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Jabbal IS, Nagarajan A, Rivera C, Yaghi M, Liang H, Nahleh Z, Bejarano P, Berho M, Wexner S. Medullary carcinoma of the colon: A comprehensive analysis of the National Cancer Database. Surg Oncol 2022; 45:101856. [PMID: 36446307 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2022.101856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Medullary carcinomas (MC) of the colon are uncommon tumors. In this study, we analyzed demographic and disease characteristics as well as survival outcomes of MC versus undifferentiated (UDA) and poorly differentiated (PDA) adenocarcinomas (AC) of the colon. MATERIALS AND METHODS The National Cancer Database (2004-2018) was utilized to identify patients with colon cancer. Patient demographics (including age, gender, race), disease characteristics (including grade, TNM stage, carcinoembryonic levels, perineural and lymphovascular invasion, lymph node status, microsatellite stability, KRAS mutation, and primary tumor site), and facility type and location were evaluated. Chi-square tests were used to compare descriptive data. Cox Regression and Kaplan Meier analyses were used to analyze survival characteristics. RESULTS 1,041,753 patients with colon cancer were identified of whom 2709 patients had MC and 897,902 had AC (136,597 PDA and 18,042 UDA). MC was seen in older patients (mean age 74 ± 13 years) and women (72.5% vs. 27.5% males). Most MCs were poorly differentiated (63.3%), and 82.4% of patients with MC had microsatellite instability. Fewer patients with MC had perineural invasion (15.6% vs. 22.0% in PDA and 22.4% in UDA, p < 0.001) and positive lymph nodes (38.4% versus 59.9% with PDA and 59.7% with UDA, p < 0.0001). MC diagnosis increased by year (Cochran-Armitage trend test, p < 0.0001). Kaplan Meir analysis revealed a better prognosis for patients with MC when compared to PDA or UDA (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Given the rarity, pathologists should maintain a high suspicion for MC when encountering poorly differentiated or undifferentiated right-sided colon cancer with associated MSI-H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iktej S Jabbal
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd, Weston, FL, 33331, USA
| | - Arun Nagarajan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd, Weston, FL, 33331, USA.
| | - Carlos Rivera
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd, Weston, FL, 33331, USA
| | - Marita Yaghi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd, Weston, FL, 33331, USA
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Clinical Research, Cleveland Clinic, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd, Weston, FL, 33331, USA
| | - Zeina Nahleh
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd, Weston, FL, 33331, USA
| | - Pablo Bejarano
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd, Weston, FL, 33331, USA
| | - Mariana Berho
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd, Weston, FL, 33331, USA
| | - Steven Wexner
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd, Weston, FL, 33331, USA
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The Molecular Associations of Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma in Colorectum: Meta-Analysis and System Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58070836. [PMID: 35888555 PMCID: PMC9324575 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Signet ring cell carcinoma (SC) accounts for 1% of total colorectal cancer (CRC) cases and is associated with aggressive behaviors, such as lymphatic invasion and distant metastases, resulting in poor prognosis. To date, there is still a lack of consensus on the genetic etiology underpinning this cancer subtype. This study aimed to clarify the molecular associations of SC by using meta-analysis and a systematic review. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies evaluating the KRAS, BRAF, P53 statuses, and microsatellite instability (MSI) in CRC patients with different histological subtypes, including SC. The diagnosis of SC is defined as the signet ring cells comprising ≥50 percent of the tumor mass. By dividing the studies into subgroups based on the composition of control groups, such as classic adenocarcinoma (AC; no SC components) and non-SC (including those with SC components < 50%), the relative risk (RR) of molecular alterations for SC in each study were pooled using a random-effects model. Two reviewers identified trials for inclusion, assessed quality, and extracted data independently. Results: Data from 29 studies consisting of 9366 patients were included in this analysis. SC was associated positively with MSI (RR 1.78, 95% CI 1.34 to 2.37; 95% CI 0.77 to 4.15; p = 0.0005), BRAF mutation (RR 1.99, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.26; 95%CI 0.68 to 5.82; p = 0.0146), and negatively with KRAS mutation (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.78; 95% CI 0.09 to 2.49; p = 0.0062). No association was found between SC and P53 expression (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.13; 95%CI 0.61 to 1.39; p = 0.3790). Moreover, it was associated negatively with P53 gene mutations (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.09; 95% CI 0.46 to 1.82; p = 0.1568), and P53 protein (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.49; 95% CI 0.40 to 2.17; p = 0.6885). Conclusions: The molecular etiology of SC may be associated with the BRAF and MSI pathways. Its features, such as the high frequency of BRAF mutation, could partly explain its less favorable outcomes and limited effects of traditional chemotherapy.
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Romanzi A, Centonze G, Sabella G, Cattaneo L, Battiston C, Lorenzo ND, Milanesi M, Putortì A, Rossi F, Scolaro R, Zanardo M, Vignati B, Vannelli A. Colorectal medullary carcinoma: heterogeneous presentations of a rare clinico-pathological entity. Report of two cases. TUMORI JOURNAL 2022; 108:NP20-NP25. [PMID: 35311395 DOI: 10.1177/03008916221082996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal medullary carcinoma (CMC) is a rare subset of minimally differentiated carcinomas. CMC tend to be right-sided and present at an advanced stage. Despite this, distant metastases are rare at presentation. The liver and the regional lymph nodes represent the most common sites of metastases. Most of the time, CMCs exhibit mismatch repair deficiency and a strong association with high-level microsatellite instability. There is no conspicuous data regarding treatment strategies and short-term outcomes. CMC is supposed to be related to better prognosis compared to poorly-differentiated and undifferentiated colonic adenocarcinomas, but reports are controversial.This lesion, with heterogeneous presentations and unclear prognostic significance, may be unfamiliar to histopathologists and can lead to diagnostic uncertainty and overtreatments.Our aim is to renew the attention to this rare histological subtype through the report of two cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Romanzi
- Department of General Surgery, Valduce Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Giovanni Centonze
- First Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sabella
- First Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Cattaneo
- First Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Battiston
- Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Valduce Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Maria Milanesi
- Department of General Surgery, Valduce Hospital, Como, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Rossi
- Department of General Surgery, Valduce Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Roberta Scolaro
- Department of General Surgery, Valduce Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Michel Zanardo
- Department of General Surgery, Valduce Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Barbara Vignati
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Tsuneki M, Kanavati F. Deep Learning Models for Poorly Differentiated Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Classification in Whole Slide Images Using Transfer Learning. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11112074. [PMID: 34829419 PMCID: PMC8622364 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (ADC) is known to have a poor prognosis as compared with well to moderately differentiated ADC. The frequency of poorly differentiated ADC is relatively low (usually less than 5% among colorectal carcinomas). Histopathological diagnosis based on endoscopic biopsy specimens is currently the most cost effective method to perform as part of colonoscopic screening in average risk patients, and it is an area that could benefit from AI-based tools to aid pathologists in their clinical workflows. In this study, we trained deep learning models to classify poorly differentiated colorectal ADC from Whole Slide Images (WSIs) using a simple transfer learning method. We evaluated the models on a combination of test sets obtained from five distinct sources, achieving receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) area under the curves (AUCs) up to 0.95 on 1799 test cases.
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Kondo H, Ogawa S, Ohki T, Bamba Y, Kaneko Y, Koshino K, Nakagawa R, Tani K, Maeda F, Aihara H, Tokito F, Fujikawa S, Yamamoto T, Nagashima Y, Inoue Y, Itabashi M, Yamaguchi S. Pedunculated early colorectal cancer with nodal metastasis: a case report. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:269. [PMID: 34479591 PMCID: PMC8418030 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pedunculated polyps are more likely to be amenable to complete resection than non-pedunculated early colorectal cancers and rarely require additional surgery. We encountered a patient with a pedunculated early colorectal cancer that consisted of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with lymphatic invasion. We performed an additional bowel resection and found nodal metastasis. Case presentation A 43-year-old woman underwent colonoscopy after a positive fecal occult blood test. The colonoscopist found a 20-mm pedunculated polyp in the descending colon and performed endoscopic resection. Histopathologic examination revealed non-solid type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The lesion invaded the submucosa (3500 μm from the muscularis mucosa) and demonstrated lymphatic invasion. In spite of the early stage of this cancer, the patient was considered at high risk for nodal metastasis. She was referred to our institution, where she underwent bowel resection. Although there was no residual cancer after her endoscopic resection, a metastatic lesion was found in one regional lymph node. The patient is undergoing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, and there has been no evidence of recurrence 3 months after the second surgery. Conclusions Additional bowel resection is indicated for patients with pedunculated polyps and multiple risk factors for nodal metastasis, such as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and lymphatic invasion. We encountered just such a patient who did have a nodal metastasis; herein, we report her case history with a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroka Kondo
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shimpei Ogawa
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohki
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Bamba
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Kaneko
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kurodo Koshino
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakagawa
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Tani
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisako Aihara
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tokito
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Fujikawa
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamamoto
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagashima
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Inoue
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Itabashi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Kaur H, Moreau R. Role of mTORC1 in intestinal epithelial repair and tumorigenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2525-2546. [PMID: 30944973 PMCID: PMC11105546 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
mTORC1 signaling is the prototypical pathway regulating protein synthesis and cell proliferation. mTORC1 is active in stem cells located at the base of intestinal crypts but silenced as transit-amplifying cells differentiate into enterocytes or secretory cells along the epithelium. After an insult or injury, self-limiting and controlled activation of mTORC1 is critical for the renewal and repair of intestinal epithelium. mTORC1 promotes epithelial cell renewal by driving cryptic stem cell division, and epithelial cell repair by supporting the dedifferentiation and proliferation of enterocytes or secretory cells. Under repeated insult or injury, mTORC1 becomes constitutively active, triggering an irreversible return to stemness, cell division, proliferation, and inflammation among dedifferentiated epithelial cells. Epithelium-derived cytokines promulgate inflammation within the lamina propria, which in turn releases inflammatory factors that act back on the epithelium where undamaged intestinal epithelial cells participate in the pervading state of inflammation and become susceptible to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Régis Moreau
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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Toiyama Y, Hiro J, Shimura T, Fujikawa H, Ohi M, Tanaka K, Inoue Y, Mohri Y, Kusunoki M. The impact of body mass index on oncological outcomes in colorectal cancer patients with curative intent. Int J Clin Oncol 2016; 21:1102-1110. [DOI: 10.1007/s10147-016-1016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Knox RD, Luey N, Sioson L, Kedziora A, Clarkson A, Watson N, Toon CW, Cussigh C, Pincott S, Pillinger S, Salama Y, Evans J, Percy J, Schnitzler M, Engel A, Gill AJ. Medullary colorectal carcinoma revisited: a clinical and pathological study of 102 cases. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22:2988-96. [PMID: 25572685 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Medullary carcinoma is a recently described subtype of mismatch repair deficient (MMRd) colorectal carcinoma (CRC) which, despite being poorly differentiated by traditional morphological criteria, has been reported to have a good prognosis. We investigated the pathological and clinical features of medullary CRC in an unselected cohort of CRCs undergoing surgical resection. METHODS All CRCs resected within a single health district database from 1998 to 2012 were categorized prospectively and underwent retrospective review to identify 91 medullary CRCs, with 11 additional cases from 2013 to 2014. Strict criteria were employed to diagnose medullary carcinoma requiring both MMRd and greater than 90 % of the tumor to demonstrate typical morphology, including solid growth. The demographic and pathological features, as well as all-cause survival, were compared with other CRCs, and specifically to other MMRd CRCs. RESULTS From 1998 to 2012, 91 of 3,295 CRCs (2.8 %) were of the medullary type. Medullary CRC was more likely to arise in females than males (3.3:1; p < 0.0001), the elderly (mean age 77 vs. 71 years; p < 0.001), and the right colon (86 %; p < 0.0001). All medullary CRCs demonstrated MMR deficiency (considered an inclusion criteria) and 86 % were BRAFV600E-mutated (p < 0.0001). Thirty-day mortality after resection was higher in medullary CRC (4.6 vs. 1.7 %; p = 0.049). On univariate analysis, survival was not better than well-differentiated or other MMRd tumors. However, using a multivariate model, a medullary phenotype was protective (hazard ratio of death 0.54, 95 % CI 0.30-0.96; p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Medullary CRC is more common than previously reported, frequently presents with locally advanced disease, and may be associated with higher mortality at 30 days after resection. Despite this, when strict criteria are used for diagnosis, the overall survival is favorable when compared with CRCs with equivalent demographic and pathological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Knox
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Fiehn AMK, Grauslund M, Glenthøj A, Melchior LC, Vainer B, Willemoe GL. Medullary carcinoma of the colon: can the undifferentiated be differentiated? Virchows Arch 2014; 466:13-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Winn B, Tavares R, Fanion J, Noble L, Gao J, Sabo E, Resnick MB. Differentiating the undifferentiated: immunohistochemical profile of medullary carcinoma of the colon with an emphasis on intestinal differentiation. Hum Pathol 2008; 40:398-404. [PMID: 18992917 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated or medullary carcinoma is characterized by its distinct histologic appearance and relatively better prognosis compared to poorly differentiated colonic carcinoma. These 2 entities may be difficult to differentiate by light microscopy alone. Only limited immunohistochemical studies investigating medullary carcinoma have been reported. These studies suggest a loss of intestinal differentiation, exemplified by a high percentage of CDX2 negativity. Our aim was to further characterize the immunohistochemical profile of medullary carcinoma, with particular emphasis on intestinal markers. Paraffin blocks from 16 cases of medullary carcinoma and 33 cases of poorly differentiated colonic carcinoma were retrieved, and tissue microarrays were constructed and stained with an immunohistochemical panel including CDX2, CK7, CK20, p53, intestinal trefoil factor 3, chromogranin, synaptophysin, MLH-1, MUC-1, MUC-2, and calretinin. A significantly higher proportion of medullary carcinomas, as opposed to poorly differentiated colonic carcinomas, showed loss of staining for MLH-1 and for the intestinal transcription factor CDX2, in accordance with previous studies. MLH-1 staining was present in only 21% of medullary carcinoma cases compared with 60% of the poorly differentiated colonic carcinoma cases (P = .02), whereas CDX2 was positive in 19% of medullary carcinomas and 55% of poorly differentiated colonic carcinomas (P = .03). Interestingly, calretinin staining was strongly positive in 73% of medullary carcinomas compared to only 12% of poorly differentiated colonic carcinomas (P < .0001). Evidence of intestinal differentiation by MUC-1, MUC-2, and TFF-3 staining was seen in 67%, 60%, and 53% of the medullary carcinomas, respectively. These 3 markers were frequently positive in many of the CDX2-negative medullary carcinoma cases. Medullary carcinoma of the colon retains a significant degree of intestinal differentiation as evidenced by its high percentage of staining for MUC-1, MUC-2, and TFF-3. Calretinin, MLH-1, and CDX2 may help to differentiate medullary carcinoma from poorly differentiated colonic carcinoma of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brody Winn
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Kazama Y, Watanabe T, Kanazawa T, Tanaka J, Tanaka T, Nagawa H. Poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas show higher rates of microsatellite instability and promoter methylation of p16 and hMLH1: a study matched for T classification and tumor location. J Surg Oncol 2008; 97:278-83. [PMID: 18161865 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive genetic and epigenetic analysis of poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas (Por) has been difficult, as the number of cases is too small. METHODS We investigated genetic and epigenetic alterations of 53 cases of Por and 53 cases of well-differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas (WD) to clarify their differences. The cases of WD were matched with the cases of Por for T classification and tumor location, which influence genetic and epigenetic alterations. We evaluated microsatellite instability (MSI) status and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of four loci (2p, 5q, 17p, 18q), and defined "MSI tumors" as those that showed MSI-H, and "chromosomal instability (CIN) tumors" as those that showed LOH but not MSI-H. Further, we evaluated the methylation status of the hMLH1 and p16 promoter region. RESULTS MSI tumors were significantly more frequent in Por (22.6%) than in WD (3.8%; P = 0.0041). CIN tumors were significantly less frequent in Por (64.2%) than in WD (83.0%; P = 0.046). Further, methylation of the p16 and hMLH1 promoter region was significantly more frequent in Por than in WD (P = 0.037, P = 0.047, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Por tumorigenesis strongly correlates with MSI and methylation of the p16 and hMLH1 promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kazama
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yamamori M, Taniguchi M, Maeda S, Nakamura T, Okamura N, Kuwahara A, Iwaki K, Tamura T, Aoyama N, Markova S, Kasuga M, Okumura K, Sakaeda T. VEGF T-1498C polymorphism, a predictive marker of differentiation of colorectal adenocarcinomas in Japanese. Int J Med Sci 2008; 5:80-6. [PMID: 18414651 PMCID: PMC2293643 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, MDR1 T-129C polymorphism, encoding multidrug resistant transporter MDR1/P-glycoprotein, was reported to be predictive of poorly-differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas. Here, VEGF T-1498C, C-634G and C-7T polymorphisms, encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were investigated in terms of their association with differentiation grade. METHODS VEGF genotypes were determined by TaqMan(R) MGB probe based polymerase chain reaction and evaluated were confirmed by direct sequencing in 36 Japanese patients. RESULTS VEGF T-1498C, but not C-634G or C-7T, was predictive of poorly-differentiated ones, and thereby a poor prognosis (p = 0.064 for genotype, p = 0.037 for allele), and this effect can be explained by that on VEGF expression. Treatment of a colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, HCT-15, with sodium butyrate, a typical differentiating agent, resulted in an increase of alkaline phosphatase activity and MDR1 mRNA expression, but in a decrease of VEGF mRNA expression. The transfection of VEGF small interfering RNA (siRNA) induced the expression of MDR1 mRNA to 288-332% of the control level, whereas MDR1 siRNA had no effect on VEGF mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS VEGF T-1498C polymorphism is also a candidate marker predictive of poorly-differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas, but further investigations with a large number of patients should be addressed to draw a conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Yamamori
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Arai T, Takubo K. Clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of gastric and colorectal carcinomas in the elderly. Pathol Int 2007; 57:303-14. [PMID: 17539960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2007.02101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of malignant neoplasms increases with advancing age. Although aging and carcinogenesis are basically different processes, there are phenomena common to each such as accumulation of DNA damage and abnormal proteins. Gastric and colorectal carcinomas are representative tumors in which the prevalence and the number of patients increase significantly with age. Compared with gastric and colorectal cancers occurring in younger patients, those occurring in older patients have clinicopathological differences in tumor location, gender distribution, histological type, histological diversity, multiplicity, incidence of lymph node metastasis, and prognosis. In the elderly there are peculiar types of carcinoma such as medullary-type poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma and solid-type poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma, both of which occur in older women. Methylation, apoptosis, and telomere dysfunction play important roles in the development of gastric and colorectal cancers in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Sakaecho, Tokyo, Japan.
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Koyama T, Nakamura T, Komoto C, Sakaeda T, Taniguchi M, Okamura N, Tamura T, Aoyama N, Kamigaki T, Kuroda Y, Kasuga M, Kadoyama K, Okumura K. MDR1 T-129C polymorphism can be predictive of differentiation, and thereby prognosis of colorectal adenocarcinomas in Japanese. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1449-53. [PMID: 16819187 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression level of MDR1 mRNA was evaluated in colorectal adenocarcinomas and adjacent noncancerous colorectal tissues obtained from 21 Japanese patients. It was lower in the former than in the latter (p=0.012), suggesting its down-regulation as a consequence of malignant transformation of colorectal tissues, possibly with the suppression of differentiation. Relatively lower expression was suggested in moderately-differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas than well-differentiated ones, but there was no statistical difference (p=0.111). MDR1 mRNA up-regulation was found in a colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, HCT-15, after treatment with two typical differentiating agents, sodium butyrate and all-trans retinoic acid, suggesting its involvement in the cellular events, resulting in differentiation without malignant transformation. MDR1 T-129C, but not G2677A,T and C3435T, was associated with the lower expression of MDR1 mRNA both in colorectal adenocarcinomas (p=0.040) and adjacent noncancerous colorectal tissues (p=0.023), possibly being an useful invasive marker predicting poorly-differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas and thereby the poor prognosis of the patients, especially when no extra biopsy samples will be obtained. Further investigations with relatively large number of patients should be undertaken to confirm these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Koyama
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Department of General Therapeutics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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15
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Dang LH, Chen F, Ying C, Chun SY, Knock SA, Appelman HD, Dang DT. CDX2 has tumorigenic potential in the human colon cancer cell lines LOVO and SW48. Oncogene 2006; 25:2264-72. [PMID: 16314840 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CDX2 is a Drosophila caudal-related homeobox transcription factor that is important for the establishment and maintenance of intestinal epithelial cells. CDX2 is a marker of colon cancer, with strong staining in up to 90% of colonic adenocarcinomas. CDX2 heterozygous-null mice develop colonic neoplasms, which have suggested that CDX2 is a tumor suppressor. However, CDX2 has not been reported to affect xenograft growth. Furthermore, CDX2 is rarely mutated in colon cancer, which has led to suggestions that it may play only a minor role as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer. To understand the functional contributions of CDX2 to colon cancer, we disrupted CDX2 in LOVO and SW48 human colon cancer cell lines by targeted homologous recombination. Consistent with the literature, disruption of CDX2 enhanced anchorage-dependent cell proliferation. However, homozygous loss of CDX2 led to significant inhibition of anchorage-independent growth in LOVO cells, and cell lethality in SW48 cells. Further analyses revealed that disruption of CDX2 led to anchorage-independent G1 to S growth arrest and anoikis. In vivo xenograft studies confirmed that disruption of CDX2 inhibited LOVO tumor growth. These data demonstrate that CDX2 mediates anchorage-independent growth and survival. Thus, CDX2 has tumorigenic potential in the human colon cancer cell lines LOVO and SW48.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Dang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0682, USA
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16
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Arai T, Esaki Y, Sawabe M, Honma N, Nakamura KI, Takubo K. Hypermethylation of the hMLH1 promoter with absent hMLH1 expression in medullary-type poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma in the elderly. Mod Pathol 2004; 17:172-9. [PMID: 14657958 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the significance of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in the development of medullary-type poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma, we studied the status of promoter methylation and hMLH1 expression in 23 medullary-type and 12 pleomorphic-type carcinomas, as well as the pathology and microsatellite status. In medullary-type carcinomas, the percentages of cases with promoter methylation (83%) and an absence of hMLH1 expression (91%) were significantly higher than in pleomorphic-type carcinomas (14 and 17%), respectively. The rate of microsatellite instability in the medullary type was significantly higher than that of the pleomorphic type (87 vs 40%, P<0.01). Compared with pleomorphic-type carcinomas, medullary-type carcinomas were significantly associated with hMLH1 promoter methylation, absent expression of hMLH1 protein, microsatellite instability, as well as a proximal location, a Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction, a low incidence of lymph node metastasis, and a favorable outcome. Medullary-type carcinomas accumulated with advancing age, especially in the female. These results indicated that hMLH1 hypermethylation, concurrent with a lack of its protein expression, may play an important role in the development of medullary-type poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Baldus SE. [Clinical, pathological and molecular prognostic factors in colorectal carcinomas]. DER PATHOLOGE 2003; 24:49-60. [PMID: 12601478 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-002-0592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Various aspects of the progression and prognosis of colorectal carcinoma have been investigated in numerous publications during recent years. An exact macroscopic and microscopic examination is still of basic importance but different factors of the molecular pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma could be described by immunohistochemistry and molecular biology. Furthermore, they have been evaluated regarding their importance for the course of disease and prognosis and in particular, the different pathways of carcinogenesis and microsatellite instability were included. The detection of micrometastasis was investigated applying mostly molecular genetic methods. Numerous oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and regulators of the cell cycle, markers of proliferation and apoptosis, cell adhesion antigens and angiogenetic factors were characterized with regard to their prognostic potential. In the future, so-called response predictors will presumably gain a certain relevance in the context of neoadjuvant (radiotherapy) chemotherapy. The present review summarizes these results and discusses the future clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Baldus
- Institut für Pathologie, Universität zu Köln, Cologne.
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18
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Hinoi T, Tani M, Lucas PC, Caca K, Dunn RL, Macri E, Loda M, Appelman HD, Cho KR, Fearon ER. Loss of CDX2 expression and microsatellite instability are prominent features of large cell minimally differentiated carcinomas of the colon. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 159:2239-48. [PMID: 11733373 PMCID: PMC1850596 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most large bowel cancers are moderately to well-differentiated adenocarcinomas comprised chiefly or entirely of glands lined by tall columnar cells. We have identified a subset of poorly differentiated colon carcinomas with a distinctive histopathological appearance that we term large cell minimally differentiated carcinomas (LCMDCs). These tumors likely include a group of poorly differentiated carcinomas previously described by others as medullary adenocarcinomas. To better understand the pathogenesis of these uncommon neoplasms, we compared molecular features of 15 LCMDCs to those present in 25 differentiated adenocarcinomas (DACs) of the colon. Tumors were examined for alterations commonly seen in typical colorectal carcinomas, including increased p53 and beta-catenin immunoreactivity, K-ras gene mutations, microsatellite instability, and loss of heterozygosity of markers on chromosomes 5q, 17p, and 18q. In addition, tumors were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for CDX2, a homeobox protein whose expression in normal adult tissues is restricted to intestinal and colonic epithelium. Markedly reduced or absent CDX2 expression was noted in 13 of 15 (87%) LCMDCs, whereas only 1 of the 25 (4%) DACs showed reduced CDX2 expression (P < 0.001). Nine of 15 (60%) LCMDCs had the high-frequency microsatellite instability phenotype, but only 2 of 25 (8%) DACs had the high-frequency microsatellite instability phenotype (P = 0.002). Our findings provide support for the hypothesis that the molecular pathogenesis of LCMDCs is distinct from that of most DACs. CDX2 alterations and DNA mismatch repair defects have particularly prominent roles in the development of LCMDCs.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- CDX2 Transcription Factor
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/pathology
- Carrier Proteins
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Female
- Genes, ras/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats/genetics
- Middle Aged
- MutL Protein Homolog 1
- MutS Homolog 2 Protein
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Nuclear Proteins
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/analysis
- Trans-Activators
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/analysis
- beta Catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hinoi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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19
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De Petris G, Lev R, Quirk DM, Ferbend PR, Butmarc JR, Elenitoba-Johnson K. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the colon in a patient with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1999; 123:720-4. [PMID: 10420231 DOI: 10.5858/1999-123-0720-llcotc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tumors with features similar to those of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, so-called lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas, have been described in several organs but are extremely rare in the colon. We describe a patient with a family history consistent with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer who had 3 malignant lesions in the right colon, namely, a mucinous cancer, a lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, and a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with prominent lymphoid stroma. To the best of our knowledge, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma has not been described previously in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Petris
- Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Hospital, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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20
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Lanza G, Gafà R, Matteuzzi M, Santini A. Medullary-type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the large bowel: a distinct clinicopathologic entity characterized by microsatellite instability and improved survival. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:2429-38. [PMID: 10561306 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1999.17.8.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies suggest the existence of a distinct class of poorly differentiated large bowel adenocarcinomas, usually termed medullary-type adenocarcinomas (MTAs). The aim of the present study was to accurately define the clinical, histopathologic, biologic, and genetic features of this tumor type. MATERIALS AND METHODS Among 1,265 surgically resected sporadic colorectal carcinomas, 45 MTAs were identified on the basis of the following criteria: predominantly solid growth pattern (at least 70% of the tumor area) and lack of marked nuclear pleomorphism. The clinicopathologic, biologic, and genetic characteristics of MTAs were compared with those of a series of 457 common glandular colorectal adenocarcinomas. RESULTS The significantly different clinicopathologic features of MTAs were proximal location, large size, invasion into adjacent organs, expanding pattern of growth, low incidence of distant metastases, more frequent conspicuous peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration, and Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction. Furthermore, young patients with MTAs often demonstrated a family history highly suggestive of a hereditary background. Unlike glandular adenocarcinomas, the large majority of MTAs were DNA diploid by flow cytometric analysis (21 of 25, 84%) and p53 negative by immunohistochemistry (36 of 41, 87.8%). In addition, 18 of the 20 MTAs examined by DNA microsatellite analysis demonstrated widespread microsatellite instability (90% of cases). Patients with MTAs showed a better clinical outcome with respect to patients with common poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas (PDAs) (P <.0001) and well- or moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas (WMDAs) (P =.133). In particular, none of the 33 patients with completely resectable stage II and III MTAs developed tumor recurrence during the observation period. Conversely, 24.7% of patients with stage II and III WMDAs and 48.9% of patients with stage II and III PDAs, who had undergone curative surgical resection, died of recurrent disease (P =.01 and P <.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION All these data strongly indicate that MTAs represent a distinct pathologic entity, with specific histologic appearance and peculiar clinical and genetic features. These tumors need to be classified separately from other poorly differentiated colorectal carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lanza
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Ferrara, and Division of Clinical Oncology, St Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy.
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