Validity of health status measurement with the Dutch Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale 2 in individuals with severe haemophilia

Long-term impact of joint bleeds in von Willebrand disease: a nested case-control study

Patients with severe von Willebrand disease (VWD) may develop arthropathy after joint bleeds. Information on its prevalence and severity is limited. We aimed to assess the occurrence and severity of arthropathy in VWD and its impact on daily life. VWD patients with and without verified joint bleeds were matched for age, sex and Factor VIII level or von Willebrand Factor activity in a nested case-control study within the Willebrand in the Netherlands study. Assessments included the Hemophilia Joint Health Score (0–124), Pettersson score (0–13 per joint X-ray), Hemophilia Activity List score (0–100), joint pain (Visual Analog Scale 0–10), and the Impact on Participation and Autonomy questionnaire (0–20). Arthropathy was defined as a Hemophilia Joint Health Score of 10 or higher, or a Pettersson score over 3 of at least one joint. We included 48 patients with verified joint bleeds (cases) and 48 controls: 60% males, mean age 46 years (range 18–80), median von Willebrand Factor activity 5 versus 8 IU/dL and Factor VIII 24 versus 36 IU/dL. Arthropathy occurred in 40% of the cases versus 10% of the controls (P<0.01). The cases reported more functional limitations compared to the controls (median Hemophilia Activity List score: 88 vs. 100, P<0.01). Arthropathy was related to joint pain and less social participation (Visual Analog Scale>3: 13 of 19 vs. 3 of 28, P<0.01, and median score on the participation questionnaire 6.1 vs. 0.9, P<0.01). In conclusion, arthropathy occurs in 40% of VWD patients after joint bleeds and is associated with pain, radiological abnormalities, functional limitations, and less social participation (Dutch trial register: NTR4548).

Coping in adult patients with severe haemophilia

An adequate use of coping strategies could help patients to deal with disease-related stress. The study aim was to explore coping behaviour in adult patients with severe haemophilia and its possible determinants. Coping was assessed through three basic dimensions (task-oriented, emotion-oriented and avoidance coping), using the short version of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS-21). Patients' scores were compared with Dutch working men (N = 374), according to three categories: low use (<P25 of normal), average use (P25-P75) and high use (>P75). Determinants were measured using questionnaires on activities (Haemophilia Activities List), participation (Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire), physical functioning [physical component of the Dutch Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales-2 (D-AIMS2)] and socio-psychological health (psychological component of the D-AIMS2). In total, 86 adults with severe haemophilia (FVIII/IX<1%) were included. The median age was 38 years (range: 18-68) with 85% affected with haemophilia A and 75% using prophylaxis. Patients with haemophilia used task-oriented coping as frequently as the control group (P = 0.13); but used significantly less emotion-oriented coping (57% vs. 25%, P < 0.05) and avoidance coping (P < 0.05). Emotion-oriented coping showed a strong correlation with socio-psychological health (r = 0.67) and weak correlations with participation (r = 0.32) and social interaction (r = 0.29). Other associations of coping strategies with patient characteristics of health status could not be demonstrated. Overall, patients predominantly used the task-oriented approach to deal with their disease; the use of this strategy was comparable to the control group. Having a poor psychological health, less social interaction and/or less participation in daily life was associated with an increased use of emotion-oriented coping.

Challenges of patient-reported outcome assessment in hemophilia care—a state of the art review

INTRODUCTION

One of the recent advances in assessing outcomes of medical care is the inclusion of the patient perspective. The term patient-reported outcome (PRO) is used to reflect the patient perceptions of disease and its consequences as well as of treatment and health-care provision. The development of PRO measures has advanced rapidly, and implementation in clinical research and practice is now underway. From an evaluation perspective, recommendations for the choice of PRO measures and an appraisal of the potential benefits of PRO data collection within specific health conditions are needed.

METHODS

Hemophilia is a rare and clinically well-defined health condition with established and cost-intensive treatment strategies, in which PRO assessment is increasingly recognized as important. For this reason, measurement of PROs in hemophilia focusing on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and patient preferences were reviewed to identify appropriate measures, to make recommendations for their choice, and to critically examine their impact in international hemophilia research and practice.

RESULTS

Using literature searches and expert discussion strategies, generic and targeted measures for HRQoL and patient preferences in adults and children with hemophilia were screened, and 20 were reviewed on the basis of their psychometric properties and international availability. Only a few of the 20 measures have been used in clinical settings or research related to persons with hemophilia.

CONCLUSION

Consequently, an increased use of these measures is recommended to understand patient views on disease and treatment and to judge the impact of PROs for improvements in health care.

Psychometric evaluation of a patient-reported symptom assessment tool for adults with haemophilia (the HAEMO-SYM)

In patients with haemophilia, repeated bleeding events result in significant comorbid conditions that can degrade health-related quality of life. Clinician-reported symptom measures are available for use in patients with haemophilia A or B; however, there has not been a validated patient-reported symptom evaluation instrument available for haemophilia to date. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a self-report instrument, the HAEMO-SYM, for measuring symptom severity in patients with haemophilia. Eighty-four haemophilic subjects from Canada and the USA were enrolled and completed the HAEMO-SYM, SF-36, and Health Assessment Questionnaire-Functional Disability Index (HAQ-FDI). Four-week reproducibility was evaluated in 72 stable subjects. Construct validity was assessed by correlating subscale scores with the SF-36, HAQ-FDI, a coping questionnaire and clinical scores. The final 17-item HAEMO-SYM has two subscales: pain and bleeds. Internal consistency reliability was good (Cronbach's alphas, 0.86-0.94) and test-retest reliability was good (Intraclass Correlation Coefficients, 0.75-0.94). HAEMO-SYM subscale scores were significantly correlated with SF-36 scores (P < 0.05 for all except HAEMO-SYM Pain and SF-36 Mental Health), HAQ-FDI scores (P < 0.05 for all but HAEMO-SYM Bleeds with HAQ-FDI Hygiene and Reach), Gilbert scale (P < 0.01), coping (P < 0.05) and global pain (P < 0.001). Mean HAEMO-SYM scores varied significantly in groups defined by severity, HIV status and treatment regimen. Greater symptom severity was associated with more severe disease, HIV-positive status and prophylaxis treatment. The results of this study suggest that the HAEMO-SYM, a haemophilia-specific symptom severity instrument, has good reliability and provides evidence that supports construct validity in patients with haemophilia.

The use of a disability model in haemophilia research

Most haemophilia research is medically orientated. However, assessment of the impact of disease on the individual is different when viewed from a rehabilitation perspective. Several models are available to explore functioning and health from this perspective. The disablement process (DP) is such a model, and the aim of this study was to introduce this process in haemophilia research to see whether this type of research could lead to meaningful data. Forty-three adult patients with severe haemophilia participated in this study in which the three 'main pathway' domains of the DP (impairments, functional limitations and disability) and two additional factors (intra-individual and risk factors) were addressed. Three questionnaires (HAL, Dutch-AIMS2 and IPA) were incorporated, and Pettersson scores for 21 patients were retrieved. Step-wise and hierarchical regression analysis was used to assess relationship between the various domains. Arthropathy explained 48% of the variance in functional limitations and nearly 25% of the variance in disability. Functional limitations explained 54% of the variance in disability. Patients identified pain as an important aspect of health which addressed 22% and 13% of the variance in functional limitations and disability respectively. Age was correlated with arthropathy (r = 0.85; P < 0.001), whereas psychological health correlated with pain (r = 0.67; P < 0.001). Both variables were also correlated with functional limitations and disability. Analyses adjusting for the effects of age and psychological health were subsequently performed resulting in more insight in the associations within the DP. The use of the DP in haemophilia research proved to be useful.

Measuring patients' perceptions on their functional abilities: validation of the Haemophilia Activities List

Recently, the Haemophilia Activities List (HAL), a haemophilia-specific self-assessment questionnaire to assess a patient's self-perceived functional ability, was introduced and a limited pilot study warranted its further development. The present study finalizes the HAL and assesses the convergent and construct validity, as well as the internal consistency of its definitive version. Three questionnaires (HAL, Dutch-Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 and the Impact on Participation and Autonomy questionnaire) were completed by 127 patients with severe haemophilia (<1% clotting activity), as well as four performance tests (button test, 50 metre walking test, timed-up-and-go test and figure-8 walking test). After removal of 15 non-informative items from the provisional HAL, three components within the questionnaire were identified (upper extremity activities, basic lower extremity activities and complex lower extremity activities). The internal consistency of these components was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.93-0.95), as was internal consistency for the seven domains of the HAL (alpha = 0.61-0.96). The convergent validity of the HAL when compared to the other two questionnaires was good (r = 0.47-0.84). The construct validity of the HAL when compared to the four performance tests was generally lower (r = 0.23-0.77). The final version of the HAL has good internal consistency and convergent validity and gives the clinician insight into a patient's self-perceived ability to perform activities of daily life. It is likely that self-assessment instruments (questionnaires) and performance tests consider different concepts of functional health status and it is therefore recommended that both types are included when clinicians assess a patient's functional abilities.

Recent developments in clinimetric instruments

Assessment of impairment and function is essential in order to monitor joint status and evaluate therapeutic interventions in patients with haemophilia. The improvements in the treatment of haemophilia have required the development of more sensitive tools to detect the more minor dysfunctions that may now be apparent. This paper outlines some of the recent developments in this field. The Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) provides a systematic and robust measure of joint impairment. The MRI Scoring System has been designed to provide a comprehensive scoring system combining both progressive and additive scales. The Functional Independence Score for Haemophilia (FISH) has been developed to assess performance of functional activities and can be used in conjunction with the Haemophilia Activities List (HAL) which provides a self report measure of function. It is recommended that both measures are evaluated as these tools measure different constructs. Further refinement and testing of the psychometric properties of all of these tools is in progress. More widespread use of these tools will enable the sharing of data across the world so promoting best practice and ultimately enhancing patient care.

Functional Assessment of Arthropathy—An International Perspective

Treatment of hemophilia aims to minimize structural damage to joints and maximize patients' functional independence and quality of life. From an orthopedic perspective, treatment efficacy can be judged by quantifying the extent of musculoskeletal damage. Joint scores--both clinical and radiologic--have traditionally been measured in patients with hemophilia. However, such scores may lack the sensitivity to detect early changes in the hemophilic joint, and this has prompted the development of more sensitive measures. In addition, scores based on the status of individual joints do not consider the impact of arthropathy on overall musculoskeletal function. It would prove valuable to understand the implications of small differences in clinical/radiologic scores in terms of overall musculoskeletal function and patients' quality of life. The development of functional scores such as the Functional Independence Score for Haemophilia (FISH) and the Haemophilia Activities List (HAL), along with the quality-of-life (QoL) measurement tools, have helped to provide a more comprehensive assessment of health in hemophilia. Such improved understanding should assist with the development of contextually relevant guidelines for the management of hemophilia.

Assessing functional health status in adults with haemophilia: towards a preliminary core set of clinimetric instruments based on a literature search in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis

People with haemophilia experience a progressive deterioration of their functional health status. Regular clinical assessment of functional health status provides insight into their process of disablement. As such, the development of a core-set of measurement tools is warranted. The aim of this study was to gather data to prepare a (preliminary) core set of clinically relevant and feasible instruments to assess the functional health status of adults with haemophilia, and to indicate their psychometric qualities. Therefore, clinimetric instruments frequently used in two haemophilia-resembling diseases (Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis) were reviewed from the literature. An extensive search in Medline yielded 13 relevant review articles, incorporating a total of 182 instruments, of which 40 were appropriate for haemophilia. Of these 40 instruments 3 measure body structures, 13 body functions, 19 activities (of which 5 are performance based and 14 self-report based), and 3 measure participation. This classification is based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Detailed information regarding the psychometrics (reliability, validity and responsiveness) of four instruments is described fully in the literature, whereas the psychometrics of the majority of the other instruments are only partly described. The results of this literature study may contribute to the formation of a (preliminary) core set of clinimetric instruments to assess the functional health status of adults with haemophilia. Decisions on the final core set should be held within the Musculoskeletal Committee of the World Federation of Haemophilia.

Functional consequences of haemophilia in adults: the development of the Haemophilia Activities List

Several instruments can be used to evaluate the functional status of patients with haemophilia, but none of these instruments is specific for haemophilia. We developed a haemophilia-specific self-assessment questionnaire to evaluate and monitor a patient's perceived functional health status: the Haemophilia Activities List (HAL). In three separate but interlinked substudies, the questionnaire was constructed and tested for face, expert, and convergent validity, as well as internal consistency and patient-evaluated relevance. Items for the questionnaire were collected by interviewing 162 patients, using the McMaster-Toronto Arthritis Patient Preference Disability Questionnaire (MACTAR). The items were combined to generate the first version of the questionnaire [HAL(1)]. This version was evaluated and commented on by two focus groups (patients and caregivers), and then the questionnaire was adapted on the basis of these comments, forming the final version, HAL(2). This version was then validated in a pilot study with 50 consecutive patients using the Dutch Arthritis Impact Measurements Scales 2 (Dutch-AIMS2) and the Impact on Participation and Autonomy (IPA) questionnaires. The HAL(2) showed good convergent validity (Pearson correlation 0.80-0.91; P < 0.01), and the internal consistency was good for six of the eight domains (Cronbach's alpha 0.83-0.95). Patients considered the content of the HAL to be more relevant to their situation than the content of the other questionnaires (P < 0.01). Three major factors (upper extremity function, lower extremity function, key activities/major problem activities) were identified by factor analysis. The questionnaire seems to be a useful tool to identify problematic activities as part of the functional health status of patients with haemophilia. The construct validity, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness of the HAL will be established in the future.

Effect of intracranial bleeds on the health and quality of life of boys with hemophilia

OBJECTIVES

To compare the health, physical function, and quality of life (QoL) of boys with hemophilia with and without a history of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).

STUDY DESIGN

Of 172 patients with hemophilia A or B, 18 (10%) had at least one episode of ICH. For outcome assessments, 16 of 18 (89%) boys with ICH and 32 controls, matched (1:2) for age and severity of hemophilia, were available. The outcome measures were neurologic function, physical function, and QoL.

RESULTS

The median age of the boys at the first ICH was 5.9 months (range, 1 day to 2.7 years). Boys with ICH had a higher incidence of inhibitors and lower mean household income. Neurologic examination was abnormal in seven of 16 (44%) boys with ICH and nine of 32 (28%) controls (P=.3). The mean physical function in boys with ICH was lower (82%+/-25%) compared with controls (93.5%+/-12%, P=.045). The QoL was decreased in boys with ICH compared with controls (6.8+/-3.2 vs 8.5+/-1.4, P=.02), whereas health-related QoL was not significantly different between groups.

CONCLUSION

The poorer long-term outcomes of boys with hemophilia appropriately treated for ICH, especially in the domain of QoL, suggest that new strategies to prevent ICH and to manage ICH effectively in this population are needed.

Health-related quality of life assessment in adult haemophilia patients: a systematic review and evaluation of instruments

The objective of this study was to review and evaluate the performance of health-related quality of life (HRQL) and other health status measures used in studies of adult haemophilia and provide recommendations for future research. A systematic literature review was performed to identify HRQL and health status measures used in haemophilia. Literature was identified using medical databases, Internet and manual searches. The search was restricted to articles published in English since 1986. Ninety-six abstracts were located; 19 relevant articles were selected for detailed review. Three main types of HRQL measures were identified: generic psychometric-based HRQL (SF-36 and SF-12), utility-based HRQL [EQ-5D and Health Utilities Index (HUI)], and musculoskeletal-specific HRQL (Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale 2, AIMS 2) instruments. No patient-rated haemophilia-specific HRQL instrument was found. The SF-36, the EQ-5D, and the HUI were able to discriminate haemophilia patient subgroups with respect to disease severity and HIV comorbidity status. Sixteen additional scales were identified that were used to measure the different aspects of physical, psychological, and social functioning of patients. There were no clinical studies of haemophilia carried out that employed HRQL instruments, thus responsiveness of these instruments could not be evaluated. The variety of instruments used in haemophilia studies highlights the need for a tool that can capture the full impact of haemophilia and its treatment on patients' HRQL. Developing such a tool poses the unique challenge of accounting for common comorbidities, such as HIV and chronic hepatitis that may have a greater HRQL impact than the underlying disease.

Quality of life assessment in haemophilia

Quality of life (QoL) is a recent focus of research in haemophilia. It can be defined--in analogy to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health--as patient-perceived wellbeing and function in terms of physical, emotional, mental, social and behavioural life domains. The paper describes conceptual, methodological and practical foundations of QoL research in adults and children at an international level. It then proceeds to review the QoL literature in the field of haemophilia. With regard to assessment of QoL in haemophilia patients, both generic and very recently targeted instruments have been applied. Recent publications have focused on describing QoL in adults, showing specific impairments in terms of physical function (arthropathy) and mental wellbeing (HIV infection) as well as focusing on the cost-benefit (QoL) ratio of haemophilia care. In paediatric haemophilia, research has suggested the beneficial QoL outcomes with prophylaxis and stressed the role of the family for patients' wellbeing and function. QoL research is a relevant area for haemophilia research which should be pursued further.

Clinimetric instruments to assess functional health status in patients with haemophilia: a literature review

The World Federation of Hemophilia scoring system (WFH-1) evaluates primarily body functions and structures, whereas assessment of the whole area of functional health status is considered nowadays to be a better measure. In addition, the WFH-1 lacks psychometric properties (reliability, validity and sensitivity to change). This study aimed to gain insight into the clinimetric assessment of functional health status in patients with haemophilia by way of a systematic literature search. A standardized literature search and selection was performed on the databases of CINAHL (1982-2001), Medline (1966-2001), and PubMed (January-July 2001). Clinimetric instruments applied in the selected articles were classified based on the international classification of functioning, disability, and health (ICF) and analysed for their psychometric properties. In 19 articles published between 1979 and 2001, 34 clinimetric instruments were used to assess functional health status. Instruments were classified as measuring the ICF components body structure and function (n = 17), activities (12) and participation (4). Reliability was measured in four articles on three different instruments, the validity (construct) of the instruments for patients with haemophilia was reported in six articles on five instruments, and sensitivity to change in three articles on three instruments. The populations under study varied in number (7-9 35), mean age (21.6-50.8 years), and in the distribution of haemophilia severity. Reports on the evaluation of functional health status in patients with haemophilia are increasing. Further research on the psychometric properties of the instruments is warranted in more groups of patients with haemophilia. Development of the new core set of clinimetric instruments, the WFH-2, might benefit from this strategy.