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Abstract
Molecular radiotheragnostics directly links nuclear medicine diagnostic imaging to therapy. The imaging study is used to detect a specific molecular target associated with a disease process. A radiotherapeutic molecule with a similar biodistribution to the diagnostic agent can then be used to deliver targeted therapy.Molecular radiotheragnostics have been applied to manage both benign and malignant thyroid disease since the 1940s. The specific molecular pathway targeted is the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) located on the basolateral membrane of the thyroid follicular cell. Radiolabelling of iodide or a similar ion allows targeting of the NIS system with radiopharmaceuticals for imaging (123I-radioiodine and 99mTc-pertechnetate) and treatment (131I-radioiodine) by virtue of their gamma ray and beta-particle emissions, respectively.Scintigraphic imaging directly guides 131I-radioiodine treatment planning to maximise therapeutic benefit while minimising adverse reactions, in a personalised medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitasha Singh
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
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Popławska-Kita A, Telejko B, Siewko K, Kościuszko-Zdrodowska M, Wawrusewicz-Kurylonek N, Krętowski A, Hryniewicka J, Dzięcioł J, Bauer W, Milewski R, Szelachowska M, Górska M. Decreased Expression of Thyroglobulin and Sodium Iodide Symporter Genes in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:690704. [PMID: 24723949 PMCID: PMC3960735 DOI: 10.1155/2014/690704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim. The aim of the study was to compare the expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS), thyroglobulin (Tg), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF α ), and interleukin-1 β genes in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and healthy individuals. Subjects and Methods. Thyroid cells were obtained from 39 patients with HT and 15 controls by an ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. Results. The patients with HT had lower Tg and NIS mRNA (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, resp.), as well as higher TNF α mRNA expression (P = 0.049) than the controls. In the HT group Tg mRNA expression correlated positively with NIS mRNA expression (R = 0.739, P = 0.0001) and thyroid volume (R = 0.465, P = 0.0005), as well as negatively with TNF α mRNA expression (R = -0.490, P = 0.001) and anti-peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) level (R = -0.482, P = 0.0002), whereas NIS mRNA expression correlated positively with thyroid volume (R = 0.319, P = 0.02), as well as negatively with TNF α mRNA expression (R = -0.529, P = 0.0006) and TPOAb level (R = -0.422, P = 0.001). Conclusions. Our results suggest that decreased Tg and NIS expression in thyroid cells may result in reduced active iodide transport and reduced thyroid volume in patients with HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Popławska-Kita
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Beata Telejko
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siewko
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maria Kościuszko-Zdrodowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Natalia Wawrusewicz-Kurylonek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Krętowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Hryniewicka
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Janusz Dzięcioł
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-230 Białystok, Poland
| | - Witold Bauer
- Centre for Clinical Research, Medical University of Bialystok, J. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-276, Poland
| | - Robert Milewski
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Białystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szelachowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maria Górska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
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Amachi S. Microbial Contribution to Global Iodine Cycling: Volatilization, Accumulation, Reduction, Oxidation, and Sorption of Iodine. Microbes Environ 2008; 23:269-76. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me08548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Amachi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University
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Hydrogen peroxide-dependent uptake of iodine by marine Flavobacteriaceae bacterium strain C-21. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:7536-41. [PMID: 17933915 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01592-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the marine bacterium strain C-21, which is phylogenetically closely related to Arenibacter troitsensis, accumulate iodine in the presence of glucose and iodide (I-). In this study, the detailed mechanism of iodine uptake by C-21 was determined using a radioactive iodide tracer, 125I-. In addition to glucose, oxygen and calcium ions were also required for the uptake of iodine. The uptake was not inhibited or was only partially inhibited by various metabolic inhibitors, whereas reducing agents and catalase strongly inhibited the uptake. When exogenous glucose oxidase was added to the cell suspension, enhanced uptake of iodine was observed. The uptake occurred even in the absence of glucose and oxygen if hydrogen peroxide was added to the cell suspension. Significant activity of glucose oxidase was found in the crude extracts of C-21, and it was located mainly in the membrane fraction. These findings indicate that hydrogen peroxide produced by glucose oxidase plays a key role in the uptake of iodine. Furthermore, enzymatic oxidation of iodide strongly stimulated iodine uptake in the absence of glucose. Based on these results, the mechanism was considered to consist of oxidation of iodide to hypoiodous acid by hydrogen peroxide, followed by passive translocation of this uncharged iodine species across the cell membrane. Interestingly, such a mechanism of iodine uptake is similar to that observed in iodine-accumulating marine algae.
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Morgenstern KE, Vadysirisack DD, Zhang Z, Cahill KV, Foster JA, Burns JA, Kloos RT, Jhiang SM. Expression of Sodium Iodide Symporter in the Lacrimal Drainage System: Implication for the Mechanism Underlying Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in I131-Treated Patients. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 21:337-44. [PMID: 16234694 DOI: 10.1097/01.iop.0000179369.75569.a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nasolacrimal outflow obstruction has been associated with high-dose (>150 mCi) radioactive iodine (I(131)) treatment. Commonly used for thyroid cancer treatment, I(131) is effectively transported in the targeted tissue by the Na(+)/I symporter (NIS). We hypothesized that NIS is expressed in the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct and that active accumulation of I(131) is responsible for the clinical observations seen in these patients. METHODS Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analyses were used to evaluate NIS expression in both archived and fresh human tissues RESULTS Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that NIS mRNA is present in the lacrimal sac. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that NIS protein is expressed in the stratified columnar epithelial cells of the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. NIS protein was undetectable in the lacrimal gland, Wolfring and Krause glands, conjunctiva, canaliculus, and nasal mucosa. NIS-expressing columnar epithelial cells were absent and fibrosis was evident in the lacrimal sacs from I(131)-treated patients undergoing dacryocystorhinostomy. CONCLUSIONS NIS is present in the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct of humans, correlating to the anatomic areas of clinical obstruction that develop in patients treated with greater than 150 mCi of I(131). This suggests that NIS may be the vector of radiation-induced injury to the lacrimal system. To our knowledge, this is the first report of any ion transporter in the nasolacrimal outflow system and raises new questions as to the role the lacrimal sac plays in the modification of tears and in lacrimal outflow pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Morgenstern
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Oculoplastic Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Amachi S, Mishima Y, Shinoyama H, Muramatsu Y, Fujii T. Active transport and accumulation of iodide by newly isolated marine bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:741-5. [PMID: 15691925 PMCID: PMC546781 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.2.741-745.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodide (I(-))-accumulating bacteria were isolated from marine sediment by an autoradiographic method with radioactive (125)I(-). When they were grown in a liquid medium containing 0.1 microM iodide, 79 to 89% of the iodide was removed from the medium, and a corresponding amount of iodide was detected in the cells. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that iodide-accumulating bacteria were closely related to Flexibacter aggregans NBRC15975 and Arenibacter troitsensis, members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. When one of the strains, strain C-21, was cultured with 0.1 microM iodide, the maximum iodide content and the maximum concentration factor for iodide were 220 +/- 3.6 (mean +/- standard deviation) pmol of iodide per mg of dry cells and 5.5 x 10(3), respectively. In the presence of much higher concentrations of iodide (1 microM to 1 mM), increased iodide content but decreased concentration factor for iodide were observed. An iodide transport assay was carried out to monitor the uptake and accumulation of iodide in washed cell suspensions of iodide-accumulating bacteria. The uptake of iodide was observed only in the presence of glucose and showed substrate saturation kinetics, with an apparent affinity constant for transport and a maximum velocity of 0.073 muM and 0.55 pmol min(-1) mg of dry cells(-1), respectively. The other dominant species of iodine in terrestrial and marine environments, iodate (IO(3)(-)), was not transported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Amachi
- Department of Bioresources Chemistry, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo-shi, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
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