS Via Parea, 4, I-20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
- Berlin Institute of Gender in Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK, partner site Berlin, Geschäftsstelle Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany.,University of Zürich, Rämistrasse 71, 8006 Zürich, Germany
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Circulatory Health Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstr. 9, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Can Gollmann-Tepeköylü
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr.35, A - 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Linda W Van Laake
- Cardiology and UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité, University Medicine Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité, University Medicine Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Ludwigstraße 23, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kirsti Ytrehus
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Animal models of cutaneous and hepatic fibrosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:371-409. [PMID: 22137437 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis occurs as a part of normal wound healing. However, excessive or dysregulated fibrosis can lead to severe organ dysfunction and is a feature of a variety of diseases. Due to its insidious onset, fibrosis tends to go undetected in its early stages. This is in part why these diseases remain so poorly understood. Animal models have provided a means to examine these early stages and to isolate and understand the effect of perturbations in signaling pathways, chemokines, and cytokines. Here, we summarize recent progress in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of fibrosis, both its initiation and its maintenance phases, from animal models of fibrosis in the skin and liver. Due to these organs' properties, modeling fibrosis in them poses unique challenges. Elegant solutions have therefore been developed for modeling fibrosis in each, and now, great potential for animal models to contribute to our understanding appears scientifically imminent.
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5
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Abstract
Skin fibrosis occurs in a variety of human diseases, most notably systemic sclerosis (SSc). The end stage of scleroderma in human skin consists of excess collagen deposition in the dermis with loss of adnexal structures and associated adipose tissue. The initiating factors for this process and the early stages are believed to occur through vascular injury and immune dysfunction with a dysregulated inflammatory response. However, because of the insidious onset of the disease, this stage is rarely observed in humans and remains poorly understood. Animal models have provided a means to examine these early stages and to isolate and understand the effect of perturbations in signaling pathways, chemokines, and cytokines. This article summarizes recent progress in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of skin fibrosis in SSc from different animal models, both its initiation and its maintenance phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon P Smith
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NBV 16N1, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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6
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Kraaij MD, van Laar JM. The role of B cells in systemic sclerosis. Biologics 2008; 2:389-95. [PMID: 19707370 PMCID: PMC2721390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective disease characterized by features of autoimmunity, vasculopathy, inflammation, and fibrosis. The disease typically starts with Raynaud's phenomenon, followed by skin thickening in the extremities due to inflammation and fibrosis. Fibrosis results from excessive collagen production by fibroblasts, which constitutes the final common pathway of complex cellular interactions including B cells. Several studies have indicated that B cells may play a role in SSc. Lesional skin infiltrates from SSc patients consist of a variety of cells, including eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Autoantibodies of several specificities are present in the serum of SSc patients of which antitopoisomerase 1 is the most common, and evidence has been gathered for a potential pathogenic role of some autoantibodies, eg, anti-PDGF antibodies. The blood of SSc patients contains an increased proportion of naïve B cells but a decreased proportion of memory B cells. Furthermore, serum levels of interleukin-6, an important pro-inflammatory cytokine, have been shown to correlate with skin fibrosis. Animal models of SSc have provided more in-depth information on the role of B lymphocytes, eg, through disruption of B cell function. In this review we will discuss the evidence that B cells are involved in the pathogenesis of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob M van Laar
- Correspondence: Jacob M van Laar, Professor of Clinical Rheumatology, Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, 4th Floor, Catherine Cookson Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom, Tel +44 191 222 7139, Fax +44 191 222 5455, Email
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7
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Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is characterized by three distinct pathologic processes: fibrosis, cellular/humoral autoimmunity, and specific vascular changes. Although a mild vasculitis may sometimes be present, the vascular pathology of scleroderma is not necessarily inflammatory and is best characterized as a vasculopathy. In this article, the authors propose that SSc vasculopathy is the result of an early event involving vascular injury that eventuates in a vicious cycle mediated in part by the immune process. The subsequent vascular malformation and rarefaction may be a function of systemic angiogenic dysregulation, with over expression of vascular endothelial growth factor but a lack of proper interactions with smooth muscle cells needed to stabilize and organize blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Nadine Fleming
- Department of Pathology, 815 Mercer Street, Room 421, Brotman Building, Box 358050, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98109-4717, USA
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8
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Zandman-Goddard G, Peeva E, Shoenfeld Y. Gender and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2007; 6:366-72. [PMID: 17537382 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced immunoreactivity in females is a double-edged sword that provides better protection against infections, but may lead to enhanced autoreactivity and thereby contribute to the induction of autoimmunity. Autoimmune diseases demonstrate a gender bias and represent the fifth leading cause of death by disease among females of reproductive age. Clinical and murine experimental studies indicate that the gender bias in autoimmunity may be influenced by sex hormones, predominantly displayed in the development and exacerbations of the prototypical autoimmune disease lupus. The associations between sex hormones and other autoimmune diseases are less clear. Our review on the impact of gender via sex hormones and sex related genes in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases suggests that a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind the sexual dimorphism of the immune system may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to autoimmunity.
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9
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Granel B, Chevillard C, Dessein A. Facteurs de prédisposition génétiques à la fibrose au cours de la sclérodermie systémique. Rev Med Interne 2005; 26:294-303. [PMID: 15820565 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physiopathology of systemic sclerosis includes autoimmunity factors, endothelial lesions and abnormal fibrotic process which characterizes this disease in the field of systemic autoimmune disorders. Genetic factors of susceptibility are showed by possibility of familial forms of the disease, Choctaw American Indians homogenous population with high disease prevalence of systemic sclerosis and experimental animal models. KEY POINTS We propose a review of the articles published to date in the literature concerning genetical analysis of genes coding for factors potentially involved in the fibrotic process of systemic sclerosis. This includes cytokines (TNF-alpha, interleukin-1, chemokines), growth factors (TGF-beta), extracellular matrix proteins (collagen, fibrillin, fibronectine) and agents acting on vascular tone (angiotensin-converting enzyme and NO synthase). PERSPECTIVES Identification of genetic factors involved in the susceptibility to fibrosis of systemic sclerosis would lead to a better understanding of physiopathological mechanisms of this disease and to therapeutic targets using immunomodulation with drugs, such as already performed in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Granel
- Inserm U 399, faculté de médecine de La Timone, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
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Denton CP, Abraham DJ. Transgenic analysis of scleroderma: understanding key pathogenic events in vivo. Autoimmun Rev 2004; 3:285-93. [PMID: 15246024 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/13/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Modern molecular genetic methods have allowed better understanding of established mouse models of scleroderma and also facilitated the development of new and better defined mouse strains for investigating the pathogenesis of the disease. The best characterized scleroderma animal model is the type 1 tight skin mouse (Tsk1). Backcrossing these animals with other mutant strains has been informative. These experiments implicate the IL-4 ligand-receptor axis in the development of skin fibrosis. Parallel expression analysis of genes using microarrays has provided insight into novel mediators of fibrosis including the C-C chemokine MCP-3. Other experiments suggest that embryonically defined fibroblast-specific regulatory elements may be targets for activation in this model. The same lineage-specific elements have been used to selectively activate TGF beta signaling pathways in fibrosis to generate a novel model for scleroderma and also have been used to develop systems for ligand-dependent fibroblast-specific genetic recombination that will allow further analysis key candidate genes implicated in scleroderma pathogenesis. Better mouse models will improve understanding of this intractable rheumatic disease and can be expected to ultimately lead to improved treatments and outcome.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CCL7
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrosis
- Forecasting
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/genetics
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Scleroderma, Systemic/immunology
- Scleroderma, Systemic/metabolism
- Scleroderma, Systemic/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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Ruzek MC, Jha S, Ledbetter S, Richards SM, Garman RD. A modified model of graft-versus-host-induced systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) exhibits all major aspects of the human disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:1319-31. [PMID: 15077316 DOI: 10.1002/art.20160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diffuse systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) is a debilitating disease characterized by excessive dermal fibrosis with later progression to internal organs. In addition to the fibrotic component, major aspects of the disease include vascular or circulatory involvement and immune dysregulation evidenced by inflammatory cells in affected tissues and production of autoantibodies. Many animal models resembling this disease have been studied, including genetic models in mice and chickens, challenge with chemicals such as bleomycin or vinyl chloride to induce fibrosis, and models of graft-versus-host (GVH)-induced disease using certain strains of mice with differences in minor histocompatibility loci. The present studies were undertaken to determine if alteration of the induction of GVH-induced scleroderma could result in a model that more fully represented the human condition. METHODS Disease was induced by injection of spleen cells from B10.D2 mice into BALB/c mice deficient in mature T and B cells (recombination-activating gene 2 targeted). Dermal thickening, collagen deposition, vasoconstriction, and parameters of immunity were analyzed. RESULTS Similar to the human disease, this modified GVH model of SSc demonstrated evidence of dermal thickening, particularly in the extremities, progressive fibrosis of internal organs, vasoconstriction and altered expression of vascularity markers in skin and internal organs, early immune activation, inflammation in skin and internal organs, and autoantibody generation. CONCLUSION This modified model of GVH-induced SSc exhibits all major components of human disease and is likely to contribute to better understanding of the disease mechanisms and, ultimately, improved treatments for patients.
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12
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Sakkas LI, Platsoucas CD. Is systemic sclerosis an antigen-driven T cell disease? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:1721-33. [PMID: 15188347 DOI: 10.1002/art.20315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lazaros I Sakkas
- Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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13
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Kok MR, Baum BJ, Tak PP, Pillemer SR. Use of localised gene transfer to develop new treatment strategies for the salivary component of Sjögren's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62:1038-46. [PMID: 14583564 PMCID: PMC1754372 DOI: 10.1136/ard.62.11.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment for Sjögren's syndrome (SS) might be developed locally by introducing genes encoding cytokines, which are potentially anti-inflammatory, or by introducing a cDNA encoding a soluble form of a key cytokine receptor, which can act as an antagonist and decrease the availability of certain cytokines, such as soluble tumour necrosis factor alpha receptors. Currently, the preferred choice of viral vector for immunomodulatory gene transfer is recombinant adeno-associated virus. The use of gene transfer to help determine the pathophysiology and to alter the course of the SS-like disease in the NOD mouse model can ultimately lead to the development of new treatments for managing the salivary component in patients with SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kok
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Scleroderma is a progressive debilitating fibrosing disease that may involve multiple organs. The pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. Animal models for scleroderma are valuable for studying the pathogenesis of this complex disorder and for testing potential treatments for human scleroderma. There are several animal models available that exhibit important features of scleroderma, each with an emphasis on different aspects of the disease (tissue fibrosis, inflammation, vascular injury, or immunologic changes). These models can be separated into several categories in which fibrosis is induced by external agents (vinyl chloride, bleomycin), by breeding of mutant strain combinations (integrin alpha 1 null mouse, MRL/lpr gamma R-/- mouse), and by transplantation of disparate immune cells (sclerodermatous graft versus host disease). In addition, there are spontaneous mutations (UCD 200 chicken, tight skin mouse) in which fibrosis occurs. The tight skin mouse has been reviewed recently. This review discusses the other animal models and some interventions in each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University/ University Hospitals of Cleveland, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA.
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15
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Koller LD, Stang BV, de la Paz MP, Ruiz Mendez MV. Pathology of "toxic oils" and selected metals in the MRL/lpr mouse. Toxicol Pathol 2001; 29:630-8. [PMID: 11794379 DOI: 10.1080/019262301753385960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Toxic Oil Syndrome epidemic that occurred in Spain in 1981 and affected nearly 20,000 people was caused by ingestion of oil mixtures that contained analine-denatured rapeseed oil. To date, an animal model in which to identify the actual etiologic agents(s) and to investigate the pathogenesis of the disease has not been discovered. In this study, the MRL/lpr was used to assess the histopathological response of 3 "toxic oils" and 3 metals. The oils tested were a denatured rapeseed oil collected from a family who were affected by the Toxic Oil Syndrome epidemic in Spain (CO756) plus two synthesized oils (RSD and RSA). Female mice, 7 weeks of age, received an undiluted (neat) or a 1:10 diluted dose of each oil; mercury (50 ppm), cadmium (100 ppm), or lead (50 ppm). Half of each group was killed after 5 weeks of exposure and the remaining mice after 10 weeks of exposure. Body and organ weights (liver, kidney, thymus, and spleen) were recorded and selected organs were collected for histopathology. Ten weeks after treatment, body weights (BW) of the cadmium and lead groups were significantly suppressed, and the body weight of the C0756-neat group was significantly increased compared to their respective controls. Kidney/BW were decreased in the RSA-neat and RSA 1:10 groups after 10 weeks of exposure, and the kidney/BW in the mercury and cadmium groups were increased. Spontaneous development (12 weeks of age) and progression (17 weeks of age) of histopathological lesions are described for selected organs examined in the naïve mice as are changes that resulted from exposure to the "toxic oils" and metals. C0756-neat, mercury, and lead suppressed progression of the glomerulonephritis that normally occurs in the MRL/lpr mouse. Also of interest were lesions that included mononuclear cuffing of hepatic bile ducts, progression of the granulomas that formed in the renal glomeruli, vessels in the lymphoid organs that contained tightly packed lymphocytes, and the presence of plasma cells in the thymus. All 3 oils stimulated early development of the lymphoproliferative syndrome characteristic of the MRL/lpr mouse as demonstrated by an increase in the thymus/BW and spleen/BW ratios after 5 weeks of treatment. These data contribute to our knowledge of spontaneous disease progression in the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and kidneys in the MRL/lpr mouse and the effects of 3 different "toxic oils" and metals on the development and progression of those lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Koller
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J Varga
- Section of Rheumatology (M/C733), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, 1158 Molecular Biology Research Building, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that genetic factors play important roles in susceptibility to and expression of systemic sclerosis (SSc), as well as primary Raynaud phenomenon. Familial aggregation for SSc, although infrequent (1.2%-1.5% of SSc families), has now been established, and when compared with population prevalence represents a significant risk factor for the disease and lays a firmer foundation for genetics in etiopathogenesis. Major histocompatibility complex class II alleles increase disease risk in some populations but are more strongly correlated with specific autoantibody profiles. Microchimerism influenced by human leukocyte antigen also remains an intriguing hypothesis. A variety of extracellular matrix genes, including fibrillin-1, have become additional candidates for contributing to what is likely a complex genetic disease. Reviewed here is evidence relating to these concepts, especially new data reported over the last year.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Tan
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas, Houston Medical School, 77030, USA.
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18
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T lymphocyte and fibroblast interactions: the case of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis and other examples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00870304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Chizzolini C. T lymphocyte and fibroblast interactions: the case of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis and other examples. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1999; 21:431-50. [PMID: 10945035 DOI: 10.1007/s002810000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Chizzolini
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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