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Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Young Women with Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102382. [PMID: 35625995 PMCID: PMC9139607 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This meta-analysis of 22 articles investigated whether thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine treatment (RAIT) in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer was associated with an increase in adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as miscarriage, preterm delivery, and congenital malformations. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that thyroid cancer treatment, including RAIT, is not associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, preterm labor, and congenital anomalies. Abstract This meta-analysis investigated whether thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine treatment (RAIT) in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) was associated with an increase in adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as miscarriage, preterm delivery, and congenital malformations. A total of 22 articles (5 case-control and 17 case series studies) from 1262 studies identified through a literature search in the PubMed and EMBASE databases from inception up to 13 September 2021 were included. In patients with DTC who underwent thyroidectomy, the event rates for miscarriage, preterm labor, and congenital anomalies were 0.07 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05–0.11; 17 studies), 0.07 (95% CI, 0.05–0.09; 14 studies), and 0.03 (95% CI, 0.02–0.06; 17 studies), respectively. These results are similar to those previously reported in the general population. The risk of miscarriage or abortion was increased in patients with DTC when compared with controls without DTC (odds ratio [OR], 1.80; 95% CI, 1.28–2.53; I2 = 33%; 3 studies), while the OR values for preterm labor and the presence of congenital anomalies were 1.22 (95% CI, 0.90–1.66; I2 = 62%; five studies) and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.39–1.38; I2 = 0%; two studies) respectively, which showed no statistical significance. A subgroup analysis of patients with DTC according to RAIT revealed that the risk of miscarriage, preterm labor, or congenital anomalies was not increased in the RAIT group when compared with patients without RAIT. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that thyroid cancer treatment, including RAIT, is not associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, preterm labor, and congenital anomalies.
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Eilsberger F, Ahlers G, Luster M. Side effects of 131I therapy. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Albano D, Bertagna F, Panarotto MB, Giubbini R. Early and late adverse effects of radioiodine for pediatric differentiated thyroid cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 28436606 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radioiodine-131 (I131) therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is generally a safe and effective treatment, but it has some potential side effects, which have been well described in adults but less analyzed in children. Our aim was to describe early and late adverse events of radioactive I131 in pediatric patients. METHODS All consecutive patients ≤18 years treated for DTC in the period 1980-2015 were retrospectively analyzed for early and late side effects of radioiodine. Early side effects include nausea/emesis, radiation thyroiditis, sialadenitis, dry mouth, and transient bone marrow (BM) suppression. Late complications include permanent salivary gland dysfunction, permanent BM suppression, pulmonary fibrosis, second cancers, and fertility problems. RESULTS One hundred five pediatric patients were treated with I131 for DTC in our department for a total amount of 302 radioiodine treatments. In total, 127 early complications were recorded: 44 episodes of nausea/emesis; 30 sialoadenitis, 24 thyroiditis, 18 dry mouth, and 11 transient BM suppression. Early side effects were correlated with the amount of radioactivity administered in any treatment. Twelve children developed ≥1 late complication for a total of 20 complications: two permanent salivary gland dysfunction, four permanent BM suppression, five pulmonary fibrosis, four second malignancies, and five fertility alterations. Late events, except fertility alterations, were correlated with the number of therapies and cumulative activities of I131. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, early side effects of I131 are associated with the amount of administrated activities of each treatment, while the late effects are correlated with the number of treatments and cumulative activities of radioiodine, except for fertility problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Albano
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertagna
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Giubbini
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Abstract
Nuclear medicine has an important role in the management of many cancers in pediatric age group with multiple imaging modalities and radiopharmaceuticals targeting various biological uptake mechanisms. 18-Flourodeoxyglucose is the radiotracer of choice especially in patients with sarcoma and lymphoma. (18)FDG-PET, for sarcoma and lymphomas, is proved to be superior to conventional imaging in staging and therapy response. Although studies are limited in pediatric population, (18)FDG-PET/CT has found its way through international guidelines. Limitations and strengths of PET imaging must be noticed before adapting PET imaging in clinical protocols. Established new response criteria using multiple parameters derived from (18)FDG-PET would increase the accuracy and repeatability of response evaluation. Current data suggest that I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) remains the tracer of choice in the evaluation of neuroblastoma (NB) because of its high sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, and prognostic value. It is valuable in determining the response to therapy, surveillance for disease recurrence, and in selecting patients for I-131 therapy. SPECT/CT improves the diagnostic accuracy and the interpretation confidence of MIBG scans. (18)FDG-PET/CT is an important complementary to MIBG imaging despite its lack of specificity to NB. It is valuable in cases of negative or inconclusive MIBG scans and when MIBG findings underestimate the disease status as determined from clinical and radiological findings. F-18 DOPA is promising tracer that reflects catecholamine metabolism and is both sensitive and specific. F-18 DOPA scintigraphy provides the advantages of PET/CT imaging with early and short imaging times, high spatial resolution, inherent morphologic correlation with CT, and quantitation. Regulatory and production issues currently limit the tracer's availability. PET/CT with Ga-68 DOTA appears to be useful in NB imaging and may have a unique role in selecting patients for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with somatostatin analogues. C-11 hydroxyephedrine PET/CT is a specific PET tracer for NB, but the C-11 label that requires an on-site cyclotron production and the high physiologic uptake in the liver and kidneys limit its use. I-124 MIBG is useful for I-131 MIBG pretherapeutic dosimetry planning. Its use for diagnostic imaging as well as the use of F-18 labeled MIBG analogues is currently experimental. PET/MR imaging is emerging and is likely to become an important tool in the evaluation. It provides metabolic and superior morphological data in one imaging session, expediting the diagnosis and lowering the radiation exposure. Radioactive iodines not only detect residual tissue and metastatic disease but also are used in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. However, these are not well documented in pediatric age group like adult patients. Use of radioactivity in pediatric population is very important and strictly controlled because of the possibility of secondary malignities; therefore, management of oncological cases requires detailed literature knowledge. This article aims to review the literature on the use of radionuclide imaging and therapy in pediatric population with thyroid cancer, sarcomas, lymphoma, and NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Özgen Kiratli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical Center, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Murat Tuncel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zvi Bar-Sever
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Abstract
Well differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in children is characterized by a high rate of response to treatment and low disease-specific mortality. Treatment of children with DTC has evolved toward a greater reliance on evaluation and monitoring with serial serum thyroglobulin measurements and ultrasound examinations. Radioiodine therapy is recommended for thyroid remnant ablation in high-risk patients, treatment of demonstrated radioiodine-avid local-regional disease not amenable to surgical resection, or distant radioiodine-avid metastatic disease. Sufficient time should be given for benefits of radioiodine therapy to be realized, with follow-up monitoring. Re-treatment with radioiodine can be deferred until progression of significant disease manifests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Machac
- Nuclear Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1141, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Yi KH, Lee EK, Kang HC, Koh Y, Kim SW, Kim IJ, Na DG, Nam KH, Park SY, Park JW, Bae SK, Baek SK, Baek JH, Lee BJ, Chung KW, Jung YS, Cheon GJ, Kim WB, Chung JH, Rho YS. 2016 Revised Korean Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.11106/ijt.2016.9.2.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Hee Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center, Korea
| | - Ho-Cheol Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Yunwoo Koh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Korea
| | - Sun Wook Kim
- Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - In Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Na
- Department of Radiology, Human Medical Imaging and Intervention Center, Korea
| | - Kee-Hyun Nam
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Korea
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Korea
| | - Sang Kyun Bae
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Seung-Kuk Baek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Baek
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Korea
| | - Ki-Wook Chung
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Yuh-Seog Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center, Korea
| | - Gi Jeong Cheon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Won Bae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Chung
- Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Rho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Korea
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Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE, Pacini F, Randolph GW, Sawka AM, Schlumberger M, Schuff KG, Sherman SI, Sosa JA, Steward DL, Tuttle RM, Wartofsky L. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2016; 26:1-133. [PMID: 26462967 PMCID: PMC4739132 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8548] [Impact Index Per Article: 1068.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem, and differentiated thyroid cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent. Since the American Thyroid Association's (ATA's) guidelines for the management of these disorders were revised in 2009, significant scientific advances have occurred in the field. The aim of these guidelines is to inform clinicians, patients, researchers, and health policy makers on published evidence relating to the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. METHODS The specific clinical questions addressed in these guidelines were based on prior versions of the guidelines, stakeholder input, and input of task force members. Task force panel members were educated on knowledge synthesis methods, including electronic database searching, review and selection of relevant citations, and critical appraisal of selected studies. Published English language articles on adults were eligible for inclusion. The American College of Physicians Guideline Grading System was used for critical appraisal of evidence and grading strength of recommendations for therapeutic interventions. We developed a similarly formatted system to appraise the quality of such studies and resultant recommendations. The guideline panel had complete editorial independence from the ATA. Competing interests of guideline task force members were regularly updated, managed, and communicated to the ATA and task force members. RESULTS The revised guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules include recommendations regarding initial evaluation, clinical and ultrasound criteria for fine-needle aspiration biopsy, interpretation of fine-needle aspiration biopsy results, use of molecular markers, and management of benign thyroid nodules. Recommendations regarding the initial management of thyroid cancer include those relating to screening for thyroid cancer, staging and risk assessment, surgical management, radioiodine remnant ablation and therapy, and thyrotropin suppression therapy using levothyroxine. Recommendations related to long-term management of differentiated thyroid cancer include those related to surveillance for recurrent disease using imaging and serum thyroglobulin, thyroid hormone therapy, management of recurrent and metastatic disease, consideration for clinical trials and targeted therapy, as well as directions for future research. CONCLUSIONS We have developed evidence-based recommendations to inform clinical decision-making in the management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. They represent, in our opinion, contemporary optimal care for patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik K. Alexander
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Susan J. Mandel
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Gregory W. Randolph
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna M. Sawka
- University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Julie Ann Sosa
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Volkan-Salancı B, Kıratlı PÖ. Nuclear Medicine in Thyroid Diseases in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther 2015; 24:47-59. [PMID: 26316469 PMCID: PMC4563170 DOI: 10.4274/mirt.76476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both benign and malignant diseases of the thyroid are rare in the pediatric and adolescent population, except congenital hypothyroidism. Nuclear medicine plays a major role, both in the diagnosis and therapy of thyroid pathologies. Use of radioactivity in pediatric population is strictly controlled due to possible side effects such as secondary cancers; therefore, management of pediatric patients requires detailed literature knowledge. This article aims to overview current algorithms in the management of thyroid diseases and use of radionuclide therapy in pediatric and adolescent population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pınar Özgen Kıratlı
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ankara, Turkey Phone: +90 312 305 13 36 E-mail:
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Adverse effects of radioactive iodine-131 treatment for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Nucl Med Commun 2014; 35:808-17. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Patel SS, Goldfarb M. Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma: The role of post-operative radioactive iodine administration. J Surg Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.23295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Revised Korean Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3342/kjorl-hns.2011.54.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, Mazzaferri EL, McIver B, Pacini F, Schlumberger M, Sherman SI, Steward DL, Tuttle RM. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2009; 19:1167-214. [PMID: 19860577 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4640] [Impact Index Per Article: 309.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem, and differentiated thyroid cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent. Since the publication of the American Thyroid Association's guidelines for the management of these disorders was published in 2006, a large amount of new information has become available, prompting a revision of the guidelines. METHODS Relevant articles through December 2008 were reviewed by the task force and categorized by topic and level of evidence according to a modified schema used by the United States Preventative Services Task Force. RESULTS The revised guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules include recommendations regarding initial evaluation, clinical and ultrasound criteria for fine-needle aspiration biopsy, interpretation of fine-needle aspiration biopsy results, and management of benign thyroid nodules. Recommendations regarding the initial management of thyroid cancer include those relating to optimal surgical management, radioiodine remnant ablation, and suppression therapy using levothyroxine. Recommendations related to long-term management of differentiated thyroid cancer include those related to surveillance for recurrent disease using ultrasound and serum thyroglobulin as well as those related to management of recurrent and metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS We created evidence-based recommendations in response to our appointment as an independent task force by the American Thyroid Association to assist in the clinical management of patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. They represent, in our opinion, contemporary optimal care for patients with these disorders.
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Gao YC, Lu HK. Outcome after high-dose radioiodine therapy for advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma in childhood. Endocr Res 2009; 34:121-9. [PMID: 19878072 DOI: 10.3109/07435800903228909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical outcome in childhood patients receiving postoperative high-dose radioiodine therapy for advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma. METHOD Patients under 18 years old with neck diseases (n = 4) or distant metastases (n = 10) received postoperative radioiodine ablation and repeated treatments for a median of 2 (0.8 10) years with an averaged activity of 25.0 (7.0 72.2) GBq. RESULTS Partial remission was achieved in 6, stable disease in 6 and progressive disease in 2 patients, without severe side effects except for two Grade 1 and one Grade 2 WHO haematological toxicity. The median survival time from diagnosis to the last treatment sessions was 5.3 (range, 0.7 14.5) years. CONCLUSION High-dose radioiodine treatment was well tolerated with satisfactory outcome in childhood patients with advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chao Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Kim WB, Kim TY, Kwon HS, Moon WJ, Lee JB, Choi YS, Kim SK, Kim SW, Chung KW, Baek JH, Kim BI, Park DJ, Na DG, Choe JH, Chung JH, Jung HS, Kim JH, Nam KH, Chang HS, Chung WY, Hong SW, Hong SJ, Lee JH, Yi KH, Jo YS, Kang HC, Shong M, Park JW, Yoon JH, Kang SJ, Lee KW. Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3803/jkes.2007.22.3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Won Bae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Tae Yong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Hyuk Sang Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea
| | - Won-Jin Moon
- Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jae Bok Lee
- Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Young Sik Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jung Hwan Baek
- Department of Radiology, Daerim St. Mary's Hospital, Korea
| | | | - Do Joon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Na
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Choe
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Chung
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Jung
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jeong Han Kim
- Department of Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Kee Hyun Nam
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Hang-Seok Chang
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Woong Youn Chung
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Soon Won Hong
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Suck Joon Hong
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Ka Hee Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea
| | - Young Suk Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Korea
| | - Ho-Cheol Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jong Ho Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Seong Joon Kang
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Kwang Woo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea
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Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, Mazzaferri EL, McIver B, Sherman SI, Tuttle RM. Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2006; 16:109-42. [PMID: 16420177 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1291] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S Cooper
- Sinai Hospital of Baltimore and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, USA
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