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Pan P, Cheng J, Si Y, Chen W, Hou J, Zhao T, Gu Y, Lv L, Hong Z, Zhu Z, Chai Y, Guo Z, Chen X. A stop-flow comprehensive two-dimensional HK-2 and HK-2/CIKI cell membrane chromatography comparative analysis system for screening the active ingredients from Pyrrosia calvata (Bak.) Ching against crystal-induced kidney injury. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113825. [PMID: 33339641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Crystal-induced kidney injury (CIKI) is the fundamental pathological change during nephrolithiasis, although the molecular mechanism is still unclear. Pyrrosia calvata (Bak.) Ching has been used in folk medicine to treat urolithiasis for years. To clarify the pharmacodynamic substances and the mechanism of its antiurolithiasis effects, in this study, a novel, stop-flow, comprehensive, two-dimensional (2D) HK-2 and HK-2/CIKI cell membrane chromatography (CMC) comparative analysis system was developed to screen for the potential active ingredients from Pyrrosia calvata (Bak.) Ching against CIKI. The comprehensive 2D CMC comparative analysis system showed satisfactory selectivity, and eight ingredients were screened and identified by this system. Among them, mangiferin exhibited higher affinity for the HK-2/CIKI CMC column than the HK-2 CMC column and was selected for further efficacy verification. Cell proliferation assays showed that mangiferin could protect HK-2 cell viability after stimulation with sodium oxalate (NaOX). Additionally, in a rodent model of CIKI, mangiferin decreased the deposition of calcium oxalate (CaOX) crystals in mouse kidneys, alleviated the pathological damage to kidney tissue, and inhibited the upregulation of OPN, MCP1, and CD44 expression caused by CaOX crystals. The established comprehensive 2D CMC comparative analysis system can be applied to screen active ingredients with disease specificity from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and is suitable for other cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yachen Si
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiebin Hou
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanqiu Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Lei Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhanying Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Chen KL, Li D, Lu TX, Chang SW. Structural Characterization of the CD44 Stem Region for Standard and Cancer-Associated Isoforms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E336. [PMID: 31947887 PMCID: PMC6982006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is widely expressed in most vertebrate cells, whereas the expression of CD44v6 is restricted to only a few tissues and has been considered to be associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Thus, CD44v6 has been recognized as a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for various cancers for more than a decade. However, despite many experimental studies, the structural dynamics and differences between CD44s and CD44v6, particularly in their stem region, still remain elusive. Here, a computational study was conducted to address these problems. We found that the stem of CD44s adopted predominantly two conformations, one featuring antiparallel β-sheets and the other featuring parallel β-sheets, whereas the stem of CD44v6 adopted mainly one conformation with relatively highly suppressed β-sheet contents. Moreover, Phe215 was found to be essential in the β-sheets of both CD44s and CD44v6. We finally found intramolecular Phe215-Trp224 hydrogen-bonding interactions and hydrophobic interactions with Phe215 that cooperatively drove conformational differences upon the addition of the v6 region to CD44. Our study elucidated the structural differences between the stem regions of CD44s and CD44v6 and thus can offer useful structural information for drug design to specifically target CD44v6 in promising clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Lin Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Deng Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Xuan Lu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Wei Chang
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
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Rouschop KMA, Claessen N, Pals ST, Weening JJ, Florquin S. CD44 Disruption Prevents Degeneration of the Capillary Network in Obstructive NephropathyviaReduction of TGF-β1–Induced Apoptosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:746-53. [PMID: 16452493 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005080808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a glycoprotein that is involved in inflammation and cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions, is upregulated in the kidney upon injury, and leads to fibrosis through enhancement of TGF-beta1 signaling. Absence of CD44 prevents development of renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). A hallmark of development of renal fibrosis is the degeneration of the capillary network. This study shows that CD44 is upregulated on capillary endothelial cells during UUO. For elucidation of the role of CD44 on peritubular endothelial cells in UUO, capillary network degeneration was compared in CD44+/+ and CD44-/- mice. As expected, degeneration of the capillary network was observed in CD44+/+ mice during UUO, associated with increased endothelial apoptosis. However, in the absence of CD44, degeneration of the network is prevented as a result of a decrease in the rate of apoptosis in endothelial cells. The divergence in endothelial apoptosis is not correlated to differential vascular endothelial growth factor or thrombospondin-1 expression. For further investigation of capillary regression, CD44+/+ and CD44-/- peritubular capillary endothelial cell lines were established. With the use of these cells, it is shown that interaction between CD44 and its ligand hyaluronic acid enhances the proapoptotic effect of TGF-beta1 but not thrombospondin-1 on endothelial cells, contributing to the degeneration of the capillary network. Blocking interaction between hyaluronic acid and CD44 therefore may be a potential therapeutic opportunity to preserve the capillary network and prevent the development of fibrosis in chronic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper M A Rouschop
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Room M2-108, PO Box 22668, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Graham CM, Thomas DB. Differential analysis of CD4+ Th memory clones with identical T-cell receptor (TCR)-alphabeta rearrangement (non-transgenic), but distinct lymphokine phenotype, reveals diverse and novel gene expression. Immunology 2004; 113:194-202. [PMID: 15379980 PMCID: PMC1782562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a subtractive hybridization analysis to identify differences in gene expression between sibling Th memory clones, elicited by virus infection and expressing identical T-cell receptor (TCR)-alphabeta rearrangements but distinct lymphokine phenotype: clone Bpp9 secretes interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-10; clone Bpp19 secretes interferon (IFN)-gamma, low levels of IL-4, and IL-5 on TCR ligation. cDNA sequencing of difference products (DP) identified both novel and known regulatory (DNA: RNA-binding) or signalling proteins (kinases: phosphatases). Of the 10 novel genes identified, three were putative membrane proteins, one a predicted nuclear protein containing a PEST sequence motif, one a predicted transporter fragment and one contained a zinc-finger motif. One of the membrane proteins was found only in RNA from the activated IFN-gamma-producing clone, i.e. not in other tissues. In addition, a high frequency of granzyme A, B, C and G transcripts (for clone Bpp9) or transcripts for CD94 and NKG2A (for clone Bpp19) were expressed differentially, together with transcripts that mapped to, so far, unassigned regions of the mouse genome that may be further novel genes. The transcriptional profiles presented here may therefore include candidate regulators of Th diversity and effector function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- DNA/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Immunologic Memory
- Interferon-gamma/analysis
- Interleukin-10/analysis
- Interleukin-4/analysis
- Interleukin-5/analysis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Tissue Distribution
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Schmidt DS, Klingbeil P, Schnölzer M, Zöller M. CD44 variant isoforms associate with tetraspanins and EpCAM. Exp Cell Res 2004; 297:329-47. [PMID: 15212938 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The metastasizing subline of the rat pancreatic adenocarcinoma BSp73 expresses a set of membrane molecules, the combination of which has not been detected on non-metastasizing tumor lines. Hence, it became of interest whether these molecules function independently or may associate and exert specialized functions as membrane complexes. Separation of CD44v4-v7 containing membrane complexes in mild detergent revealed an association with the alpha3 integrin, annexin I, EpCAM, and the tetraspanins D6.1A and CD9. EpCAM and the tetraspanins associate selectively with CD44 variant (CD44v), but not with the CD44 standard (CD44s) isoform. The complexes are found in glycolipid-enriched membrane (GEM) microdomains, which are dissolved by stringent detergents, but the complexes are not destroyed by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaCD) treatment, which implies that complex formation does not depend on a lipid-rich microenvironment. However, a complex-associated impact on cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion as well as on resistance towards apoptosis essentially depended on the location in GEMs. Thus, CD44v-specific functions may well be brought about by complex formation of CD44v with EpCAM, the tetraspanins, and the alpha3 integrin. Because CD44v4-v7-EpCAM complex-specific functions strictly depended on the GEM localization, linker or signal-transducing molecules associating with the complex are likely located in GEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk-Steffen Schmidt
- Department of Tumor Progression and Tumor Defense, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Florquin S, Rouschop KMA. Reciprocal functions of hepatocyte growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta1 in the progression of renal diseases: a role for CD44? KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL. SUPPLEMENT 2003:S15-20. [PMID: 12969122 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.64.s86.4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Progressive renal fibrosis occurs via common pathophysiologic mechanisms, regardless of the primary underlying disease. This cascade includes release of cytokines/chemokines and toxic molecules, interstitial inflammation, tubular cell damage, accumulation of myofibroblasts, and finally, fibrosis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) are key molecules in this cascade that, in general, exert opposite actions. Hepatocyte growth factor promotes, to some extent, inflammation, protects tubular epithelial cells, blocks myofibroblast transition, and contributes to tissue remodeling. In contrast, TGF-beta1 has powerful anti-inflammatory actions, promotes apoptosis, induces myofibroblast transition, and is a strong pro-fibrotic agent. The mechanisms which orchestrate the reciprocal actions of HGF and TGF-beta1 are still largely unknown and are probably multiple. One of these mechanisms involves the selective up-regulation of CD44 in damaged kidney. The glomerular and tubular expression of CD44 closely correlates with the degree of renal damage, and CD44 has been shown to facilitate the action of both HGF and TGF-beta1. Moreover, during chronic obstructive nephropathy CD44 knock-out mice display much more tubular damage but develop less fibrosis in the course of the renal disease. These histologic findings are associated with impairment of signaling pathways of both HGF and TGF-beta1. The development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing progression of renal diseases that are based on HGF and/or TGF-beta1 may take in account the pivotal role of CD44 expression in the functions of both molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Florquin S, Nunziata R, Claessen N, van den Berg FM, Pals ST, Weening JJ. CD44 expression in IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39:407-14. [PMID: 11840384 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2002.30563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is a frequent, chronic renal disease characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical presentations and pathologic findings. CD44, a family of type I transmembrane glycoproteins involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, may orchestrate partially the cascade of inflammation, accumulation of myofibroblasts, and fibrosis leading to end-stage renal disease. To clarify the possible role of CD44 in the progression of IgA nephropathy, the expression of CD44 in glomeruli and the tubulointerstitial compartment was analyzed in 25 renal biopsy specimens of patients with IgA nephropathy and was correlated to histopathologic, serologic, and urinary parameters. The expression of CD44 correlated significantly with the degree of glomerular and interstitial damage, even better than the accumulation of alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts, which is recognized as a reliable marker for the progression of IgA nephropathy. A positive correlation also was found between proteinuria and the expression of CD44 in the tubulointerstitial compartment. The glomerular and tubulointerstitial expression of CD44 correlated with the degree of renal damage in IgA nephropathy and could be a reliable marker of the progression of IgA nephropathy. CD44 may have a pivotal role in the cascade of renal inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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