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Belton S, Cubry P, Roche JR, Kelleher CT. Molecular characterisation of Pinus sylvestris (L.) in Ireland at the western limit of the species distribution. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:12. [PMID: 38262959 PMCID: PMC10807061 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) underwent significant population declines across much of northwest Europe during the mid-to-late Holocene and was thought to have become extirpated in Ireland from about 400 AD. However, most extant populations are plantations reintroduced from Scotland. Others are naturalised therefrom and one in Western Ireland is a putative relict. In this paper, Scots pine in Ireland are genetically described for the first time. RESULTS Using two mitochondrial (mtDNA) loci, eight chloroplast (cpSSR) and 18 nuclear (nSSR) loci, the genetic composition and diversity of 19 Irish Scots pine populations is described and compared to other European populations. All trees sampled in Ireland were fixed for mitotype a, which is the most common across northwest Europe. By contrast, cpSSR (HCP = 0.967) and nSSR (He = 0.540) variation was high, and comparable with estimates for other regions across the species range. Differentiation at both sets of loci were similarly low (cpSSR FST = 0.019; nSSR FST = 0.018), but populations from continental Europe were significantly differentiated from all Irish populations based on nSSR variation. CONCLUSIONS All Irish Scots pine are likely part of a common Irish-Scottish gene pool which diverged from continental Scots pine following post-glacial recolonisation. A high genetic diversity and an absence of evidence of inbreeding suggests the regional decline of Scots pine did not critically reduce allelic variation. The post-glacial relationship between Irish and Scottish pine is discussed, and a suggestion from recent palaeoecological work that reintroduced Scots pine be managed as a native species is now further supported by genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Belton
- DBN Plant Molecular Laboratory, National Botanic Gardens of Ireland, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philippe Cubry
- DBN Plant Molecular Laboratory, National Botanic Gardens of Ireland, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- DIADE, Univ de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Jenni R Roche
- National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage, 90 King Street North, Smithfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colin T Kelleher
- DBN Plant Molecular Laboratory, National Botanic Gardens of Ireland, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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History cooling events contributed to the endangered status of Pseudotsuga brevifolia endemic to limestone habitats. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
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3
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Piotrowska MJ, Riddell C, Hoebe PN, Ennos RA. Planting exotic relatives has increased the threat posed by Dothistroma septosporum to the Caledonian pine populations of Scotland. Evol Appl 2018; 11:350-363. [PMID: 29632553 PMCID: PMC5881121 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To manage emerging forest diseases and prevent their occurrence in the future, it is essential to determine the origin(s) of the pathogens involved and identify the management practices that have ultimately caused disease problems. One such practice is the widespread planting of exotic tree species within the range of related native taxa. This can lead to emerging forest disease both by facilitating introduction of exotic pathogens and by providing susceptible hosts on which epidemics of native pathogens can develop. We used microsatellite markers to determine the origins of the pathogen Dothistroma septosporum responsible for the current outbreak of Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) on native Caledonian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) populations in Scotland and evaluated the role played by widespread planting of two exotic pine species in the development of the disease outbreak. We distinguished three races of D. septosporum in Scotland, one of low genetic diversity associated with introduced lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), one of high diversity probably derived from the DNB epidemic on introduced Corsican pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio) in England and a third of intermediate diversity apparently endemic on Caledonian Scots pine. These races differed for both growth rate and exudate production in culture. Planting of exotic pine stands in the UK appears to have facilitated the introduction of two exotic races of D. septosporum into Scotland which now pose a threat to native Caledonian pines both directly and through potential hybridization and introgression with the endemic race. Our results indicate that both removal of exotic species from the vicinity of Caledonian pine populations and restriction of movement of planting material are required to minimize the impact of the current DNB outbreak. They also demonstrate that planting exotic species that are related to native species reduces rather than enhances the resilience of forests to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta J. Piotrowska
- Crop and Soil Systems Research GroupScotland's Rural CollegeEdinburghUK
- The Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and BioengineeringHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Carolyn Riddell
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologyAshworth LaboratoriesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Forest ResearchNorthern Research StationRoslinUK
| | - Peter N. Hoebe
- Crop and Soil Systems Research GroupScotland's Rural CollegeEdinburghUK
| | - Richard A. Ennos
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologyAshworth LaboratoriesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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4
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Bestová H, Munoz F, Svoboda P, Škaloud P, Violle C. Ecological and biogeographical drivers of freshwater green algae biodiversity: from local communities to large-scale species pools of desmids. Oecologia 2018; 186:1017-1030. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Wachowiak W, Perry A, Donnelly K, Cavers S. Early phenology and growth trait variation in closely related European pine species. Ecol Evol 2017; 8:655-666. [PMID: 29321902 PMCID: PMC5756864 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Closely related taxa occupying different environments are valuable systems for studying evolution. In this study, we examined differences in early phenology (bud set, bud burst) and early growth in a common garden trial of closely related pine species: Pinus sylvestris, P. mugo, and P. uncinata. Seeds for the trial were sourced from populations across the ranges of each species in Europe. Over first 4 years of development, clear differences were observed between species, while the most significant intraspecific differentiation was observed among plants from P. sylvestris populations from continental European locations. Trait differences within P. sylvestris were highly correlated with altitude and latitude of the site of origin. Meanwhile, P. mugo populations from the Carpathians had the earliest bud set and bud flush compared to other populations of the species. Overall, populations from the P. mugo complex from heterogeneous mountain environments and P. sylvestris from the Scottish Highlands showed the highest within-population variation for the focal traits. Although the three species have been shown to be genetically highly similar, this study reveals large differences in key adaptive traits both among and within species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Wachowiak
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Edinburgh Penicuik Midlothian UK.,Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences Kórnik Poland
| | - Annika Perry
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Edinburgh Penicuik Midlothian UK
| | - Kevin Donnelly
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Edinburgh Penicuik Midlothian UK
| | - Stephen Cavers
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Edinburgh Penicuik Midlothian UK
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6
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Dering M, Kosiński P, Wyka TP, Pers-Kamczyc E, Boratyński A, Boratyńska K, Reich PB, Romo A, Zadworny M, Żytkowiak R, Oleksyn J. Tertiary remnants and Holocene colonizers: Genetic structure and phylogeography of Scots pine reveal higher genetic diversity in young boreal than in relict Mediterranean populations and a dual colonization of Fennoscandia. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dering
- Laboratory of Systematics and Geography; Institute of Dendrology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kórnik Poland
| | - Piotr Kosiński
- Laboratory of Systematics and Geography; Institute of Dendrology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kórnik Poland
- Department of Botany; Poznań University of Life Sciences; Poznań Poland
| | - Tomasz P. Wyka
- General Botany Laboratory; Institute of Experimental Biology; Department of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Poznań Poland
| | - Emilia Pers-Kamczyc
- Laboratory of Systematics and Geography; Institute of Dendrology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kórnik Poland
| | - Adam Boratyński
- Laboratory of Systematics and Geography; Institute of Dendrology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kórnik Poland
| | - Krystyna Boratyńska
- Laboratory of Systematics and Geography; Institute of Dendrology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kórnik Poland
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Angel Romo
- Institute of Botany; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; IBB-CSIC-ICUB; Barcelona Spain
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Laboratory of Systematics and Geography; Institute of Dendrology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kórnik Poland
| | - Roma Żytkowiak
- Laboratory of Systematics and Geography; Institute of Dendrology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kórnik Poland
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Laboratory of Systematics and Geography; Institute of Dendrology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kórnik Poland
- Department of Forest Resources; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
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7
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Donnelly K, Cottrell J, Ennos RA, Vendramin GG, A'Hara S, King S, Perry A, Wachowiak W, Cavers S. Reconstructing the plant mitochondrial genome for marker discovery: a case study using Pinus. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 17:943-954. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Donnelly
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh; Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QB UK
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; Ashworth Laboratories; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh EH9 3JT UK
| | - Joan Cottrell
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9SY UK
| | - Richard A. Ennos
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; Ashworth Laboratories; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh EH9 3JT UK
| | - Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources; Division of Florence; National Research Council; Via Madonna del Piano, 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze) Italy
| | - Stuart A'Hara
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9SY UK
| | - Sarah King
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh; Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QB UK
| | - Annika Perry
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh; Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QB UK
| | - Witold Wachowiak
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh; Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QB UK
- Institute of Dendrology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Parkowa 5 62-035 Kórnik Poland
| | - Stephen Cavers
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh; Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QB UK
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8
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Wójkiewicz B, Litkowiec M, Wachowiak W. Contrasting patterns of genetic variation in core and peripheral populations of highly outcrossing and wind pollinated forest tree species. AOB PLANTS 2016; 8:plw054. [PMID: 27497422 PMCID: PMC5018396 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene flow tends to have a homogenising effect on a species' background genetic variation over large geographical areas. However, it is usually unknown to what extent the genetic structure of populations is influenced by gene exchange between core and peripheral populations that may represent stands of different evolutionary and demographic history. In this study, we looked at the patterns of population differentiation in Scots pine-a highly outcrossing and wind pollinated conifer species that forms large ecosystems of great ecological and economic importance in Europe and Asia. A set of 13 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci was analysed to infer the genetic relationships among 24 populations (676 individuals) from Europe and Asia Minor. The study included specimens from the primary continuous range and from isolated, marginal stands that are considered to be autochthonous populations representative of the species' putative refugial areas. Despite their presumably different histories, a similar level of genetic variation and no evidence of a population bottleneck was found across the populations. Differentiation among populations was relatively low (average FST = 0.035); however, the population structure was not homogenous, which was clearly evident from the allelic frequency spectra and Bayesian assignment analysis. Significant differentiation over short geographical distances was observed between isolated populations within the Iberian and Anatolian Peninsulas (Asia Minor), which contrasted with the absence of genetic differentiation observed between distant populations e.g., between central and northern Europe. The analysed populations were assigned to several groups that corresponded to the geographical regions of their occurrence. These results will be useful in genetics studies in Scots pine that aim to link nucleotide and phenotypic variation across the species distribution range and for development of sustainable breeding and management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Wójkiewicz
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, Kórnik 62-035, Poland
| | - Monika Litkowiec
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, Kórnik 62-035, Poland
| | - Witold Wachowiak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, Kórnik 62-035, Poland Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Environmental Biology, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland
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9
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Jurdíková K, Kulichová J, Bestová H, Leliaert F, Skaloud P. Exploration of nuclear DNA markers for population structure assessment in the desmid Micrasterias rotata (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 61:509-19. [PMID: 24961475 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater green microalgae are diverse and widely distributed across the globe, yet the population structuring of these organisms is poorly understood. We assessed the degree of genetic diversity and differentiation of the desmid species, Micrasterias rotata. First, we compared the sequences of four nuclear regions (actin, gapC1, gapC2, and oee1) in 25 strains and selected the gapC1 and actin regions as the most appropriate markers for population structure assessment in this species. Population genetic structure was subsequently analyzed, based on seven populations from the Czech Republic and Ireland. Hudson's Snn statistics indicated that nearest-neighbor sequences occurred significantly more frequently within geographical populations than within the wider panmictic population. Moreover, Irish populations consistently showed higher genetic diversity than the Czech samples. These results are in accordance with the unbalanced distribution of alleles in many land plant species; however, the large genetic diversity in M. rotata differs from levels of genetic diversity found in most land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Jurdíková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Praha, CZ, 12801, Czech Republic
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10
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Wachowiak W, Salmela MJ, Ennos RA, Iason G, Cavers S. High genetic diversity at the extreme range edge: nucleotide variation at nuclear loci in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Scotland. Heredity (Edinb) 2011; 106:775-87. [PMID: 20823905 PMCID: PMC3186241 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2010.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide polymorphism at 12 nuclear loci was studied in Scots pine populations across an environmental gradient in Scotland, to evaluate the impacts of demographic history and selection on genetic diversity. At eight loci, diversity patterns were compared between Scottish and continental European populations. At these loci, a similar level of diversity (θ(sil)= ~0.01) was found in Scottish vs mainland European populations, contrary to expectations for recent colonization, however, less rapid decay of linkage disequilibrium was observed in the former (ρ=0.0086±0.0009, ρ=0.0245±0.0022, respectively). Scottish populations also showed a deficit of rare nucleotide variants (multi-locus Tajima's D=0.316 vs D=-0.379) and differed significantly from mainland populations in allelic frequency and/or haplotype structure at several loci. Within Scotland, western populations showed slightly reduced nucleotide diversity (π(tot)=0.0068) compared with those from the south and east (0.0079 and 0.0083, respectively) and about three times higher recombination to diversity ratio (ρ/θ=0.71 vs 0.15 and 0.18, respectively). By comparison with results from coalescent simulations, the observed allelic frequency spectrum in the western populations was compatible with a relatively recent bottleneck (0.00175 × 4N(e) generations) that reduced the population to about 2% of the present size. However, heterogeneity in the allelic frequency distribution among geographical regions in Scotland suggests that subsequent admixture of populations with different demographic histories may also have played a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wachowiak
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - M J Salmela
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R A Ennos
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G Iason
- Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK
| | - S Cavers
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
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11
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Krebes L, Blank M, Jürss K, Zettler ML, Bastrop R. Glacial-driven vicariance in the amphipod Gammarus duebeni. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 54:372-85. [PMID: 19654046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the genetic diversity using mitochondrial COI and ND2 sequence data from 306 specimens of the amphi-Atlantic-distributed amphipod Gammarus duebeni. Marine populations from the Atlantic Ocean, the Baltic and North Sea, as well as freshwater populations from Ireland, Cornwall and Brittany were analysed. G. duebeni is a complex of five allopatric lineages. Freshwater populations result from multiple invasions of marine ancestors, represented by distinct lineages. We interpret the recent distribution of lineages as the outcome of a series of spatio-temporal vicariant events caused by Pleistocene glaciations and sea level changes. The freshwater lineages are therefore regarded as 'glacial relicts'. Furthermore, inter-specific competition with, for example, Gammarus pulex (which is absent in Ireland and western Brittany) may be another important determinant in the distribution of freshwater G. duebeni. In Ireland and Brittany, three freshwater refugia are suggested. The significantly limited gene flow detected among marine populations is more likely due to inter-specific competition than to salinity. The G. duebeni-complex represents a model system for the study of allopatric speciation accompanied by major habitat shifts. The pattern of spatio-temporal origins of the freshwater entities we describe here provides an excellent system for investigating evolutionary adaptations to the freshwater environment. Our data did not confirm the presently used subspecies classification but are only preliminary in the absence of nuclear genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Krebes
- University of Rostock, Institute of Biology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, Germany.
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12
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Sinclair WT, Morman JD, Ennos RA. The postglacial history of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) in western Europe: evidence from mitochondrial DNA variation. Mol Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. T. Sinclair
- Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, UK
| | - J. D. Morman
- Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, UK
| | - R. A. Ennos
- Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, UK
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13
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JOHANNESEN JES, TRITSCH CHRISTIAN, SEITZ ALFRED, DIEGISSER THORSTEN. Genetic structure of Cirsium palustre (Asteraceae) and its role in host diversification of Tephritis conura (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Hoarau G, Coyer JA, Veldsink JH, Stam WT, Olsen JL. Glacial refugia and recolonization pathways in the brown seaweed Fucus serratus. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:3606-16. [PMID: 17845434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The last glacial maximum (20,000-18,000 years ago) dramatically affected extant distributions of virtually all northern European biota. Locations of refugia and postglacial recolonization pathways were examined in Fucus serratus (Heterokontophyta; Fucaceae) using a highly variable intergenic spacer developed from the complete mitochondrial genome of Fucus vesiculosus. Over 1,500 samples from the entire range of F. serratus were analysed using fluorescent single strand conformation polymorphism. A total of 28 mtDNA haplotypes was identified and sequenced. Three refugia were recognized based on high haplotype diversities and the presence of endemic haplotypes: southwest Ireland, the northern Brittany-Hurd Deep area of the English Channel, and the northwest Iberian Peninsula. The Irish refugium was the source for a recolonization sweep involving a single haplotype via northern Scotland and throughout Scandinavia, whereas recolonization from the Brittany-Hurd Deep refugium was more limited, probably because of unsuitable soft-bottom habitat in the Bay of Biscay and along the Belgian and Dutch coasts. The Iberian populations reflect a remnant refugium at the present-day southern boundary of the species range. A generalized skyline plot suggested exponential population expansion beginning in the mid-Pleistocene with maximal growth during the Eems interglacial 128,000-67,000 years ago, implying that the last glacial maximum mainly shaped population distributions rather than demography.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hoarau
- Department of Marine Benthic Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
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15
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Provan J, Wattier RA, Maggs CA. Phylogeographic analysis of the red seaweed Palmaria palmata reveals a Pleistocene marine glacial refugium in the English Channel. Mol Ecol 2005; 14:793-803. [PMID: 15723670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phylogeography has provided a new approach to the analysis of the postglacial history of a wide range of taxa but, to date, little is known about the effect of glacial periods on the marine biota of Europe. We have utilized a combination of nuclear, plastid and mitochondrial genetic markers to study the biogeographic history of the red seaweed Palmaria palmata in the North Atlantic. Analysis of the nuclear rDNA operon (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), the plastid 16S-trnI-trnA-23S-5S, rbcL-rbcS and rpl12-rps31-rpl9 regions and the mitochondrial cox2-3 spacer has revealed the existence of a previously unidentified marine refugium in the English Channel, along with possible secondary refugia off the southwest coast of Ireland and in northeast North America and/or Iceland. Coalescent and mismatch analyses date the expansion of European populations from approximately 128,000 BP and suggest a continued period of exponential growth since then. Consequently, we postulate that the penultimate (Saale) glacial maximum was the main event in shaping the biogeographic history of European P. palmata populations which persisted throughout the last (Weichselian) glacial maximum (c. 20,000 BP) in the Hurd Deep, an enigmatic trench in the English Channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Provan
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland.
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16
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Korpelainen H. The evolutionary processes of mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes differ from those of nuclear genomes. Naturwissenschaften 2004; 91:505-18. [PMID: 15452701 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-004-0571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper first introduces our present knowledge of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and the organization and inheritance patterns of their genomes, and then carries on to review the evolutionary processes influencing mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes. The differences in evolutionary phenomena between the nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes are highlighted. It is emphasized that varying inheritance patterns and copy numbers among different types of genomes, and the potential advantage achieved through the transfer of many cytoplasmic genes to the nucleus, have important implications for the evolution of nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes. Cytoplasmic genes transferred to the nucleus have joined the more strictly controlled genetic system of the nuclear genome, including also sexual recombination, while genes retained within the cytoplasmic organelles can be involved in selection and drift processes both within and among individuals. Within-individual processes can be either intra- or intercellular. In the case of heteroplasmy, which is attributed to mutations or biparental inheritance, within-individual selection on cytoplasmic DNA may provide a mechanism by which the organism can adapt rapidly. The inheritance of cytoplasmic genomes is not universally maternal. The presence of a range of inheritance patterns indicates that different strategies have been adopted by different organisms. On the other hand, the variability occasionally observed in the inheritance mechanisms of cytoplasmic genomes reduces heritability and increases environmental components in phenotypic features and, consequently, decreases the potential for adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Newton AC, Allnutt TR, Dvorak WS, Del Castillo RF, Ennos RA. Patterns of genetic variation in Pinus chiapensis, a threatened Mexican pine, detected by RAPD and mitochondrial DNA RFLP markers. Heredity (Edinb) 2002; 89:191-8. [PMID: 12209389 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2002] [Accepted: 04/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinus chiapensis (Pinaceae) is a large conifer, endemic to central and southern Mexico and north-western Guatemala. In order to assess the extent of genetic variation within and between populations of this species, samples were obtained from throughout the natural range and analysed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and mtDNA RFLPs markers. Probes for the CoxI mitochondrial gene enabled two mitotypes to be observed. Populations from the eastern and western limit of the range of the species were fixed for one mitotype ('A'), whereas two populations distributed near the centre of the range were fixed for another ('B'). When the samples were screened with eight 10-mer RAPD primers, a total of 12 polymorphic bands were detected. The proportion of polymorphic bands was unusually low (24.5%) compared with other tree species. AMOVA analysis indicated that a significant proportion of the variation (P < 0.002) was distributed between populations; the extent of population differentiation detected (Phi(st) = 0.226; G(ST ) = 0.194) was exceptionally high for a pine species. Pair-wise comparison of Phi(st) values derived from AMOVA indicated that populations were significantly (P < 0.05) different from each other in virtually every case. These results are interpreted in the context of the evolutionary history of the species, and the implications for its in- and ex situ conservation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Newton
- Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU, UK.
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Bonnin I, Colas B, Bacles C, Holl AC, Hendoux F, Destiné B, Viard F. Population structure of an endangered species living in contrasted habitats: Parnassia palustris (Saxifragaceae). Mol Ecol 2002; 11:979-90. [PMID: 12030977 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In endangered species, it is critical to analyse the level at which populations interact (i.e. dispersal) as well as the levels of inbreeding and local adaptation to set up conservation policies. These parameters were investigated in the endangered species Parnassia palustris living in contrasted habitats. We analysed population structure in 14 populations of northern France for isozymes, cpDNA markers and phenotypic traits related to fitness. Within population genetic diversity and inbreeding coefficients were not correlated to population size. Populations seem not to have undergone severe recent bottleneck. Conversely to pollen migration, seed migration seems limited at a regional scale, which could prevent colonization of new sites even if suitable habitats appear. Finally, the habitat type affects neither within-population genetic diversity nor genetic and phenotypic differentiation among populations. Thus, even if unnoticed local adaptation to habitats exists, it does not influence gene flow between populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bonnin
- UPRESA-CNRS 8016, Bâtiment SN2, Université de Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France.
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Olson MS, McCauley DE. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA DIVERSITY, POPULATION STRUCTURE, AND GENDER ASSOCIATION IN THE GYNODIOECIOUS PLANT SILENE VULGARIS. Evolution 2002. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[0253:mddpsa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Provan J, Soranzo N, Wilson NJ, McNicol JW, Forrest GI, Cottrell J, Powell W. Gene-pool variation in caledonian and European Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) revealed by chloroplast simple-sequence repeats. Proc Biol Sci 1998; 265:1697-705. [PMID: 9787466 PMCID: PMC1689356 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1998.0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used polymorphic chloroplast simple-sequence repeats to analyse levels of genetic variation within and between seven native Scottish and eight mainland European populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Diversity levels for the Scottish populations based on haplotype frequency were far in excess of those previously obtained using monoterpenes and isozymes and confirmed lower levels of genetic variation within the derelict population at Glen Falloch. The diversity levels were higher than those reported in similar studies in other Pinus species. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that small (3.24-8.81%) but significant (p < or = 0.001) portions of the variation existed between the populations and that there was no significant difference between the Scottish and the mainland European populations. Evidence of population substructure was found in the Rannoch population, which exhibited two subgroups. Finally, one of the loci studied exhibited an allele distribution uncharacteristic of the stepwise mutation model of evolution of simple-sequence repeats, and sequencing of the PCR products revealed that this was due to a duplication rather than slippage in the repeat region. An examination of the distribution of this mutation suggests that it may have occurred fairly recently in the Wester Ross region or that it may be evidence of a refugial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Provan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Genetics, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, UK
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