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Chen CC, Koenig A, Saison C, Dahdal S, Rigault G, Barba T, Taillardet M, Chartoire D, Ovize M, Morelon E, Defrance T, Thaunat O. CD4+ T Cell Help Is Mandatory for Naive and Memory Donor-Specific Antibody Responses: Impact of Therapeutic Immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515582 PMCID: PMC5825980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection is currently the leading cause of transplant failure. Prevailing dogma predicts that B cells differentiate into anti-donor-specific antibody (DSA)-producing plasma cells only with the help of CD4+ T cells. Yet, previous studies have shown that dependence on helper T cells decreases when high amounts of protein antigen are recruited to the spleen, two conditions potentially met by organ transplantation. This could explain why a significant proportion of transplant recipients develop DSA despite therapeutic immunosuppression. Using murine models, we confirmed that heart transplantation, but not skin grafting, is associated with accumulation of a high quantity of alloantigens in recipients’ spleen. Nevertheless, neither naive nor memory DSA responses could be observed after transplantation of an allogeneic heart into recipients genetically deficient for CD4+ T cells. These findings suggest that DSA generation rather result from insufficient blockade of the helper function of CD4+ T cells by therapeutic immunosuppression. To test this second theory, different subsets of circulating T cells: CD8+, CD4+, and T follicular helper [CD4+CXCDR5+, T follicular helper cells (Tfh)], were analyzed in 9 healthy controls and 22 renal recipients. In line with our hypothesis, we observed that triple maintenance immunosuppression (CNI + MMF + steroids) efficiently blocked activation-induced upregulation of CD25 on CD8+, but not on CD4+ T cells. Although the level of expression of CD40L and ICOS was lower on activated Tfh of immunosuppressed patients, the percentage of CD40L-expressing Tfh was the same than control patients, as was Tfh production of IL21. Induction therapy with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) resulted in prolonged depletion of Tfh and reduction of CD4+ T cells number with depleting monoclonal antibody in murine model resulted in exponential decrease in DSA titers. Furthermore, induction with ATG also had long-term beneficial influence on Tfh function after immune reconstitution. We conclude that CD4+ T cell help is mandatory for naive and memory DSA responses, making Tfh cells attractive targets for improving the prevention of DSA generation and to prolong allograft survival. Waiting for innovative treatments to be translated into the clinical field ATG induction seems to currently offer the best clinical prospect to achieve this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chia Chen
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1111, Lyon, France.,IHU OPERA, Cardioprotection Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CIC, Bron, France
| | - Alice Koenig
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1111, Lyon, France
| | - Carole Saison
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1111, Lyon, France.,Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Lyon, France
| | - Suzan Dahdal
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1111, Lyon, France.,Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Rigault
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1111, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Barba
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1111, Lyon, France
| | - Morgan Taillardet
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1111, Lyon, France
| | - Dimitri Chartoire
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1111, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Ovize
- IHU OPERA, Cardioprotection Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CIC, Bron, France.,Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Morelon
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1111, Lyon, France.,IHU OPERA, Cardioprotection Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CIC, Bron, France.,Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Lyon, France.,Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Defrance
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1111, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1111, Lyon, France.,IHU OPERA, Cardioprotection Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CIC, Bron, France.,Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Lyon, France.,Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Lange H, Hecht O, Zemlin M, Trad A, Tanasa RI, Schroeder HW, Lemke H. Immunoglobulin class switching appears to be regulated by B-cell antigen receptor-specific T-cell action. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1016-29. [PMID: 22531925 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antigen affinity is commonly viewed as the driving force behind the selection for dominant clonotypes that can occur during the T-cell-dependent processes of class switch recombination (CSR) and immune maturation. To test this view, we analyzed the variable gene repertoires of natural monoclonal antibodies to the hapten 2-phenyloxazolone (phOx) as well as those generated after phOx protein carrier-induced thymus-dependent or Ficoll-induced thymus-independent antigen stimulation. In contrast to expectations, the extent of IgM heterogeneity proved similar and many IgM from these three populations exhibited similar or even greater affinities than the classic Ox1 clonotype that dominates only after CSR among primary and memory IgG. The population of clones that were selected during CSR exhibited a reduced VH/VL repertoire that was enriched for variable domains with shorter and more uniform CDR-H3 lengths and almost completely stripped of variable domains encoded by the large VH1 family. Thus, contrary to the current paradigm, T-cell-dependent clonal selection during CSR appeared to select for VH family and CDR-H3 loop content even when the affinity provided by alternative clones exhibited similar to increased affinity for antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lange
- Biochemical Institute, Medical Faculty, Christian-Albrechts-Universität at Kiel, Germany
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Lindroth K, Fernández C. The role of Blimp-1 in the GC reaction: Differential expression of Blimp-1 upon immunization with TD and TI antigens. Immunol Lett 2007; 113:70-5. [PMID: 17850884 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Humoral responses against thymus-dependent (TD) antigens are characterized by Ig class switch, somatic hypermutations (SHM) and generation of memory. These processes are thought to occur in the specialized environment of the germinal center (GC). Some thymus-independent (TI) antigens, such as native dextran B512 (Dx) can also induce formation of GCs, but the responses do not undergo substantial affinity maturation or induction of memory. Immunization with TI Dx affects later TD responses against the same epitope, reducing Dx specific IgG1. We have studied if the different outcome of the TI- and TD-induced GC reaction is due to differences in plasma cell differentiation. The transcriptional repressor B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein, Blimp-1, was used as a marker for differentiation of plasma cells. We show that TI GCs contain Blimp-1 in early and mature GCs, in contrast to TD-induced GCs which strongly express Blimp-1 only in established GCs. Furthermore, the intensity of the Blimp-1 staining is stronger in TI GCs. In addition, we demonstrate that in TD responses after TI priming the pattern of Blimp-1 expression is a mixture of both TI and TD responses. This is novel evidence since these TD humoral responses against Dx display a TI isotype pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Lindroth
- Department of Immunology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rabquer B, Shriner AK, Smithson SL, Julie Westerink MA. B cell mediated priming following pneumococcal colonization. Vaccine 2006; 25:2036-42. [PMID: 17240006 PMCID: PMC1892616 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The primary reservoir for Streptococcus pneumoniae is the human nasopharynx, and colonization is often the initial step in pathogenesis. Recently we have demonstrated that pneumococcal colonization primes the immune response to subsequent vaccination with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (CPV). In this study we wished to determine if colonization stimulates the production of B cell memory that is activated following vaccination with CPV. To test this hypothesis, we colonized mice with S. pneumoniae serotype 14, adoptively transferred their B cells and CD4+ T cells into naïve recipients, and vaccinated the recipients with CPV. Our results indicate that pneumococcal colonization stimulates the production of memory B cells which are responsible for enhancing the immune response to CPV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. A. Julie Westerink
- *Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Medicine, University of Toledo, Health Education Building, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614. Phone: (419) 383-6097. Fax: (419) 383-3075. E-mail:
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Rabquer B, Smithson SL, Shriner A, Julie Westerink MA. The effect of T cell independent and cross-reactive antigen on the immune response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccination. Immunol Lett 2006; 106:187-90. [PMID: 16781780 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of priming with various antigens on subsequent vaccination with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (CPV) was determined using BALB/c mice. Priming with pneumococcal polysaccharide or cross-reactive polysaccharide did not inhibit the IgG response to CPV immunization. Additionally, live intranasal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae or cross-reactive organism resulted in higher IgG responses to CPV. These results suggest that colonization elicits immunological memory capable of boosting the immune response to CPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Rabquer
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of Ohio, Toledo, OH 3614, United States
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Lindroth K, Mastache EF, Roos I, Fernández AG, Fernández C. Understanding thymus-independent antigen-induced reduction of thymus-dependent immune responses. Immunology 2004; 112:413-9. [PMID: 15196209 PMCID: PMC1782500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies in immune responses against polysaccharides can have direct consequences for patients, and therefore, a better understanding of these immune reactions is crucial. We have studied the immune response against the polysaccharide dextran B512 (Dx). Administration of immunogenic doses of thymus-independent (TI) Dx reduces the immunoglobulin G1 response to later challenges with a thymus-dependent (TD) form of Dx. We investigated if this suppression is a general phenomenon caused not only by Dx but also by other TI antigens, and examined possible mechanisms contributing to this unresponsiveness. We show that clonal exhaustion is not involved in modulating subsequent responses, nor is signalling via FcgammaRIIB or other antibody mediated pathways. The reduced TD response is not an exclusive Dx phenomenon; it is also induced by TI antigen oxazolone (Ox). However, responses against the hapten dinitrophenyl (DNP) are not affected, indicating that the TI priming negative effect is not a general process. This may be explained by the restricted immune response to both Dx and Ox, in contrast to the unrestricted DNP response. Our conclusion from these experiments is that the underlying mechanism for the TI-induced reduction of latter TD responses is a property of the TI activation itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Lindroth
- Department of Immunology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Sánchez M, Lindroth K, Sverremark E, González Fernández A, Fernández C. The response in old mice: positive and negative immune memory after priming in early age. Int Immunol 2001; 13:1213-21. [PMID: 11581166 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.10.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the effect of age in both B and T cell compartments of the immune system, we have studied the anti-dextran (Dx) B512 humoral immune response in aged C57BL/6 mice. We have used Dx in its native form, which induces a thymus-independent (TI) response, or conjugated to chicken serum albumin (CSA), which induces a thymus-dependent (TD) response. We have also analyzed the adjuvant effect of cholera toxin (CT) in both types of responses. Our results show that the B cell compartment is not greatly affected by age as demonstrated in the TI responses and that CT is a powerful adjuvant despite the age of the animals. However, we found a severe age-associated impairment of TD responses. We conclude that the first antigenic challenge deeply influences further antigenic responses in a positive or negative manner. Priming in early life with native Dx (TI) inhibited late TD responses in aged mice, even when the primary immunization had occurred a long time ago. This negative memory affects posterior TD responses both in the quantity and in the affinity of the response. However, immunization at an early age with TD priming (CSA-Dx) provoked a long-lasting immune memory that abolished in part the age-associated impairment of the response. Our results suggest that protocols of vaccination with TI antigens may not be a convenient strategy, because the development of further optimal immune responses to the same antigen can be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sánchez
- Area of Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Vigo University, Vigo, 36.200 Pontevedra, Spain
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Shen X, Lagergård T, Yang Y, Lindblad M, Fredriksson M, Wallerström G, Holmgren J. Effect of pre-existing immunity for systemic and mucosal immune responses to intranasal immunization with group B Streptococcus type III capsular polysaccharide-cholera toxin B subunit conjugate. Vaccine 2001; 19:3360-8. [PMID: 11348699 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of priming with a group B Streptococcus type III capsular polysaccharide (GBS CPS III)-recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) conjugate, purified GBS CPS III or rCTB alone on the systemic and mucosal immune responses to CPS III after intranasal (i.n.) immunization were investigated in mice. Priming with purified GBS CPS III followed by boosting with GBS CPS III-rCTB conjugate or priming with the conjugate followed by boosting with free CPS induced comparable levels of specific IgG and IgA in both serum and in lungs and vagina. However, i.n. immunization comprising both priming and boosting with conjugate was superior to priming with CPS and boosting with conjugate or the reverse, especially with regard to inducing mucosal IgA anti-CPS responses. All the immunization schemes, except priming and boosting with free CPS, induced high and similar levels of IgG1 in serum. In contrast, mice primed with free CPS III and then boosted with CPS III-rCTB conjugate by the i.n. route failed to produce significant levels of IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 in serum, at difference from mice primed with the conjugate and boosted with either conjugate or free CPS. Pre-immunization with rCTB either i.n. or i.p. did not suppress specific serum IgG responses induced by GBS CPS III-rCTB conjugate intranasally, but did inhibit serum and especially mucosal IgA responses. Our findings suggest that priming with CPS affects the distribution of IgG subclasses to GBS CPS and that pre-existing anti-carrier rCTB immunity can have an inhibitory effect on mucosal immune responses elicited by the conjugate vaccine given by the i.n. route.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sverremark E, Fernandez C. Role of T Cells and Germinal Center Formation in the Generation of Immune Responses to the Thymus-Independent Carbohydrate Dextran B512. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.9.4646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Immunization with the thymus-independent (TI) Ag native dextran (DX) B512 induces germinal center (GC) formation in the spleen. However, despite this GC formation, the anti-DX response is poor, and no affinity maturation can be observed. Using cholera toxin (CT) as an adjuvant, splenic as well as humoral responses to DX are improved. In this study, we investigated immune responses against DX in mice lacking TNF receptor I and in athymic mice. The adjuvant effect of CT on these responses was also evaluated. Mice lacking the TNF receptor I allowed us to investigate the role of follicular dendritic cell networks and GC formation in the spleen for the generation of Ab responses to DX, whereas we could investigate the role of T cells in GC development to TI Ags using athymic mice. We found that the humoral immune response to TI DX B512 was not dependent upon T cells or the presence of GCs, although GC development occurred after DX immunization. However, T cells were required for this GC formation, since athymic mice could not develop GCs after immunization with DX. We also show that even if CT is able to directly activate B cells when administered as an adjuvant, the major effect may require T cell participation; this is also the case for TI Ags. In contrast, CT adjuvancy is independent of GC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sverremark
- Department of Immunology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Fernandez
- Department of Immunology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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