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Hopper SD. Out of the OCBILs: new hypotheses for the evolution, ecology and conservation of the eucalypts. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OCBIL theory is a multi-hypothesis formulation aimed towards an understanding of the evolution, ecology and conservation of biological and cultural diversity on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs). OCBILs have been in existence contemporaneously with rainforest since Gondwanan times. Such landscapes are common in areas of eucalypt species richness embraced by Australia’s two Global Biodiversity Hotspots, the Southwest Australian Floristic Region and the Forests of East Australia. Here, I summarize evidence pertaining to the eucalypts in the context of a recent reformulation of OCBIL theory into 12 evolutionary, ecological and cultural hypotheses and ten conservation management hypotheses. A compelling argument emerges for a new interpretation of the eucalypts evolving out of the OCBILs, rather than out of the rainforests as traditionally interpreted. This calls for a significant reinterpretation of best conservation management of the eucalypts. For example, traditional ideas on application of fire in eucalypt communities regarded as well adapted to this disturbance need to give way to a more nuanced and cautious view. This review of eucalypts seen as evolving out of the OCBILs helps in understanding the group from several new perspectives. Interpretation of other sedentary plant and animal groups as out of the OCBILs is commended for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Hopper
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, Albany, WA, Australia
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2
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Flowering phenology in a Eucalyptus loxophleba seed orchard, heritability and genetic correlation with biomass production and cineole: breeding strategy implications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15303. [PMID: 32943731 PMCID: PMC7499158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive synchronicity within a seed orchard facilitates gene exchange and reduces self-fertilisation. Here we assessed key flowering traits, biomass and foliar 1,8-cineole concentrations of Eucalyptus loxophleba (subsp. lissophloia and gratiae) in an open-pollinated seed orchard. Monthly flowering observations were made on 1142 trees from 60 families and nine provenances across 2 years. The percentage of trees flowering in both years was similar at 87%. There were differences between provenances and families within provenances for flowering traits, biomass and 1,8-cineole and interactions between provenances and year for flowering traits. Heritability of start and end flowering, and 1,8-cineole were high to moderate (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hat{h}^{2}$$\end{document}h^2 = 0.75–0.45) and duration of flowering, propensity to flower and biomass estimates were moderate to low (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hat{h}^{2}$$\end{document}h^2 = 0.31–0.10). Genetic and phenotypic correlations between flowering traits were high (rg = 0.96–0.63 and rp = 0.93–0.34) except between duration and end of flowering. The correlations were weaker between flowering traits and biomass or 1,8-cineole. ‘Dual flowering’, when trees underwent two reproductive cycles in a year, was responsible for out-of-phase flowering and those with low biomass and 1,8-cineole concentration should be removed from the breeding programme to hasten selection for desirable traits.
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Phylogenomics shows lignotuber state is taxonomically informative in closely related eucalypts. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 135:236-248. [PMID: 30914394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant taxa can be broadly divided based on the mechanisms enabling persistence through whole-crown disturbances, specifically whether individuals resprout, populations reseed, or both or neither of these mechanisms are employed. At scales from species through to communities, the balance of disturbance-response types has major ramifications for ecological function and biodiversity conservation. In some lineages, morphologically identical populations except for differences in a disturbance-response trait (e.g. ± lignotuber) occur, offering the opportunity to apply genetic analyses to test whether trait state is representative of broader genetic distinctiveness, or alternatively, variation in response to local environmental conditions. In eucalypts, a globally-significant plant group, we apply dense taxon sampling and high-density, genome-wide markers to test monophyly and genetic divergence among pairs of essentially morphologically-identical taxa excepting lignotuber state. Taxa differing in lignotuber state formed discrete phylogenetic lineages. Obligate-seeders were monophyletic and strongly differentiated from each other and lignotuber-resprouters, but this was not the case for all lignotuber-resprouter taxa. One lignotuber state transition within our sample clade was supported, implying convergence of some non-lignotuber morphology characters. Greater evolutionary rate associated with the obligate-seeder disturbance-response strategy offers a plausible explanation for these genetic patterns. Lignotuber state is an important taxonomic character in eucalypts, with transitions in lignotuber state having contributed to the evolution of the exceptional diversity of eucalypts in south-western Australia. Differences in lignotuber state have evolved directionally with respect to environmental conditions.
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Aldoghaim FS, Flematti GR, Hammer KA. Antimicrobial Activity of Several Cineole-Rich Western Australian Eucalyptus Essential Oils. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6040122. [PMID: 30513933 PMCID: PMC6313647 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils from the Western Australian (WA) Eucalyptus mallee species Eucalyptus loxophleba, Eucalyptus polybractea, and Eucalyptus kochii subsp. plenissima and subsp. borealis were hydrodistilled from the leaves and then analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in addition to a commercial Eucalyptus globulus oil and 1,8-cineole. The main component of all oils was 1,8-cineole at 97.32% for E. kochii subsp. borealis, 96.55% for E. kochii subsp. plenissima, 82.95% for E. polybractea, 78.78% for E. loxophleba 2, 77.02% for E. globulus, and 66.93% for E. loxophleba 1. The Eucalyptus oils exhibited variable antimicrobial activity determined by broth microdilution, with E. globulus and E. polybractea oils showing the highest activities. The majority of microorganisms were inhibited or killed at concentrations ranging from 0.25% to 8.0% (v/v). Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans were the least susceptible organisms, whilst Acinetobacter baumannii was the most sensitive. In conclusion, all oils from WA Eucalyptus species showed microorganism inhibitory activity, although this varied according to both the Eucalyptus species and the microorganism tested. These data demonstrate that WA Eucalyptus oils show activity against a range of medically important pathogens and therefore have potential as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad S Aldoghaim
- Infection Control Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Gavin R Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Katherine A Hammer
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Steane DA, Mclean EH, Potts BM, Prober SM, Stock WD, Stylianou VM, Vaillancourt RE, Byrne M. Evidence for adaptation and acclimation in a widespread eucalypt of semi-arid Australia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A. Steane
- School of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, 4556, Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley 6913, Western Australia
| | - Elizabeth H. Mclean
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley 6913, Western Australia
- Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, WA 6983, Australia
| | - Brad M. Potts
- School of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Suzanne M. Prober
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley 6913, Western Australia
| | - William D. Stock
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Western Australia
| | - Vanessa M. Stylianou
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Western Australia
| | - René E. Vaillancourt
- School of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, WA 6983, Australia
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Nistelberger HM, Coates DJ, Llorens TM, Yates CJ, Byrne M. A cryptic genetic boundary in remnant populations of a long-lived, bird-pollinated shrubBanksia sphaerocarpavar.caesia(Proteaceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M. Nistelberger
- Science and Conservation Division; Department of Parks and Wildlife; Bentley Delivery Centre; Locked Bag 104 Perth WA 6983 Australia
| | - David J. Coates
- Science and Conservation Division; Department of Parks and Wildlife; Bentley Delivery Centre; Locked Bag 104 Perth WA 6983 Australia
| | - Tanya M. Llorens
- Science and Conservation Division; Department of Parks and Wildlife; Bentley Delivery Centre; Locked Bag 104 Perth WA 6983 Australia
| | - Colin J. Yates
- Science and Conservation Division; Department of Parks and Wildlife; Bentley Delivery Centre; Locked Bag 104 Perth WA 6983 Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Science and Conservation Division; Department of Parks and Wildlife; Bentley Delivery Centre; Locked Bag 104 Perth WA 6983 Australia
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7
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Rix MG, Edwards DL, Byrne M, Harvey MS, Joseph L, Roberts JD. Biogeography and speciation of terrestrial fauna in the south-western Australian biodiversity hotspot. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:762-93. [PMID: 25125282 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The south-western land division of Western Australia (SWWA), bordering the temperate Southern and Indian Oceans, is the only global biodiversity hotspot recognised in Australia. Renowned for its extraordinary diversity of endemic plants, and for some of the largest and most botanically significant temperate heathlands and woodlands on Earth, SWWA has long fascinated biogeographers. Its flat, highly weathered topography and the apparent absence of major geographic factors usually implicated in biotic diversification have challenged attempts to explain patterns of biogeography and mechanisms of speciation in the region. Botanical studies have always been central to understanding the biodiversity values of SWWA, although surprisingly few quantitative botanical analyses have allowed for an understanding of historical biogeographic processes in both space and time. Faunistic studies, by contrast, have played little or no role in defining hotspot concepts, despite several decades of accumulating quantitative research on the phylogeny and phylogeography of multiple lineages. In this review we critically analyse datasets with explicit supporting phylogenetic data and estimates of the time since divergence for all available elements of the terrestrial fauna, and compare these datasets to those available for plants. In situ speciation has played more of a role in shaping the south-western Australian fauna than has long been supposed, and has occurred in numerous endemic lineages of freshwater fish, frogs, reptiles, snails and less-vagile arthropods. By contrast, relatively low levels of endemism are found in birds, mammals and highly dispersive insects, and in situ speciation has played a negligible role in generating local endemism in birds and mammals. Quantitative studies provide evidence for at least four mechanisms driving patterns of endemism in south-western Australian animals, including: (i) relictualism of ancient Gondwanan or Pangaean taxa in the High Rainfall Province; (ii) vicariant isolation of lineages west of the Nullarbor divide; (iii) in situ speciation; and (iv) recent population subdivision. From dated quantitative studies we derive four testable models of historical biogeography for animal taxa in SWWA, each explicit in providing a spatial, temporal and topological perspective on patterns of speciation or divergence. For each model we also propose candidate lineages that may be worthy of further study, given what we know of their taxonomy, distributions or relationships. These models formalise four of the strongest patterns seen in many animal taxa from SWWA, although other models are clearly required to explain particular, idiosyncratic patterns. Generating numerous new datasets for suites of co-occurring lineages in SWWA will help refine our understanding of the historical biogeography of the region, highlight gaps in our knowledge, and allow us to derive general postulates from quantitative (rather than qualitative) results. For animals, this process has now begun in earnest, as has the process of taxonomically documenting many of the more diverse invertebrate lineages. The latter remains central to any attempt to appreciate holistically biogeographic patterns and processes in SWWA, and molecular phylogenetic studies should - where possible - also lead to tangible taxonomic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Rix
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia
| | - Danielle L Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT 06520, U.S.A
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Science Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley DC, Western Australia 6983, Australia
| | - Mark S Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia.,School of Animal Biology, Centre for Evolutionary Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Leo Joseph
- Australian National Wildlife Collection, CSIRO National Facilities and Collections, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - J Dale Roberts
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia.,School of Animal Biology, Centre for Evolutionary Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, University of Western Australia, PO Box 5771, Albany, Western Australia 6332, Australia
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8
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Millar MA, Byrne M. Cryptic divergent lineages ofPultenaea paucifloraM.B. Scott (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae) exhibit different evolutionary history. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ann Millar
- Science Division; Department of Environment and Conservation; Bentley Delivery Centre; Locked Bag 104; Bentley; WA; 6983; Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Science Division; Department of Environment and Conservation; Bentley Delivery Centre; Locked Bag 104; Bentley; WA; 6983; Australia
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Steane DA, Nicolle D, Sansaloni CP, Petroli CD, Carling J, Kilian A, Myburg AA, Grattapaglia D, Vaillancourt RE. Population genetic analysis and phylogeny reconstruction in Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) using high-throughput, genome-wide genotyping. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 59:206-24. [PMID: 21310251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A set of over 8000 Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) markers was tested for its utility in high-resolution population and phylogenetic studies across a range of Eucalyptus taxa. Small-scale population studies of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus cladocalyx, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus nitens, Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus urophylla demonstrated the potential of genome-wide genotyping with DArT markers to differentiate species, to identify interspecific hybrids and to resolve biogeographic disjunctions within species. The population genetic studies resolved geographically partitioned clusters in E. camaldulensis, E. cladocalyx, E. globulus and E. urophylla that were congruent with previous molecular studies. A phylogenetic study of 94 eucalypt species provided results that were largely congruent with traditional taxonomy and ITS-based phylogenies, but provided more resolution within major clades than had been obtained previously. Ascertainment bias (the bias introduced in a phylogeny from using markers developed in a small sample of the taxa that are being studied) was not detected. DArT offers an unprecedented level of resolution for population genetic, phylogenetic and evolutionary studies across the full range of Eucalyptus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Steane
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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Sampson JF, Byrne M. Outcrossing between an agroforestry plantation and remnant native populations of Eucalyptus loxophleba. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:2769-81. [PMID: 18444981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene dispersal among populations of a species is an important force influencing their genetic structure. Dispersal may also occur between taxa that would normally be isolated when nonendemic, domesticated or transgenic species are planted within the natural range of interfertile taxa. Such a mosaic of populations is typical of many agricultural landscapes, and investigations are needed to assess the risks of genetic contamination of the endemic populations but a combination of approaches may be necessary because of the limitations of research in this landscape. This study used microsatellite markers and a range of analyses (mating system, paternity exclusion, Bayesian assignment) to examine gene dispersal between remnants of the endemic Eucalyptus loxophleba ssp. supralaevis and a plantation of a nonendemic subspecies. Our results indicate that remnant populations are connected by significant dispersal to pollen sources up to 1.94 km away including the plantation. The combined analyses showed that the pollen pool and outcrossing rates of individuals within remnants varied significantly probably because of asynchronous flowering and that the likelihood of paternity was not correlated with spatial proximity. More than half of all progeny had male parents from outside their stand with the largest proportions estimated to come from the plantation by exclusion (42.4%) or Bayesian analyses (18.8-76%). Fragmentation may not be associated with decreased gene dispersal between populations of tree species, natural or planted, so that the distances required to buffer endemic trees in fragmented rural landscapes are likely to be large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane F Sampson
- Science Division, Department of Environment and Conservation, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Bentley, WA 6983, Australia.
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BYRNE MARGARET, HOPPER STEPHEND. Granite outcrops as ancient islands in old landscapes: evidence from the phylogeography and population genetics of Eucalyptus caesia (Myrtaceae) in Western Australia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Byrne M, MacDonald B, Broadhurst L, Brand J. Regional genetic differentiation in Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) as revealed by nuclear RFLP analysis. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2003; 107:1208-1214. [PMID: 12898025 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2002] [Accepted: 04/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Western Australian sandalwood, Santalum spicatum, is widespread in the semi-arid and arid regions of Western Australia, and there is some morphological variation suggestive of two ecotypes. The level and structuring of genetic diversity within the species was investigated using anonymous nuclear RFLP loci. Santalum spicatum showed moderate levels of genetic diversity compared to other Australian tree species. The northern populations in the arid region showed greater levels of diversity and less population differentiation than the southern populations in the semi-arid region due to differences in the distribution of rare alleles. Equilibrium between drift and gene flow in the northern populations indicated that they have been established for a long period of time with stable conditions conducive to gene flow. In contrast, the southern populations showed a relationship between drift and gene flow indicative of a pattern of fragmentation and isolation where drift has greater effect than gene flow. The different patterns of diversity suggest that the ecotypes in the two regions have been subject to differences in the relative influences of drift and gene flow during their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Byrne
- Science Division, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, WA 6983, Australia.
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Abstract
Phylogenetics has a valuable role in the conservation of the flora of Western Australia particularly in the south-west where the complex evolutionary history has resulted in a diverse flora with both relictual and recently evolved components. Phylogenetic analysis contributes to conservation of plants through clarification of taxonomic status, identification of unique evolutionary lineages, determination of relictual and recently derived species, determination of phylogenetic value for conservation priority setting, and identifying phylogenetically independent comparisons between rare and widespread species. The contribution of phylogenetic analysis to these aspects of effective conservation management are discussed with examples from various species in Western Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Byrne
- Science Division, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, WA 6983, Australia.
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