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Cheng K, Seita Y, Whelan EC, Yokomizo R, Hwang YS, Rotolo A, Krantz ID, Ginsberg JP, Kolon TF, Lal P, Luo X, Pierorazio PM, Linn RL, Ryeom S, Sasaki K. Defining the cellular origin of seminoma by transcriptional and epigenetic mapping to the normal human germline. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114323. [PMID: 38861385 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant male germline development can lead to the formation of seminoma, a testicular germ cell tumor. Seminomas are biologically similar to primordial germ cells (PGCs) and many bear an isochromosome 12p [i(12p)] with two additional copies of the short arm of chromosome 12. By mapping seminoma transcriptomes and open chromatin landscape onto a normal human male germline trajectory, we find that seminoma resembles premigratory/migratory PGCs; however, it exhibits enhanced germline and pluripotency programs and upregulation of genes involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, and MAPK/ERK pathways. Using pluripotent stem cell-derived PGCs from Pallister-Killian syndrome patients mosaic for i(12p), we model seminoma and identify gene dosage effects that may contribute to transformation. As murine seminoma models do not exist, our analyses provide critical insights into genetic, cellular, and signaling programs driving seminoma transformation, and the in vitro platform developed herein permits evaluation of additional signals required for seminoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yasunari Seita
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eoin C Whelan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryo Yokomizo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Young Sun Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Antonia Rotolo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian D Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, The Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3500 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jill P Ginsberg
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3500 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas F Kolon
- Division of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3500 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Priti Lal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xunda Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Presbyterian Medical Center, 51 North 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Phillip M Pierorazio
- Division of Urology, University of Pennsylvania Presbyterian Medical Center, 3737 Market St. 4th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca L Linn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandra Ryeom
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, P&S 17-409, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kotaro Sasaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Nowak M, Niedzielski J, Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Walczak-Jedrzejowska R, Marchlewska K. Undescended Testes Growth Potential in Relation to Testis Position from Diagnosis until Puberty. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2620. [PMID: 38731148 PMCID: PMC11084872 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Testicular volume (TV) and testicular atrophy index (TAI) were used to determine criteria for normal, hypotrophic and atrophic undescended testes (UDT). Objectives: This study aimed to determine changes in TV and TAI in patients with different types of UDT. Materials and Methods: 182 boys (aged 0.3-14.0 years) with 212 UDTs were assessed twice 24 months apart. Testes were unilateral (UCT) or bilateral canalicular (BCT) and intra-abdominal (IAT). Results: At the beginning of the observation, the highest TAI was observed in IAT and the lowest in the BCT group (38.1 vs. 12.5%, p < 0.05). After 2 years, the highest TAI was observed in the BCT and IAT groups (20.5 and 19.1%), while the lowest was in the UCT group (12.0%, p < 0.05). At the beginning and after 2 years, the highest TAI was observed in boys aged < 6 years (25.0%, 18.2%) and the lowest in pubertal boys aged 12-14 years (5.9%, 7.3%, p < 0.05). A total of 78.3% of patients at the beginning and 86.8% at the end of the observation had TAI < 30%. Furthermore, 7% of boys at the beginning and 3% at the end of the observation had TAI > 50%. IATs have the highest testicular growth potential (TGP), while BCTs have the lowest (120.0 vs. 28.6%, p < 0.05). The highest TGP was in boys aged < 3 years (100%, p < 0.05) and boys aged 12-14 years (98.1%, p < 0.05), while the lowest was in boys aged 9-10.9 years (19.5%, p < 0.05). Conclusions: We revealed the continuous growth of UDTs until puberty independently of their position. IATs revealed high growth potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Nowak
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, University Pediatric Centre, Central University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.N.); (J.N.)
| | - Jerzy Niedzielski
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, University Pediatric Centre, Central University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.N.); (J.N.)
| | - Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer
- Department of Andrology and Reproductive Endocrinology, Central University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (J.S.-H.); (R.W.-J.)
| | - Renata Walczak-Jedrzejowska
- Department of Andrology and Reproductive Endocrinology, Central University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (J.S.-H.); (R.W.-J.)
| | - Katarzyna Marchlewska
- Department of Andrology and Reproductive Endocrinology, Central University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (J.S.-H.); (R.W.-J.)
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Abstract
Male germ cells undergo a complex sequence of developmental events throughout fetal and postnatal life that culminate in the formation of haploid gametes: the spermatozoa. Errors in these processes result in infertility and congenital abnormalities in offspring. Male germ cell development starts when pluripotent cells undergo specification to sexually uncommitted primordial germ cells, which act as precursors of both oocytes and spermatozoa. Male-specific development subsequently occurs in the fetal testes, resulting in the formation of spermatogonial stem cells: the foundational stem cells responsible for lifelong generation of spermatozoa. Although deciphering such developmental processes is challenging in humans, recent studies using various models and single-cell sequencing approaches have shed new insight into human male germ cell development. Here, we provide an overview of cellular, signaling and epigenetic cascades of events accompanying male gametogenesis, highlighting conserved features and the differences between humans and other model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hargy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kotaro Sasaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Plotton I, Renault L, Lapoirie M, Lejeune H. Chemotherapies and male infertility. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2023; 84:481-482. [PMID: 37453790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Plotton
- Service de biochimie et biologie moléculaire, centre de biologie et de pathologie Est, hospices civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Service de médecine de la reproduction, hôpital Femme-mère-enfant, hospices civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Inserm U1208, 18, avenue Doyen-Lépine, 69675 Bron cedex, France.
| | - Lucie Renault
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, hôpital Femme-mère-enfant, hospices civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Inserm U1208, 18, avenue Doyen-Lépine, 69675 Bron cedex, France
| | - Marion Lapoirie
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, hôpital Femme-mère-enfant, hospices civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Hervé Lejeune
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, hôpital Femme-mère-enfant, hospices civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Inserm U1208, 18, avenue Doyen-Lépine, 69675 Bron cedex, France
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Pirzaman AT, Ebrahimi P, Doostmohamadian S, Karim B, Almasi D, Madani F, Moghadamnia A, Kazemi S. 5-Flourouracil-induced toxicity in both male and female reproductive systems: A narrative review. Hum Exp Toxicol 2023; 42:9603271231217988. [PMID: 38064424 DOI: 10.1177/09603271231217988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic drug 5-flourouracil (5FU) is frequently used to treat a wide range of solid malignant tumors, such as colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, breast, and head and neck cancers. Its antitumoral effects are achieved by interfering with the synthesis of RNA and DNA and by inhibiting thymidylate synthase in both malignant and non-malignant cells. Therefore, it can be responsible for severe toxicities in crucial body organs, including heart, liver, kidney, and reproductive system. Given the fact that 5FU-induced reproductive toxicity may limit the clinical application of this drug, in this study, we aimed to discuss the main locations and mechanisms of the 5FU-induced reproductive toxicity. Initially, we discussed the impact of 5FU on the male reproductive system, which leads to damage of the seminiferous epithelial cells and the development of vacuoles in Sertoli cells. Although no noticeable changes occur at the histopathological level, there is a decrease in the weight of the prostate. Additionally, 5FU causes significant abnormalities in spermatogenesis, including germ cell shedding, spermatid halo formation, polynucleated giant cells, and decreased sperm count. Finally, in females, 5FU-induced reproductive toxicity is characterized by the presence of atretic secondary and antral follicles with reduced numbers of growing follicles, ovarian weight, and maturity impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tavakoli Pirzaman
- Student research committee, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Pouyan Ebrahimi
- Student research committee, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Bardia Karim
- Student research committee, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Darya Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Madani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Moghadamnia
- Student research committee, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Sohrab Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
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Mathiesen S, Andrés-Jensen L, Nielsen MM, Sørensen K, Ifversen M, Jahnukainen K, Juul A, Müller K. Male gonadal function after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:503.e1-503.e15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Matilionyte G, Tharmalingam MD, Sanou I, Lopes F, Lane S, Stukenborg JB, Spears N, Anderson RA, Mitchell RT. Maintenance of Sertoli Cell Number and Function in Immature Human Testicular Tissues Exposed to Platinum-Based Chemotherapy-Implications for Fertility Restoration. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:825734. [PMID: 35387428 PMCID: PMC8977418 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.825734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Retrospective studies in adult survivors of childhood cancer show long-term impacts of exposure to alkylating chemotherapy on future fertility. We recently demonstrated germ cell loss in immature human testicular tissues following exposure to platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs. This study investigated the effects of platinum-based chemotherapy exposure on the somatic Sertoli cell population in human fetal and pre-pubertal testicular tissues. Methods: Human fetal (n = 23; 14-22 gestational weeks) testicular tissue pieces were exposed to cisplatin (0.5 or 1.0 μg/ml) or vehicle for 24 h in vitro and analysed 24-240 h post-exposure or 12 weeks after xenografting. Human pre-pubertal (n = 10; 1-12 years) testicular tissue pieces were exposed to cisplatin (0.5 μg/ml), carboplatin (5 μg/ml) or vehicle for 24 h in vitro and analysed 24-240 h post-exposure; exposure to carboplatin at 10-times the concentration of cisplatin reflects the relative clinical doses given to patients. Immunohistochemistry was performed for SOX9 and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) expression and quantification was carried out to assess effects on Sertoli cell number and function respectively. AMH and inhibin B was measured in culture medium collected post-exposure to assess effects on Sertoli cell function. Results: Sertoli cell (SOX9+ve) number was maintained in cisplatin-exposed human fetal testicular tissues (7,647 ± 459 vs. 7,767 ± 498 cells/mm2; p > 0.05) at 240 h post-exposure. No effect on inhibin B (indicator of Sertoli cell function) production was observed at 96 h after cisplatin (0.5 and 1.0 μg/ml) exposure compared to control (21 ± 5 (0.5 μg/ml cisplatin) vs. 23 ± 7 (1.0 μg/ml cisplatin) vs. 25 ± 7 (control) ng/ml, p > 0.05). Xenografting of cisplatin-exposed (0.5 μg/ml) human fetal testicular tissues had no long-term effect on Sertoli cell number or function (percentage seminiferous area stained for SOX9 and AMH, respectively), compared with non-exposed tissues. Sertoli cell number was maintained in human pre-pubertal testicular tissues following exposure to either 0.5 μg/ml cisplatin (6,723 ± 1,647 cells/mm2) or 5 μg/ml carboplatin (7,502 ± 627 cells/mm2) compared to control (6,592 ± 1,545 cells/mm2). Conclusions: This study demonstrates maintenance of Sertoli cell number and function in immature human testicular tissues exposed to platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. The maintenance of a functional Sertoli cell environment following chemotherapy exposure suggests that fertility restoration by spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) transplant may be possible in boys facing platinum-based cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Matilionyte
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa D. Tharmalingam
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Edinburgh, Singapore
| | - Iris Sanou
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Lopes
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Lane
- Department of Womens and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Bernd Stukenborg
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab Stockholm, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Norah Spears
- Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rod T. Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Wu Y, Guo T, Li J, Niu C, Sun W, Zhu S, Zhao H, Qiao G, Han M, He X, Lu Z, Yuan C, Han J, Liu J, Yang B, Yue Y. The Transcriptional Cell Atlas of Testis Development in Sheep at Pre-Sexual Maturity. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:483-497. [PMID: 35723319 PMCID: PMC8929108 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep testes undergo a dramatic rate of development with structural changes during pre-sexual maturity, including the proliferation and maturation of somatic niche cells and the initiation of spermatogenesis. To explore this complex process, 12,843 testicular cells from three males at pre-sexual maturity (three-month-old) were sequenced using the 10× Genomics ChromiumTM single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) technology. Nine testicular somatic cell types (Sertoli cells, myoid cells, monocytes, macrophages, Leydig cells, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and leukocytes) and an unknown cell cluster were observed. In particular, five male germ cell types (including two types of undifferentiated spermatogonia (Apale and Adark), primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, and sperm cells) were identified. Interestingly, Apale and Adark were found to be two distinct states of undifferentiated spermatogonia. Further analysis identified specific marker genes, including UCHL1, DDX4, SOHLH1, KITLG, and PCNA, in the germ cells at different states of differentiation. The study revealed significant changes in germline stem cells at pre-sexual maturation, paving the way to explore the candidate factors and pathways for the regulation of germ and somatic cells, and to provide us with opportunities for the establishment of livestock stem cell breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Tingting Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianye Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Chune Niu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Weibo Sun
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Shaohua Zhu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Hongchang Zhao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Guoyan Qiao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Mei Han
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Xue He
- College of Biological Sciences, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730050, China;
| | - Zengkui Lu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Chao Yuan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianlin Han
- CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory of Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China;
- Livestock Genetics Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Bohui Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (Y.Y.); Tel.: +86-0931-211-5272 (B.Y.); +86-0931-211-15-5273 (Y.Y.)
| | - Yaojing Yue
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730050, China; (Y.W.); (T.G.); (J.L.); (C.N.); (W.S.); (S.Z.); (H.Z.); (G.Q.); (M.H.); (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (Y.Y.); Tel.: +86-0931-211-5272 (B.Y.); +86-0931-211-15-5273 (Y.Y.)
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9
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Swee DS, Quinton R. Current concepts surrounding neonatal hormone therapy for boys with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2022; 17:47-61. [PMID: 34994276 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2023008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a genetic disorder of reproduction and development, characterized by deficient gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion or action, affecting 1-in-4,000-15,000 males. Micropenis and undescended testes are cardinal features of antenatal GnRH deficiency and could indicate absent minipuberty in the first postnatal months. In this review, we outline the pathophysiology and clinical consequences of absent minipuberty and its implications for optimal approaches to the endocrine management of affected boys. AREAS COVERED Deficient GnRH activity during fetal development and neonatal-infancy phase of minipuberty accounts for the diminished mass of Sertoli cells and seminiferous tubules among CHH males, enduring impairment of reproductive function even during gonadotropin replacement in adult life. In overcoming this obstacle, several clinical studies of neonatal gonadotropin replacement have consistently shown positive results in inducing testicular development and correcting cryptorchidism. EXPERT OPINION A high index of clinical suspicion, combined with hormonal testing undertaken in the postnatal period of 1-4 months, can reliably confirm or refute the diagnosis of CHH. Timely identification of CHH in affected male infants (having characteristic "red flag' developmental anomalies) opens up the possibility for gonadotropin replacement as a targeted therapy to restore the normal hormonal milieu of minipuberty. Further work is necessary in formulating optimal gonadotropin treatment regimens to be more widely adopted in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Soon Swee
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Quinton
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
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10
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Delgouffe E, Braye A, Goossens E. Testicular Tissue Banking for Fertility Preservation in Young Boys: Which Patients Should Be Included? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:854186. [PMID: 35360062 PMCID: PMC8960265 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.854186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the growing number of young patients at risk of germ cell loss, there is a need to preserve spermatogonial stem cells for patients who are not able to bank spermatozoa. Worldwide, more and more clinics are implementing testicular tissue (TT) banking programs, making it a novel, yet indispensable, discipline in the field of fertility preservation. Previously, TT cryopreservation was predominantly offered to young cancer patients before starting gonadotoxic chemo- or radiotherapy. Nowadays, most centers also bank TT from patients with non-malignant conditions who need gonadotoxic conditioning therapy prior to hematopoietic stem cell (HSCT) or bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Additionally, some centers include patients who suffer from genetic or developmental disorders associated with prepubertal germ cell loss or patients who already had a previous round of chemo- or radiotherapy. It is important to note that the surgical removal of TT is an invasive procedure. Moreover, TT cryopreservation is still considered experimental as restoration methods are not yet clinically available. For this reason, TT banking should preferably only be offered to patients who are at significant risk of becoming infertile. In our view, TT cryopreservation is recommended for young cancer patients in need of high-risk chemo- and/or radiotherapy, regardless of previous low-risk treatment. Likewise, TT banking is advised for patients with non-malignant disorders such as sickle cell disease, beta-thalassemia, and bone marrow failure, who need high-risk conditioning therapy before HSCT/BMT. TT retrieval during orchidopexy is also proposed for patients with bilateral cryptorchidism. Since patients with a medium- to low-risk treatment generally maintain their fertility, TT banking is not advised for this group. Also for Klinefelter patients, TT banking is not recommended as it does not give better outcomes than a testicular sperm extraction later in life.
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Amelkina O, Silva AMD, Silva AR, Comizzoli P. Transcriptome dynamics in developing testes of domestic cats and impact of age on tissue resilience to cryopreservation. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:847. [PMID: 34814833 PMCID: PMC8611880 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fundamental knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms in developing testicular tissues is critical to better understand gonadal biology and responses to non-physiological conditions. The objective of our study was to (1) analyze transcriptome dynamics in developing testis of the domestic cat and (2) characterize age effects on the initial response of the tissue to vitrification. Tissues from adult and juvenile cats were processed for histology, DNA integrity, and RNA sequencing analyses before and after vitrification. RESULTS Transcriptomic findings enabled to further characterize juvenile period, distinguishing between early and late juvenile tissues. Changes in gene expression and functional pathways were extensive from early to late juvenile to adult development stages. Additionally, tissues from juvenile animals were more resilient to vitrification compared to adult counterparts, with early juvenile sample responding the least to vitrification and late juvenile sample response being closest to adult tissues. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting comprehensive datasets on transcriptomic dynamic coupled with structural analysis of the cat testis according to the age and exposure to cryopreservation. It provides a comprehensive network of functional terms and pathways that are affected by age in the domestic cat and are either enriched in adult or juvenile testicular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Amelkina
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andreia M da Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid - UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid - UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA.
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Cham TC, Ibtisham F, Fayaz MA, Honaramooz A. Generation of a Highly Biomimetic Organoid, Including Vasculature, Resembling the Native Immature Testis Tissue. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071696. [PMID: 34359871 PMCID: PMC8305979 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of a testis organoid (artificial testis tissue) with sufficient resemblance to the complex form and function of the innate testis remains challenging, especially using non-rodent donor cells. Here, we report the generation of an organoid culture system with striking biomimicry of the native immature testis tissue, including vasculature. Using piglet testis cells as starting material, we optimized conditions for the formation of cell spheroids, followed by long-term culture in an air–liquid interface system. Both fresh and frozen-thawed cells were fully capable of self-reassembly into stable testis organoids consisting of tubular and interstitial compartments, with all major cell types and structural details expected in normal testis tissue. Surprisingly, our organoids also developed vascular structures; a phenomenon that has not been reported in any other culture system. In addition, germ cells do not decline over time, and Leydig cells release testosterone, hence providing a robust, tunable system for diverse basic and applied applications.
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13
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Ma W, Mao J, Nie phD M, Wang X, Zheng J, Liu Z, Yu B, Xiong S, Hao M, Gao Y, Ji W, Huang Q, Zhang R, Li S, Zhao Y, Sun B, Wu X. Gonadotropin Therapy Once a Week for Spermatogenesis in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Endocr Pract 2021; 27:1119-1127. [PMID: 33915281 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) can be caused by congenital HH (CHH), pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS), and pituitary injury (acquired HH). Gonadotropin therapy, typically administrated every other day or twice a week, is a common method for spermatogenesis. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of once a week gonadotropin therapy on spermatogenesis in patients with HH (n=160). METHODS Their diagnoses were Kallmann syndrome (KS) (n=61), normosmic CHH (nCHH) (n=34), PSIS (n=48), and acquired HH (n=17). The rate of successful spermatogenesis and median time to achieve spermatogenesis among these four subgroups were compared, as well as between a once weekly group (n=95) and a twice weekly group (n=223) of CHH patients. RESULTS Once a week gonadotropin therapy resulted in 74% of HH patients (119/160) who achieved spermatogenesis with significantly increased testicular volume and total testosterone levels (p<0.001). The median period of spermatogenesis was 13 (11.4, 14.6) months. Larger basal testicular volume (p=0.0056) was an independent predictor for earlier sperm appearance. Six spontaneous pregnancies occurred. Compared with the twice weekly regimen for spermatogenesis, the once a week injection group had a similar median time of sperm appearance (14 [11.6, 16.4] vs. 15 [13.5, 16.5] months), similar success rate (78% [74/95] vs. 64% [143/223]), sperm concentration (20.9 [5.0,46.3] vs. 11.7 [2.1, 24.4] million/mL), and progressive sperm motility (40.8±27.3% vs. 36.9%±20.2%). CONCLUSION Once a week gonadotropin therapy is effective in inducing spermatogenesis, similar to that of twice weekly therapy. Larger basal testicular size was a favorable indicator for earlier spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiangfeng Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Min Nie phD
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Junjie Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Bingqing Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shuyu Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ming Hao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yinjie Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wen Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qibin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yaling Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bang Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xueyan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China;.
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Cannarella R, Paganoni AJJ, Cicolari S, Oleari R, Condorelli RA, La Vignera S, Cariboni A, Calogero AE, Magni P. Anti-Müllerian Hormone, Growth Hormone, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Modulate the Migratory and Secretory Patterns of GnRH Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052445. [PMID: 33671044 PMCID: PMC7957759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is secreted by Sertoli or granulosa cells. Recent evidence suggests that AMH may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and that its serum levels could help to discriminate HH from delayed puberty. Moreover, the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) system may be involved in the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, as delayed puberty is commonly found in patients with GH deficiency (GHD) or with Laron syndrome, a genetic form of GH resistance. The comprehension of the stimuli enhancing the migration and secretory activity of GnRH neurons might shed light on the causes of delay of puberty or HH. With these premises, we aimed to better clarify the role of the AMH, GH, and IGF1 on GnRH neuron migration and GnRH secretion, by taking advantage of previously established models of immature (GN11 cell line) and mature (GT1-7 cell line) GnRH neurons. Expression of Amhr, Ghr, and Igf1r genes was confirmed in both cell lines. Cells were then incubated with increasing concentrations of AMH (1.5–150 ng/mL), GH (3–1000 ng/mL), or IGF1 (1.5–150 ng/mL). All hormones were able to support GN11 cell chemomigration. AMH, GH, and IGF1 significantly stimulated GnRH secretion by GT1-7 cells after a 90-min incubation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the direct effects of GH and IGF1 in GnRH neuron migration and of GH in the GnRH secreting pattern. Taken together with previous basic and clinical studies, these findings may provide explanatory mechanisms for data, suggesting that AMH and the GH-IGF1 system play a role in HH or the onset of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.L.V.); (A.E.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Alyssa J. J. Paganoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.J.J.P.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (P.M.)
| | - Stefania Cicolari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.J.J.P.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (P.M.)
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.J.J.P.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (P.M.)
| | - Rosita A. Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.L.V.); (A.E.C.)
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.L.V.); (A.E.C.)
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.J.J.P.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Aldo E. Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.L.V.); (A.E.C.)
| | - Paolo Magni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.J.J.P.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (P.M.)
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy
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15
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Cham TC, Chen X, Honaramooz A. Current progress, challenges, and future prospects of testis organoids†. Biol Reprod 2021; 104:942-961. [PMID: 33550399 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenic failure is believed to be a major cause of male infertility. The establishment of a testis organoid model would facilitate the study of such pathological mechanisms and open the possibility of male fertility preservation. Because of the complex structures and cellular events occurring within the testis, the establishment of a compartmentalized testis organoid with a complete spermatogenic cycle remains a challenge in all species. Since the late 20th century, a great variety of scaffold-based and scaffold-free testis cell culture systems have been established to recapitulate de novo testis organogenesis and in vitro spermatogenesis. The utilization of the hydrogel scaffolds provides a 3D microenvironment for testis cell growth and development, facilitating the reconstruction of de novo testis tissue-like structures and spermatogenic differentiation. Using a combination of different strategies, including the use of various scaffolding biomaterials, the incorporation of the living cells with high self-assembling capacity, and the integration of the advanced fabrication techniques, a scaffold-based testis organoid with a compartmentalized structure that supports in vitro spermatogenesis may be achieved. This article briefly reviews the current progress in the development of scaffold-based testis organoids while focusing on the scaffolding biomaterials (hydrogels), cell sources, and scaffolding approaches. Key challenges in current organoid studies are also discussed along with recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat-Chuan Cham
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Ali Honaramooz
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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Udoumoh AF, Igwebuike UM, Okoye CN, Ugwu UM, Oguejiofor CF. Assessment of age-related morphological changes in the testes of post-hatch light ecotype Nigerian indigenous chicken. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 50:459-466. [PMID: 33368654 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The age-related morphological changes of the testes in light ecotype Nigerian indigenous chicken were evaluated in this study using gross anatomical, histological and histomorphometric techniques. The results showed that the testes of 3- to 9-month-old birds were light pink while testes of sexually mature chicken were creamy white in colour. The left and right testicular weight, length, diameter, circumference and the organosomatic indices increased significantly (p < .05) with increasing age across the groups. Although the mean tubular diameter and epithelial height of the left and right seminiferous tubules increased significantly (p < .05) with age, the tubular diameter, epithelial height and luminal diameter did not vary significantly (p > .05) between the left and right testes of all the groups. The one-cell layer thick germinal epithelium of the left testes at 3 to 6 months old showed islands of cell proliferation that contained spermatogonia and spermatocytes. At 6 to 9 months, the left testes exhibited numerous early spermatids with occasional occurrence of late stage spermatids while the right testes showed scanty early stage spermatids. At 12 to 18 months, the germinal epithelia of both left and right testes were characterized by the presence of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, numerous early and late stage spermatids as well as spermatozoa. In conclusion, the morphological features highlighted in the present study show that at pre-pubertal periods, the left testes may develop faster than the right testes. However, both left and right testes may participate actively in the production of spermatozoa during the post-pubertal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anietie Francis Udoumoh
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Chidozie Nwabuisi Okoye
- Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Reproductive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ugochukwu Michael Ugwu
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chike Fidelis Oguejiofor
- Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Reproductive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Delessard M, Saulnier J, Dumont L, Rives-Feraille A, Rives N, Rondanino C. Paradoxical risk of reduced fertility after exposure of prepubertal mice to vincristine or cyclophosphamide at low gonadotoxic doses in humans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17859. [PMID: 33082498 PMCID: PMC7576200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment can have long-term side effects in cured patients and infertility is one of them. Given the urgency of diagnosis in children with cancer, the toxicity of treatments on the gonad was overshadowed for a long time. In the present study, prepubertal mice were treated by vincristine or cyclophosphamide commonly used in acute leukaemia treatment. The prepubertal exposure to cyclophosphamide, at a low gonadotoxic dose in humans (< 3.5 g/m2), led to morphological alterations of prepubertal testicular tissue. An increased proportion of spermatozoa with hypocondensed chromatin and oxidized DNA associated with decreased fertility were uncovered at adulthood. Short- and long-term morphological alterations of the testicular tissue, disturbed progression of spermatogenesis along with increased proportions of isolated flagella and spermatozoa with fragmented DNA were evidenced in vincristine-treated mice. Moreover, the fertility of mice exposed to vincristine was severely affected despite being considered low-risk for fertility in humans. Paternal exposure to vincristine or cyclophosphamide before puberty had no impact on offspring development. Contrary to the current gonadotoxic risk classification, our results using a mouse model show that vincristine and cyclophosphamide (< 3.5 g/m2) present a high gonadotoxic risk when administered before the initiation of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Delessard
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Justine Saulnier
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Ludovic Dumont
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Aurélie Rives-Feraille
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Nathalie Rives
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Christine Rondanino
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France.
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Namoju R, Chilaka NK, Beda DP, Avanapu SR. Pre-pubertal cyclophosphamide exposure-induced mutilation in spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis and testicular architecture in SD rat: Protection from an alternative herbal viagra. Rev Int Androl 2020; 19:177-186. [PMID: 32682734 DOI: 10.1016/j.androl.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The children and adolescents with cancer who are getting remission and becoming long-term survivals are at high risk of impaired fertility. Cyclophosphamide (CP), the most frequently used drug for childhood-cancers causes various types of reproductive toxicity. We aimed at evaluating protective role of chlorophytum borivillianum (CB) extract against pre-pubertal CP exposure-induced testicular toxicity in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty male pre-pubertal SD rats aged postnatal day (PND) 24 were divided into 5 groups. Group-I (control), group-II (CP), and group-III (CB) received normal saline (NS), CP15mg/kg/day and CB200mg/kg/day respectively during PND29-42; group-IV and group-V received CB100mg/kg/day and CB200mg/kg/day respectively along with CP15mg/kg/day for the same period. Half of the rats from each group were sacrificed on PND43 (puberty) to evaluate alterations in oxidative stress parameters and histopathology. Remaining rats were sacrificed on PND63 (young adult age) and sperm analysis (density, motility, viability, and morphology), hormonal (Testosterone, Luteinizing hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone) estimation and histomorphometrical evaluation was done. Co-administration of CB have shown a dose-dependent and significant improvement in anomalies caused by CP as compared to rats received CP only. RESULTS CP treatment led to significant decrease in body weight gain, organ weights, oxidative defense mechanisms, hormone levels, steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis, sperm parameters and increase in oxidative stress, percentage of sperm abnormal morphology as compared to control rats. CP-treated rats have shown severe damage in testicular architecture and development as compared to control rats as evidenced by histopathology and morphometric analysis. CONCLUSION Co-administration of CB extract significantly reversed the footprints of these effects in dose-dependent manner. These protective effects of CB may be exploited in improving gonadal function in childhood cancer long-term survivals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanachary Namoju
- Department of Pharmacology, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India; Bhaskar Pharmacy College, Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500075, India.
| | - Naga Kavitha Chilaka
- Department of Pharmacology, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Durga Prasad Beda
- Bhaskar Pharmacy College, Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500075, India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Avanapu
- Bhaskar Pharmacy College, Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500075, India
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19
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Allen CM, Lopes F, Mitchell RT, Spears N. Comparative gonadotoxicity of the chemotherapy drugs cisplatin and carboplatin on prepubertal mouse gonads. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 26:129-140. [PMID: 31953538 PMCID: PMC7103569 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of childhood cancer with chemotherapy drugs can result in infertility in adulthood. Newer generations of drugs are developed to replace parent drugs, with the potential benefits of less toxic side effects. For platinum alkylating-like drugs, in contrast to the parent compound cisplatin, the newer-generation drug carboplatin is reported to have reduced toxicity in some respects, despite being administered at 5-15 times higher than the cisplatin dose. Whether carboplatin is also less toxic than cisplatin to the reproductive system is unknown. Here we compare the gonadotoxic impact of cisplatin and carboplatin on female and male mouse prepubertal gonads. In vitro cultured CD1 mouse ovaries or testis fragments were exposed to either cisplatin or carboplatin for 24 h on Day 2 of culture and analysed by Day 6. A dose response for each drug was determined for the ovary (0.5, 1 & 5 μg/ml cisplatin and 1, 5 & 10 μg/ml carboplatin) and the testis (0.01, 0.05 & 0.1 μg/ml cisplatin and 0.1, 0.5 & 1 μg/ml carboplatin). For the ovary, unhealthy follicles were evident from 1 μg/ml cisplatin (73% unhealthy, P = 0.001) and 5 μg/ml carboplatin (84% unhealthy, P = 0.001), with a concomitant reduction in follicle number (P = 0.001). For the testis, the proliferating germ cell population was significantly reduced from 0.05 μg/ml cisplatin (73% reduction, P = 0.001) and 0.5 μg/ml carboplatin (75% reduction, P = 0.001), with no significant impact on the Sertoli cell population. Overall, results from this in vitro animal model study indicate that, at patient equivalent concentrations, carboplatin is no less gonadotoxic than cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Allen
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Federica Lopes
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Current Address: MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Norah Spears
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
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20
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Yuan Y, Li L, Cheng Q, Diao F, Zeng Q, Yang X, Wu Y, Zhang H, Huang M, Chen J, Zhou Q, Zhu Y, Hua R, Tian J, Wang X, Zhou Z, Hao J, Yu J, Hua D, Liu J, Guo X, Zhou Q, Sha J. In vitro testicular organogenesis from human fetal gonads produces fertilization-competent spermatids. Cell Res 2020; 30:244-255. [PMID: 32086476 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike most organs that mature during the fetal period, the male reproductive system reaches maturity only at puberty with the commencement of spermatogenesis. Robust modelling of human testicular organogenesis in vitro would facilitate research into mechanisms of and factors affecting human spermatogenic failure and male fertility preservation in prepubertal tumor patients. Here, we report successful recapitulation of human testicular organogenesis in vitro from fetal gonadal ridge. Our model displayed the formation of mature seminiferous epithelium and self-renewing spermatogonia. Remarkably, in vitro-derived haploid spermatids have undergone meiotic recombination, and showed increased genetic diversity as indicated by genetic analysis. Moreover, these spermatids were able to fertilize oocytes and support subsequent blastocyst formation. The in vitro testicular organogenesis system described here will play an important role in elucidating the regulation of human testis development and maintaining male fertility in prepubertal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yuan
- Human Reproductive and Genetic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 214062, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Laihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feiyang Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yibo Wu
- Human Reproductive and Genetic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 214062, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingqian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunfei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuomin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjin Yu
- Human Reproductive and Genetic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 214062, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Hua
- Human Reproductive and Genetic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 214062, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiahao Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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21
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Delessard M, Saulnier J, Rives A, Dumont L, Rondanino C, Rives N. Exposure to Chemotherapy During Childhood or Adulthood and Consequences on Spermatogenesis and Male Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041454. [PMID: 32093393 PMCID: PMC7073108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the number of cancer survivors has increased thanks to progress in diagnosis and treatment. Cancer treatments are often accompanied by adverse side effects depending on the age of the patient, the type of cancer, the treatment regimen, and the doses. The testicular tissue is very sensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This review will summarize the epidemiological and experimental data concerning the consequences of exposure to chemotherapy during the prepubertal period or adulthood on spermatogenic progression, sperm production, sperm nuclear quality, and the health of the offspring. Studies concerning the gonadotoxicity of anticancer drugs in adult survivors of childhood cancer are still limited compared with those concerning the effects of chemotherapy exposure during adulthood. In humans, it is difficult to evaluate exactly the toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents because cancer treatments often combine chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, it is important to undertake experimental studies in animal models in order to define the mechanism involved in the drug gonadotoxicity and to assess the effects of their administration alone or in combination on immature and mature testis. These data will help to better inform cancer patients after recovery about the risks of chemotherapy for their future fertility and to propose fertility preservation options.
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22
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Guo J, Nie X, Giebler M, Mlcochova H, Wang Y, Grow EJ, Kim R, Tharmalingam M, Matilionyte G, Lindskog C, Carrell DT, Mitchell RT, Goriely A, Hotaling JM, Cairns BR. The Dynamic Transcriptional Cell Atlas of Testis Development during Human Puberty. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:262-276.e4. [PMID: 31928944 PMCID: PMC7298616 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human testis undergoes dramatic developmental and structural changes during puberty, including proliferation and maturation of somatic niche cells, and the onset of spermatogenesis. To characterize this understudied process, we profiled and analyzed single-cell transcriptomes of ∼10,000 testicular cells from four boys spanning puberty and compared them to those of infants and adults. During puberty, undifferentiated spermatogonia sequentially expand and differentiate prior to the initiation of gametogenesis. Notably, we identify a common pre-pubertal progenitor for Leydig and myoid cells and delineate candidate factors controlling pubertal differentiation. Furthermore, pre-pubertal Sertoli cells exhibit two distinct transcriptional states differing in metabolic profiles before converging to an alternative single mature population during puberty. Roles for testosterone in Sertoli cell maturation, antimicrobial peptide secretion, and spermatogonial differentiation are further highlighted through single-cell analysis of testosterone-suppressed transfemale testes. Taken together, our transcriptional atlas of the developing human testis provides multiple insights into developmental changes and key factors accompanying male puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Guo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; The Andrology Laboratory, Department of Surgery (Andrology/Urology), Center for Reconstructive Urology and Men's Health, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Xichen Nie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Maria Giebler
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK
| | - Hana Mlcochova
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK
| | - Yueqi Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Edward J Grow
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Robin Kim
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Melissa Tharmalingam
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh EH91LF, UK
| | - Gabriele Matilionyte
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh EH91LF, UK
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Douglas T Carrell
- The Andrology Laboratory, Department of Surgery (Andrology/Urology), Center for Reconstructive Urology and Men's Health, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh EH91LF, UK
| | - Anne Goriely
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK
| | - James M Hotaling
- The Andrology Laboratory, Department of Surgery (Andrology/Urology), Center for Reconstructive Urology and Men's Health, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Bradley R Cairns
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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23
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Lucaccioni L, Trevisani V, Boncompagni A, Marrozzini L, Berardi A, Iughetti L. Minipuberty: Looking Back to Understand Moving Forward. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:612235. [PMID: 33537266 PMCID: PMC7848193 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.612235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activation occurs three times in life: the first is during fetal life, and has a crucial role in sex determination, the second time is during the first postnatal months of life, and the third is with the onset of puberty. These windows of activation recall the three windows of the "Developmental Origin of Health and Disease" (DOHaD) paradigm and may play a substantial role in several aspects of human development, such as growth, behavior, and neurodevelopment. From the second trimester of pregnancy there is a peak in gonadotropin levels, followed by a decrease toward term and complete suppression at birth. This is due to the negative feedback of placental estrogens. Studies have shown that in this prenatal HPG axis activation, gonadotropin levels display a sex-related pattern which plays a crucial role in sex differentiation of internal and external genitalia. Soon after birth, there is a new increase in LH, FSH, and sex hormone concentrations, both in males and females, due to HPG re-activation. This postnatal activation is known as "minipuberty." The HPG axis activity in infancy demonstrates a pulsatile pattern with hormone levels similar to those of true puberty. We review the studies on the changes of these hormones in infancy and their influence on several aspects of future development, from linear growth to fertility and neurobehavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lucaccioni
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Viola Trevisani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Mothers, Children and Adults, Post Graduate School of Pediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Boncompagni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucia Marrozzini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Mothers, Children and Adults, Post Graduate School of Pediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Berardi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Mothers, Children and Adults, Post Graduate School of Pediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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24
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Eisenberg DTA, Rej PH, Duazo P, Carba D, Hayes MG, Kuzawa CW. Testing for paternal influences on offspring telomere length in a human cohort in the Philippines. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171:520-528. [PMID: 31845317 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Telomeres, emerging biomarkers of aging, are comprised of DNA repeats located at chromosomal ends that shorten with cellular replication and age in most human tissues. In contrast, spermatocyte telomeres lengthen with age. These changes in telomere length (TL) appear to be heritable, as older paternal ages of conception (PAC) predict longer offspring TL. Mouse-model studies raise questions about the potential for effects of paternal experiences on human offspring TL, as they suggest that smoking, inflammation, DNA damage, and stressors all shorten sperm TL. Here, we examined whether factors from the paternal environment predict offspring TL as well as interact with PAC to predict offspring TL. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using data from the Philippines, we tested if smoking, psychosocial stressors, or shorter knee height (a measure of early life adversity) predict shorter offspring TL. We also tested if these interacted with PAC in predicting offspring TL. RESULTS While we did not find the predicted associations, we observed a trend toward fathers with shorter knee height having offspring with longer TL. In addition, we found that knee height interacted with PAC to predict offspring TL. Specifically, fathers with shorter knee heights showed a stronger positive effect of PAC on offspring TL. DISCUSSION While the reasons for these associations remain uncertain, shorter knee height is characteristic of earlier puberty. Since spermatocyte TL increases with the production of sperm, we speculate that individuals with earlier puberty, and its concomitant commencement of production of sperm, had more time to accumulate longer sperm telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan T A Eisenberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter H Rej
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paulita Duazo
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Delia Carba
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Christopher W Kuzawa
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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25
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Van den Broeck T, Soebadi MA, Falter A, Raets L, Duponselle J, Lootsma J, Heintz A, Philtjens U, Hofkens L, Gonzalez-Viedma A, Driesen K, Sandner P, Albersen M, Brône B, Van Renterghem K. Testosterone Induces Relaxation of Human Corpus Cavernosum Tissue of Patients With Erectile Dysfunction. Sex Med 2019; 8:114-119. [PMID: 31767508 PMCID: PMC7042167 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous research in the field of cardiovascular diseases suggests a relaxing effect of testosterone (T) on smooth muscle cells. Therefore, it was hypothesized that T could play a significant role in erection development. Aim To investigate the relaxing effect of T and other molecules of the T signaling pathway on human corpus cavernosum (HCC) tissue. Methods Samples of the HCC tissue were obtained from men who underwent penile prosthesis implantation (n = 33) for erectile dysfunction. Samples were used for isometric tension measurement in Ex Vivo experiments. Following standardized precontraction with phenylephrine, increasing doses of T or dihydrotestosterone were administered and blocked by NO/H2S synthesis inhibitors, a KATP blocker, and flutamide (androgen receptor inhibitor). Main Outcome Measure The outcome was relaxation of the HCC tissue, normalized to a maximum precontraction achieved by phenylephrine. Results A dose-dependent relaxing effect of dihydrotestosterone and T was observed with a relaxation of, respectively, 24.9% ± 23.4% (P < .0001) and 41.7% ± 19.1% (P = .01) compared with 6.8% ± 15.9% for vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide) at 300 μM. The relaxing effect of T was not countered by blocking NO synthesis, H2S synthesis, KATP channels, or the androgen receptor. Clinical Implications By understanding the underlying mechanisms of T-induced HCC relaxation, potential new therapeutic targets can be identified. Strengths & Limitations The strength of the study is the use of fresh HCC tissues with reproducible results. The limitation is the need for supraphysiological T levels to induce the observed effect. Conclusion Rapid androgen-induced relaxation of HCC is likely to occur via nongenomic mechanisms. Previously suggested mechanisms of action by which T modulates HCC relaxation have been excluded. Van den Broeck T, Soebadi MA, Falter A, et al. Testosterone Induces Relaxation of Human Corpus Cavernosum Tissue of Patients With Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2019; 8:114–119.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi
- Jessa ziekenhuis, Hasselt, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Urology, Dr Soetomo Academic Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Sandner
- Bayer AG, Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research Center, Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maarten Albersen
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Brône
- UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium; BIOMED Research Institute, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Van Renterghem
- Jessa ziekenhuis, Hasselt, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium.
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26
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Mäkelä JA, Koskenniemi JJ, Virtanen HE, Toppari J. Testis Development. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:857-905. [PMID: 30590466 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Production of sperm and androgens is the main function of the testis. This depends on normal development of both testicular somatic cells and germ cells. A genetic program initiated from the Y chromosome gene sex-determining region Y (SRY) directs somatic cell specification to Sertoli cells that orchestrate further development. They first guide fetal germ cell differentiation toward spermatogenic destiny and then take care of the full service to spermatogenic cells during spermatogenesis. The number of Sertoli cells sets the limits of sperm production. Leydig cells secrete androgens that determine masculine development. Testis development does not depend on germ cells; that is, testicular somatic cells also develop in the absence of germ cells, and the testis can produce testosterone normally to induce full masculinization in these men. In contrast, spermatogenic cell development is totally dependent on somatic cells. We herein review germ cell differentiation from primordial germ cells to spermatogonia and development of the supporting somatic cells. Testicular descent to scrota is necessary for normal spermatogenesis, and cryptorchidism is the most common male birth defect. This is a mild form of a disorder of sex differentiation. Multiple genetic reasons for more severe forms of disorders of sex differentiation have been revealed during the last decades, and these are described along with the description of molecular regulation of testis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho-Antti Mäkelä
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko J Koskenniemi
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Helena E Virtanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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27
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Urrutia M, Grinspon RP, Rey RA. Comparing the role of anti-Müllerian hormone as a marker of FSH action in male and female fertility. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:203-214. [PMID: 30880521 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1590197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Originally limited to the assessment of disorders of sex development, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) measurement has more recently been extended to several conditions affecting the reproductive axis in males and females. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulation of gonadal function has been extensively studied, but its role on AMH production has been explored only recently. AREAS COVERED We addressed the relationship between FSH action on the gonads and the usefulness of AMH as a marker in conditions affecting the reproductive axis. EXPERT OPINION Sertoli cells are the most active cell population in the prepubertal testis. Serum AMH is an excellent marker of FSH action on Sertoli cell proliferation and function in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Low serum AMH is expected to predict low sperm production and prompts initial FSH treatment followed by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or luteinizing hormone (LH) addition. Gonadotropin treatment may be more effective if installed to mimic the postnatal activation stage of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. In females, AMH secretion by small antral follicles is stimulated by FSH. Elevated AMH indicates increased follicle numbers and should be considered as a potential contraindication of gonadotropin treatment in infertile patients due to an increased risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Urrutia
- a Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología , Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Romina P Grinspon
- a Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología , Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A Rey
- a Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología , Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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28
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Mancini M, Carrafiello G, Melchiorre F, Pelliccione F, Andreassi A, Mantellassi G, Ahmed Said Z, Pecori Giraldi F, Banderali G, Folli F. Early varicocelectomy by percutaneous scleroembolization improves seminiferous tubules spermatozoa release in the adolescent phase of testicular growth. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13286. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mancini
- Pediatric and Adolescent Andrological Unit, Department of Pediatrics San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Carrafiello
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Milan Italy
- Department of Health Science Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Fabio Melchiorre
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Milan Italy
- Department of Health Science Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Fiore Pelliccione
- Pediatric and Adolescent Andrological Unit, Department of Pediatrics San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Alice Andreassi
- Pediatric and Adolescent Andrological Unit, Department of Pediatrics San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Gianna Mantellassi
- Pediatric and Adolescent Andrological Unit, Department of Pediatrics San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Zakaria Ahmed Said
- Department of Health Science Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
- Departmental Unit of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Milan Italy
| | - Francesca Pecori Giraldi
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS Milan Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banderali
- Department of Pediatrics San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Franco Folli
- Department of Health Science Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
- Departmental Unit of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Milan Italy
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29
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Contreras M, Raisingani M, Chandler DW, Curtin WD, Barillas J, Brar PC, Prasad K, Shah B, David R. Salivary Testosterone during the Minipuberty of Infancy
. Horm Res Paediatr 2019; 87:111-115. [PMID: 28073108 DOI: 10.1159/000454862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is transiently activated during the postnatal months in boys, a phenomenon termed "minipuberty" of infancy, when serum testosterone (T) increases to pubertal levels. Despite high circulating T there are no signs of virilization. We hypothesize that free T as measured in saliva is low, which would explain the absence of virilization. METHODS We measured serum total T and free T in saliva using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in 30 infant boys, aged 1-6 months, and in 12 adolescents, aged 11-17 years. RESULTS Total serum T in all infants was, as expected, high (172 ± 78 ng/dL) while salivary T was low (7.7 ± 4 pg/mL or 0.45 ± 0.20%). In contrast, salivary T in the adolescents was much higher (41 ± 18 pg/mL or 1.3 ± 0.36%) in relation to their total serum T (323 ± 117 ng/dL). We provide for the first time reference data for salivary T in infants. CONCLUSION Measurement of salivary T by LC-MS/MS is a promising noninvasive technique to reflect free T in infants. The low free T explains the absence of virilization. The minipuberty of infancy is more likely of intragonadal than peripheral significance.
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Park CJ, Barakat R, Ulanov A, Li Z, Lin PC, Chiu K, Zhou S, Perez P, Lee J, Flaws J, Ko CJ. Sanitary pads and diapers contain higher phthalate contents than those in common commercial plastic products. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 84:114-121. [PMID: 30659930 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sanitary pads and diapers are made of synthetic plastic materials that can potentially be released while being used. This study measured the amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (methylene chloride, toluene, and xylene) and phthalates (DBP, DEHP, DEP, and BBP) contained in sanitary pads and diapers. In sanitary pads, 5,900- and 130-fold differences of VOC and phthalate concentrations were seen among the brands. In the diapers, 3- and 63-fold differences of VOC and phthalate concentrations were detected among the brands. VOC concentrations from the sanitary pads and diapers were similar to that of the residential air. However, phthalate concentrations of sanitary pads and diapers were significantly higher than those found in common commercial plastic products. As sanitary pads and diapers are in direct contact with external genitalia for an extended period, there is a probability that a considerable amount of VOCs or phthalates could be absorbed into the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Jin Park
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Radwa Barakat
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Alexander Ulanov
- Metabolomics Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Zhong Li
- Metabolomics Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Po-Ching Lin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Karen Chiu
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Sherry Zhou
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Pablo Perez
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Jungyeon Lee
- TV Chosun Broadcasting, 33, Sejong-daero 21-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04519, Republic of Korea
| | - Jodi Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - CheMyong Jay Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
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Allen CM, Lopes F, Mitchell RT, Spears N. How does chemotherapy treatment damage the prepubertal testis? Reproduction 2018; 156:R209-R233. [PMID: 30394705 PMCID: PMC6347281 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy treatment is a mainstay of anticancer regimens, significantly contributing to the recent increase in childhood cancer survival rates. Conventional cancer therapy targets not only malignant but also healthy cells resulting in side effects including infertility. For prepubertal boys, there are currently no fertility preservation strategies in use, although several potential methods are under investigation. Most of the current knowledge in relation to prepubertal gonadotoxicity has been deduced from adult studies; however, the prepubertal testis is relatively quiescent in comparison to the adult. This review provides an overview of research to date in humans and animals describing chemotherapy-induced prepubertal gonadotoxicity, focusing on direct gonadal damage. Testicular damage is dependent upon the agent, dosage, administration schedule and age/pubertal status at time of treatment. The chemotherapy agents investigated so far target the germ cell population activating apoptotic pathways and may also impair Sertoli cell function. Due to use of combined chemotherapy agents for patients, the impact of individual drugs is hard to define, however, use of in vivo and in vitro animal models can overcome this problem. Furthering our understanding of how chemotherapy agents target the prepubertal testis will provide clarity to patients on the gonadotoxicity of different drugs and aid in the development of cytoprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Lopes
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Norah Spears
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Condorelli RA, Cannarella R, Calogero AE, La Vignera S. Evaluation of testicular function in prepubertal children. Endocrine 2018; 62:274-280. [PMID: 29982874 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The assessment of testicular function is not currently performed in childhood. The aim of this review was to address the usefulness of serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH), inhibin B, and testicular volume (TV) evaluation in children. REVIEW Serum AMH and inhibin B levels reflect Sertoli cells (SCs) health and number, SCs maturation degree and their exposure to FSH and to intra-tubular testosterone (T). These hormones might be helpful in discriminating between congenital central hypogonadism (cHH) and constitutional delay in growth and puberty (CDGP) and in case of clinical suspicious of precocious puberty. Furthermore, low AMH and/or inhibin B levels have been observed in children with primary testicular disorders, suggesting the existence of SC dysfunction. TV also provides useful information on testicular health. Recently, a medical calculator, requiring testis length and the stage of genital development, has been developed to easily derive TV. CONCLUSIONS The evidence supports the usefulness of AMH, inhibin B and TV evaluation for the early diagnosis of puberty disorders and primary testicular damage. We suggest the measurement of TV by using the medical calculator in all children and to reserve AMH and inhibin B measurements to those cases of no testicular growth, clinical suspicious of puberty disorders or in children at risk for spermatogenesis damage. This work-up might allow the early detection of testicular tubular damage which, in turn, may be useful to prevent the oncoming male infertility in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita A Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Policlinico "G. Rodolico", via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Policlinico "G. Rodolico", via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Aldo E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Policlinico "G. Rodolico", via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Policlinico "G. Rodolico", via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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Lanciotti L, Cofini M, Leonardi A, Penta L, Esposito S. Up-To-Date Review About Minipuberty and Overview on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Activation in Fetal and Neonatal Life. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:410. [PMID: 30093882 PMCID: PMC6070773 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Minipuberty consists of activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis during the neonatal period, resulting in high gonadotropin and sex steroid levels, and occurs mainly in the first 3-6 months of life in both sexes. The rise in the levels of these hormones allows for the maturation of the sexual organs. In boys, the peak testosterone level is associated with penile and testicular growth and the proliferation of gonadic cells. In girls, the oestradiol levels stimulate breast tissue, but exhibit considerable fluctuations that probably reflect the cycles of maturation and atrophy of the ovarian follicles. Minipuberty allows for the development of the genital organs and creates the basis for future fertility, but further studies are necessary to understand its exact role, especially in girls. Nevertheless, no scientific study has yet elucidated how the HPG axis turns itself off and remains dormant until puberty. Additional future studies may identify clinical implications of minipuberty in selected cohorts of patients, such as premature and small for gestational age infants. Finally, minipuberty provides a fundamental 6-month window of the possibility of making early diagnoses in patients with suspected sexual reproductive disorders to enable the prompt initiation of treatment rather than delaying treatment until pubertal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Esposito S, Cofini M, Rigante D, Leonardi A, Lucchetti L, Cipolla C, Lanciotti L, Penta L. Inhibin B in healthy and cryptorchid boys. Ital J Pediatr 2018; 44:81. [PMID: 30012176 PMCID: PMC6048859 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-018-0523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptorchidism, the most common male genital abnormality observed in paediatrics, might often be associated with long-term functional consequences and can even reoccur after a successful orchidopexy. Serum markers that identify cryptorchid boys with gonadal dysfunction early should be useful in a decision-making process. Inhibin B, produced during all of childhood but altered in cryptorchid subjects, appears strictly related to Sertoli cells, and its levels directly reflect the status of the testis germinative epithelium. Unfortunately, its precise roles in bilateral and unilateral cryptorchidism are still debated and being unravelled. Herein, we report the most current knowledge about inhibin B in both healthy boys and those with cryptorchidism to discuss and clarify its potential clinical applications. Discussion Inhibin B represents a simple and repeatable serum marker and it seems to well asses the presence and function of the testicular tissue. Testicular tissue in prepubertal age is largely made up of Sertoli cells; inhibin B, coming from working Sertoli cells, allows to indirectly evaluate their function. Besides, inhibin B is produced throughout childhood, even before puberty, in contrast with central hormones, and it is not influenced by androgens during puberty, in contrast with other testicular hormones. Although further studies are needed, low levels of inhibin B have been related with low testicular score and/or with consistent alterations of testicular parameters at histological examination. This means that inhibin B could be an indirect marker of testicular functions that could even replace testicular biopsies, but current data are inconsistent to confirm this potential role of inhibin B in cryptorchidism. Conclusion Inhibin B represents an effective candidate for early identification of testicular dysfunction after orchidopexy for cryptorchidism. Unfortunately, current data cannot exactly clarify the real role of inhibin B as a predictor of future testicular function in cryptorchidism and future long-term follow-up studies, with repeated inhibin B checks both in cryptorchid and in formerly cryptorchid children and adolescents, will permit to assess if previous normal levels of inhibin B would match with future normal pubertal development and fertility potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marta Cofini
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Donato Rigante
- Institute of Pediatrics, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Leonardi
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Lucchetti
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Clelia Cipolla
- Institute of Pediatrics, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Lanciotti
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Penta
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
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Tharmalingam MD, Jorgensen A, Mitchell RT. Experimental models of testicular development and function using human tissue and cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 468:95-110. [PMID: 29309804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian testis has two main roles, production of gametes for reproduction and synthesis of steroid- and peptide hormones for masculinization. These processes are tightly regulated and involve complex interactions between a number of germ and somatic cell-types that comprise a unique microenvironment known as the germ stem cell niche. In humans, failure of normal testicular development or function is associated with susceptibility to a variety of male reproductive disorders including disorders of sex development, infertility and testicular cancer. Whilst studies in rodent models have provided detailed insight into the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms that regulate the testis, there are important species differences in testicular development, function and reproductive disorders that highlight the need for suitable experimental models utilising human testicular tissues or cells. In this review, we outline experimental approaches used to sustain cells and tissue from human testis at different developmental time-points and discuss relevant end-points. These include survival, proliferation and differentiation of cell lineages within the testis as well as autocrine, paracrine and endocrine function. We also highlight the utility of these experimental approaches for modelling the effects of environmental exposures on testicular development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Tharmalingam
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Anne Jorgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Edinburgh Royal Hospital for Sick Children, 9 Sciennes Road, Edinburgh, EH9 1LF, Scotland, UK.
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36
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In vitro study of doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress in spermatogonia and immature Sertoli cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 348:32-42. [PMID: 29660436 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric chemotherapy treatments can impair long-term male fertility. Unfortunately, no fertility preservation solution is available for pre-pubertal boys. Studies suggest that doxorubicin, used against pediatric cancers, induces oxidative stress in the testis. However, the targeted testicular cell types remain unknown. The goal of this study was to determine whether doxorubicin can induce oxidative stress in rat spermatogonia (GC-6Spg) and immature Sertoli (Ser-W3) cell lines, and to assess their protection by antioxidants. Using the MTT assay, we have shown that doxorubicin induces a time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in these two cell lines, Ser-W3 being more sensitive than GC-6Spg. After 3 h of treatment, reactive oxygen species and nuclear 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine increase in Ser-W3, but not in GC-6Spg. Moreover, after 6 h of treatment, intracellular reduced glutathione levels decrease significantly in Ser-W3 cells. These results show that doxorubicin induces oxidative stress in the Ser-W3 cell line. However, a depletion in glutathione does not affect their survival, and supplementation only offers a weak protection after exposure to doxorubicin, suggesting that the glutathione system is not essential for Ser-W3 cell line's defense against doxorubicin. On the other hand, among four antioxidants selected from the literature, none reduces the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in Ser-W3 cells. Together, our data suggest that oxidative stress may not be a major pathway for doxorubicin's cytotoxicity in GC-6Spg and Ser-W3 lines. This study provides new insights in the mechanisms by which chemotherapies affect the pre-pubertal testis, with the long-term goal to help improve the quality of life of pediatric cancer survivors.
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37
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Karunakaran P, Malhotra P, Lad D. Fertility Management for the Hemato-Oncologist. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2018; 34:13-18. [PMID: 29398794 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-017-0887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For cancer survivors, social parenthood buffers distress and improves quality of life. It is important that physicians dealing with treatment of malignancies are aware of this patient perspective. This review deals with risks of infertility with hematological malignancies and chemotherapy, modes of fertility preservation interventions, time and barriers to referral to specialists offering these interventions. This review aims to guide the hemato-oncologist to make an informed decision with the patient and the partner about fertility preservation at the right time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parathan Karunakaran
- Clinical Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Unit, #28, Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pankaj Malhotra
- Clinical Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Unit, #28, Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepesh Lad
- Clinical Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Unit, #28, Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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38
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Stukenborg JB, Jahnukainen K, Hutka M, Mitchell RT. Cancer treatment in childhood and testicular function: the importance of the somatic environment. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R69-R87. [PMID: 29351905 PMCID: PMC5817964 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Testicular function and future fertility may be affected by cancer treatment during childhood. Whilst survival of the germ (stem) cells is critical for ensuring the potential for fertility in these patients, the somatic cell populations also play a crucial role in providing a suitable environment to support germ cell maintenance and subsequent development. Regulation of the spermatogonial germ-stem cell niche involves many signalling pathways with hormonal influence from the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. In this review, we describe the somatic cell populations that comprise the testicular germ-stem cell niche in humans and how they may be affected by cancer treatment during childhood. We also discuss the experimental models that may be utilized to manipulate the somatic environment and report the results of studies that investigate the potential role of somatic cells in the protection of the germ cells in the testis from cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Stukenborg
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab StockholmPediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsi Jahnukainen
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab StockholmPediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Haematology-Oncology and Stem Cell TransplantationChildren's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marsida Hutka
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthThe Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthThe Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Royal Hospital for Sick ChildrenEdinburgh, UK
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Smart E, Lopes F, Rice S, Nagy B, Anderson RA, Mitchell RT, Spears N. Chemotherapy drugs cyclophosphamide, cisplatin and doxorubicin induce germ cell loss in an in vitro model of the prepubertal testis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1773. [PMID: 29379115 PMCID: PMC5788858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long term survival rates for childhood cancers is steadily increasing, however cancer survivors can experience fertility problems as a consequence of chemotherapy treatment. This is particularly problematic for young boys, for whom no fertility preservation treatment is yet established. Here, we have determined the effects on prepubertal mouse testis of three commonly used chemotherapy drugs; cyclophosphamide (using its active metabolite phosphoramide mustard), cisplatin and doxorubicin, exposing testicular fragments to a clinically relevant range of concentrations in vitro. All three drugs induced a specific and highly significant loss of germ cells, including spermatogonial stem cells. In contrast, there was no significant effect on somatic cells, for either Sertoli or interstitial cells. Time course analysis of cleaved Caspase-3 expression showed a significant increase in apoptosis eight hours prior to a detectable decrease in germ cell numbers following exposure to phosphoramide mustard or cisplatin, although this pattern was not seen following doxorubicin-exposure. Moreover, analysis of DNA damage at 16 h showed increased γH2AX expression in response to all three drugs. Overall, results show that cisplatin, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide all specifically induce loss of germ cells, including of spermatogonial stem cells, in the prepubertal mouse testis at concentrations relevant to human therapeutic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Smart
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Center for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Lopes
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan Rice
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS,, United Kingdom
| | - Boglarka Nagy
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Norah Spears
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.
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Picut CA, Ziejewski MK, Stanislaus D. Comparative Aspects of Pre- and Postnatal Development of the Male Reproductive System. Birth Defects Res 2017; 110:190-227. [PMID: 29063715 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review describes pre- and postnatal development of the male reproductive system in humans and laboratory animals, and highlights species differences in the timing and control of hormonal and morphologic events. Major differences are that the fetal testis is dependent on gonadotropins in humans, but is independent of such in rats; humans have an extended postnatal quiescent period, whereas rats exhibit no quiescence; and events such as secretion by the prostate and seminal vesicles, testicular descent, and the appearance of spermatogonia are all prenatal events in humans, but are postnatal events in rats. Major differences in the timing of the developmental sequence between rats and humans include: gonocyte transformation period (rat: postnatal day 0-9; human: includes gestational week 22 to 9 months of age); masculinization programming window (rat: gestational day 15.5-17.5; human: gestational week 9-14); and mini-puberty (rat: 0-6 hr after birth; human: 3-6 months of age). Endocrine disruptors can cause unique lesions in the prenatal and early postnatal testis; therefore, it is important to consider the differences in the timing of the developmental sequence when designing preclinical studies as identification of windows of sensitivity for endocrine disruption or toxicants will aid in interpretation of results and provide clues to a mode of action. Birth Defects Research 110:190-227, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Picut
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mary K Ziejewski
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - D Stanislaus
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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41
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Faes K, Goossens E. Short-term storage of human testicular tissue: effect of storage temperature and tissue size. Reprod Biomed Online 2017; 35:180-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Hamdi SM, Almont T, Galinier P, Mieusset R, Thonneau P. Altered secretion of Sertoli cells hormones in 2-year-old prepubertal cryptorchid boys: a cross-sectional study. Andrology 2017; 5:783-789. [PMID: 28544660 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In cryptorchid boys, failures in germ cell development have been clearly established. Some studies reported some abnormalities in Sertoli cells morphology but the results regarding their endocrine secretion remain controversial. To compare testicular hormone levels in young boys with and without cryptorchidism, we performed a cross-sectional hospital-based study. From surgery appointment records, we identified a case group of boys with unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism and a control group undergoing dental care, minor osteoarticular or dermal surgery. Blood samples were withdrawn during the surgical procedure to perform testosterone, inhibin B and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) immunoassays. We included 27 cryptorchid boys and 27 controls aged of 26.6 vs. 24.2 months, respectively (p = 0.172) far from the post-natal mini-puberty and the corresponding hormonal surges. Age-adjusted AMH and inhibin B levels were significantly lower in cryptorchid than in control boys (AMH: 87 ng/mL vs. 135 ng/mL; p = 0.009, inhibin B: 97 pg/mL vs. 133 pg/mL; p = 0.019, respectively). Moreover, AMH and inhibin B levels were significantly lower in the bilateral cryptorchid subgroup, being 50% lower than in the controls (p = 0.011 and 0.019, respectively) and while both hormones levels were independent in controls, they became strongly correlated in bilateral cryptorchid boys (R² = 0.75, p = 0.001). In addition, testosterone levels were still detectable in some boys, with significantly lower levels in cryptorchid group than in controls. Overall, 2-year-old cryptorchid patients presented a simultaneous and significant drop in AMH and inhibin B levels, suggesting a functional defect of Sertoli cells. This deficiency appeared more pronounced in bilateral cryptorchidism and thus, regarding the pivotal role of Sertoli cells in germ cell development, it may explain the compromised fertility found later in men born with such a malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hamdi
- EA 3694 Human Fertility Research Group, CHU de Toulouse, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Hormonology, CHU de Toulouse, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - T Almont
- EA 3694 Human Fertility Research Group, CHU de Toulouse, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - P Galinier
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - R Mieusset
- EA 3694 Human Fertility Research Group, CHU de Toulouse, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - P Thonneau
- EA 3694 Human Fertility Research Group, CHU de Toulouse, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Giannoulatou E, Maher GJ, Ding Z, Gillis AJM, Dorssers LCJ, Hoischen A, Rajpert-De Meyts E, McVean G, Wilkie AOM, Looijenga LHJ, Goriely A. Whole-genome sequencing of spermatocytic tumors provides insights into the mutational processes operating in the male germline. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178169. [PMID: 28542371 PMCID: PMC5439955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult male germline stem cells (spermatogonia) proliferate by mitosis and, after puberty, generate spermatocytes that undertake meiosis to produce haploid spermatozoa. Germ cells are under evolutionary constraint to curtail mutations and maintain genome integrity. Despite constant turnover, spermatogonia very rarely form tumors, so-called spermatocytic tumors (SpT). In line with the previous identification of FGFR3 and HRAS selfish mutations in a subset of cases, candidate gene screening of 29 SpTs identified an oncogenic NRAS mutation in two cases. To gain insights in the etiology of SpT and into properties of the male germline, we performed whole-genome sequencing of five tumors (4/5 with matched normal tissue). The acquired single nucleotide variant load was extremely low (~0.2 per Mb), with an average of 6 (2-9) non-synonymous variants per tumor, none of which is likely to be oncogenic. The observed mutational signature of SpTs is strikingly similar to that of germline de novo mutations, mostly involving C>T transitions with a significant enrichment in the ACG trinucleotide context. The tumors exhibited extensive aneuploidy (50-99 autosomes/tumor) involving whole-chromosomes, with recurrent gains of chr9 and chr20 and loss of chr7, suggesting that aneuploidy itself represents the initiating oncogenic event. We propose that SpT etiology recapitulates the unique properties of male germ cells; because of evolutionary constraints to maintain low point mutation rate, rare tumorigenic driver events are caused by a combination of gene imbalance mediated via whole-chromosome aneuploidy. Finally, we propose a general framework of male germ cell tumor pathology that accounts for their mutational landscape, timing and cellular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Giannoulatou
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey J. Maher
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhihao Ding
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ad J. M. Gillis
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC—University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lambert C. J. Dorssers
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC—University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- Department of Growth & Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gilean McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew O. M. Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leendert H. J. Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC—University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Goriely
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leydig cell hyperplasia (LCH) and Leydig cell tumours (LCTs) in children are rare, typically presenting with precocious puberty. Previously, orchidectomy was the routine management; however, more recently, testis-sparing surgery has been performed with good results. We present a series of unusual presentations of LCH, raising new management questions, and a review of the literature regarding LCH and LCT in children. STUDY DESIGN We performed a literature search using Ovid Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar, producing 456 articles. We reviewed all case reports and series containing paediatric patients, and relevant review articles. RESULTS We report three cases of LCH, two of which were incidental findings. All three cases underwent testis-sparing surgery. In the literature there were seven cases of LCH and 101 cases of LCT in prepubertal children. The most common presentation was with precocious puberty. Three cases of LCH and more than two-thirds of LCTs were managed with orchidectomy and overall only 11% of the cases underwent testes-sparing surgery (24% did not specify operative management). There were no reports of recurrence or malignancy. DISCUSSION Our case series presents three new clinical presentations of LCH that have not previously been reported in the literature: one of incomplete precocious puberty and two with incidental findings on ultrasound in asymptomatic children. Historically, children with the classic presentation of precocious puberty and a testicular lesion have been managed with orchidectomy. Nowadays, many clinicians advocate testes-sparing surgery given there have been no cases of malignancy. In children with no clinical or biochemical signs of precocious puberty, lesions identified on ultrasound can be safely monitored for a period of time. However, if the lesion does not regress, excisional biopsy is recommended to establish the diagnosis, ideally before the onset of puberty. CONCLUSION Leydig cell hyperplasia and tumours in pre-pubertal children are benign. Testes-sparing surgery with regular follow-up appears to be safe management.
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Edelsztein NY, Grinspon RP, Schteingart HF, Rey RA. Anti-Müllerian hormone as a marker of steroid and gonadotropin action in the testis of children and adolescents with disorders of the gonadal axis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2016; 2016:20. [PMID: 27799946 PMCID: PMC5084469 DOI: 10.1186/s13633-016-0038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In pediatric patients, basal testosterone and gonadotropin levels may be uninformative in the assessment of testicular function. Measurement of serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has become increasingly widespread since it provides information about the activity of the male gonad without the need for dynamic tests, and also reflects the action of FSH and androgens within the testis. AMH is secreted in high amounts by Sertoli cells from fetal life until the onset of puberty. Basal AMH expression is not dependent on gonadotropins or sex steroids; however, FSH further increases and testosterone inhibits AMH production. During puberty, testosterone induces Sertoli cell maturation, and prevails over FSH on AMH regulation. Therefore, AMH production decreases. Serum AMH is undetectable in patients with congenital or acquired anorchidism, or with complete gonadal dysgenesis. Low circulating levels of AMH may reflect primary testicular dysfunction, e.g. in certain patients with cryptorchidism, monorchidism, partial gonadal dysgenesis, or central hypogonadism. AMH is low in boys with precocious puberty, but it increases to prepubertal levels after successful treatment. Conversely, serum AMH remains at high, prepubertal levels in boys with constitutional delay of puberty. Serum AMH measurements are useful, together with testosterone determination, in the diagnosis of patients with ambiguous genitalia: both are low in patients with gonadal dysgenesis, including ovotesticular disorders of sex development, testosterone is low but AMH is in the normal male range or higher in patients with disorders of androgen synthesis, and both hormones are normal or high in patients with androgen insensitivity. Finally, elevation of serum AMH above normal male prepubertal levels may be indicative of rare cases of sex-cord stromal tumors or Sertoli cell-limited disturbance in the McCune Albright syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Y Edelsztein
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina P Grinspon
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Helena F Schteingart
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Onofre J, Baert Y, Faes K, Goossens E. Cryopreservation of testicular tissue or testicular cell suspensions: a pivotal step in fertility preservation. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 22:744-761. [PMID: 27566839 PMCID: PMC5099994 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germ cell depletion caused by chemical or physical toxicity, disease or genetic predisposition can occur at any age. Although semen cryopreservation is the first reflex for preserving male fertility, this cannot help out prepubertal boys. Yet, these boys do have spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) that able to produce sperm at the start of puberty, which allows them to safeguard their fertility through testicular tissue (TT) cryopreservation. SSC transplantation (SSCT), TT grafting and recent advances in in vitro spermatogenesis have opened new possibilities to restore fertility in humans. However, these techniques are still at a research stage and their efficiency depends on the amount of SSCs available for fertility restoration. Therefore, maintaining the number of SSCs is a critical step in human fertility preservation. Standardizing a successful cryopreservation method for TT and testicular cell suspensions (TCSs) is most important before any clinical application of fertility restoration could be successful. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review gives an overview of existing cryopreservation protocols used in different animal models and humans. Cell recovery, cell viability, tissue integrity and functional assays are taken into account. Additionally, biosafety and current perspectives in male fertility preservation are discussed. SEARCH METHODS An extensive PubMED and MEDline database search was conducted. Relevant studies linked to the topic were identified by the search terms: cryopreservation, male fertility preservation, (immature)testicular tissue, testicular cell suspension, spermatogonial stem cell, gonadotoxicity, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. OUTCOMES The feasibility of fertility restoration techniques using frozen-thawed TT and TCS has been proven in animal models. Efficient protocols for cryopreserving human TT exist and are currently applied in the clinic. For TCSs, the highest post-thaw viability reported after vitrification is 55.6 ± 23.8%. Yet, functional proof of fertility restoration in the human is lacking. In addition, few to no data are available on the safety aspects inherent to offspring generation with gametes derived from frozen-thawed TT or TCSs. Moreover, clarification is needed on whether it is better to cryopreserve TT or TCS. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Fertility restoration techniques are very promising and expected to be implemented in the clinic in the near future. However, inter-center variability needs to be overcome and the gametes produced for reproduction purposes need to be subjected to safety studies. With the perspective of a future clinical application, there is a dire need to optimize and standardize cryopreservation and safety testing before using frozen-thawed TT of TCSs for fertility restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Onofre
- Biology of the Testis, Research Laboratory for Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Baert
- Biology of the Testis, Research Laboratory for Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Faes
- Biology of the Testis, Research Laboratory for Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Goossens
- Biology of the Testis, Research Laboratory for Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Reda A, Hou M, Winton TR, Chapin RE, Söder O, Stukenborg JB. In vitro differentiation of rat spermatogonia into round spermatids in tissue culture. Mol Hum Reprod 2016; 22:601-12. [PMID: 27430551 PMCID: PMC5013872 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do the organ culture conditions, previously defined for in vitro murine male germ cell differentiation, also result in differentiation of rat spermatogonia into post-meiotic germ cells exhibiting specific markers for haploid germ cells? SUMMARY ANSWER We demonstrated the differentiation of rat spermatogonia into post-meiotic cells in vitro, with emphasis on exhibiting, protein markers described for round spermatids. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Full spermatogenesis in vitro from immature germ cells using an organ culture technique in mice was first reported 5 years ago. However, no studies reporting the differentiation of rat spermatogonia into post-meiotic germ cells exhibiting the characteristic protein expression profile or into functional sperm have been reported. STUDY DESIGN, SAMPLES/MATERIALS, METHODS Organ culture of testicular fragments of 5 days postpartum (dpp) neonatal rats was performed for up to 52 days. Evaluation of microscopic morphology, testosterone levels, mRNA and protein expression as measured by RT-qPCR and immunostaining were conducted to monitor germ cell differentiation in vitro. Potential effects of melatonin, Glutamax® medium, retinoic acid and the presence of epidydimal fat tissue on the spermatogenic process were evaluated. A minimum of three biological replicates were performed for all experiments presented in this study. One-way ANOVA, ANOVA on ranks and student's t-test were applied to perform the statistical analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Male germ cells, present in testicular tissue pieces grown from 5 dpp rats, exhibited positive protein expression for Acrosin and Crem (cAMP (cyclic adenosine mono phosphate) response element modulator) after 52 days of culture in vitro. Intra-testicular testosterone production could be observed after 3 days of culture, while when epididymal fat tissue was added, spontaneous contractility of cultured seminiferous tubules could be observed after 21 days. However, no supportive effect of the supplementation with any factor or the co-culturing with epididymal fat tissue on germ cell differentiation in vitro or testosterone production was observed. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The human testis is very different in physiology from the rat testis, further investigations are still needed to optimize the organ culture system for future use in humans. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The successful differentiation of undifferentiated spermatogonia using the testis explant culture system might be employed in future to produce sperm from human spermatogonia as a clinical tool for fertility preservation in boys and men suffering infertility. LARGE SCALE DATA None. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported financially by the Frimurare Barnhuset in Stockholm, the Paediatric Research Foundation, Jeanssons Foundation, Sällskåpet Barnåvard in Stockholm, Swedish Research Council/Academy of Finland, Emil and Wera Cornells Foundation, Samariten Foundation, the Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation as well as through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet. All authors declare no conflicts of interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reda
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit; Q2:08; Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hou
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit; Q2:08; Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Winton
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Drug Safety R&D, MS-8274-1336 , Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - R E Chapin
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Drug Safety R&D, MS-8274-1336 , Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - O Söder
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit; Q2:08; Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J-B Stukenborg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit; Q2:08; Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Wu H, Hauser R, Krawetz SA, Pilsner JR. Environmental Susceptibility of the Sperm Epigenome During Windows of Male Germ Cell Development. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:356-66. [PMID: 26362467 PMCID: PMC4623071 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-015-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Male germ cells require multiple epigenetic reprogramming events during their lifespan to achieve reproductive capacity. An emerging body of compelling data demonstrates that environmental exposures can be embodied within the developing male germ cell as epigenetic marks. In turn, these epigenetic marks can impart information at fertilization to affect the trajectory of offspring health and development. While it is recognized that in utero epigenetic reprogramming of male germ cells is a particularly susceptible window to environmental exposures, other such windows exist during germ cell development. The objective of this review is to discuss epigenetic reprogramming events during male germ cell development and to provide supporting evidence from animal and human studies that during specific periods of development, germ cells are susceptible to environmentally induced epigenetic errors. Moving forward, the nascent field of sperm epigenetics research is likely to advance our understanding of paternal environmental determinants of offspring health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 149 Goessmann, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Building I 14th Floor, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Building I 14th Floor, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Stephen A Krawetz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 275 East. Hancock, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - J Richard Pilsner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 149 Goessmann, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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Vassilakopoulou M, Boostandoost E, Papaxoinis G, de La Motte Rouge T, Khayat D, Psyrri A. Anticancer treatment and fertility: Effect of therapeutic modalities on reproductive system and functions. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 97:328-34. [PMID: 26481950 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant improvement of cancer treatments entailed a longer life in cancer survivors and raised expectations for higher quality of life with minimized long-term toxicity. Infertility and gonadal dysfunction are adverse effects of anticancer therapy or may be related to specific tumors. In female cancer survivors, premature ovarian failure is common after antineoplastic treatments resulting in infertility and other morbidities related to oestrogen deficiency such as osteoporosis. In male cancer survivors, infertility and persistent a zoospermia is a more common long-term adverse effect than hypogonadism because germ cells are more sensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy than leydig cells. Gonadal toxicity and compromise of reproductive functions will be more efficiently prevented and treated if addressed before treatment initiation. This review focuses on these issues in young cancer survivors of childbearing age, where methods of protecting or restoring endocrine function and fertility need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vassilakopoulou
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital 75013 Paris, France; Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Marc Jacquet, Melun, Seine et Marne, France.
| | - Erfaneh Boostandoost
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital 75013 Paris, France; Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Marc Jacquet, Melun, Seine et Marne, France
| | - George Papaxoinis
- Oncology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hippocration Hospital, University of Athens, 108V. Sophias, 11634, Greece
| | - Thibault de La Motte Rouge
- Institut Curie, Hôpital René Huguenin, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, 35 rue Dailly, Saint-Cloud, 92210, France
| | - David Khayat
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital 75013 Paris, France
| | - Amanda Psyrri
- Oncology Department, Attikon Hospital, University of Athens, 1 Rimini, 12462, Greece
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Joustra SD, van der Plas EM, Goede J, Oostdijk W, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Hack WW, van Buuren S, Wit JM. New reference charts for testicular volume in Dutch children and adolescents allow the calculation of standard deviation scores. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:e271-8. [PMID: 25664405 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM Accurate calculations of testicular volume standard deviation (SD) scores are not currently available. We constructed LMS-smoothed age-reference charts for testicular volume in healthy boys. METHODS The LMS method was used to calculate reference data, based on testicular volumes from ultrasonography and Prader orchidometer of 769 healthy Dutch boys aged 6 months to 19 years. We also explored the association between testicular growth and pubic hair development, and data were compared to orchidometric testicular volumes from the 1997 Dutch nationwide growth study. RESULTS The LMS-smoothed reference charts showed that no revision of the definition of normal onset of male puberty - from nine to 14 years of age - was warranted. In healthy boys, the pubic hair stage SD scores corresponded with testicular volume SD scores (r = 0.394). However, testes were relatively small for pubic hair stage in Klinefelter's syndrome and relatively large in immunoglobulin superfamily member 1 deficiency syndrome. CONCLUSION The age-corrected SD scores for testicular volume will aid in the diagnosis and follow-up of abnormalities in the timing and progression of male puberty and in research evaluations. The SD scores can be compared with pubic hair SD scores to identify discrepancies between cell functions that result in relative microorchidism or macroorchidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd D. Joustra
- Department of Pediatrics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden Netherlands
- Department of Medicine; Division of Endocrinology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden Netherlands
| | | | - Joery Goede
- Department of Pediatrics; Medical Centre Alkmaar; Alkmaar Netherlands
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Department of Pediatrics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden Netherlands
| | | | | | - Stef van Buuren
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO; Leiden Netherlands
- Department of Methodology and Statistics; FSBS, University of Utrecht; Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Jan M. Wit
- Department of Pediatrics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden Netherlands
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