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Morrin ST, Buck RH, Farrow M, Hickey RM. Milk-derived anti-infectives and their potential to combat bacterial and viral infection. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Joehnke MS, Lametsch R, Sørensen JC. Improved in vitro digestibility of rapeseed napin proteins in mixtures with bovine beta-lactoglobulin. Food Res Int 2019; 123:346-354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Joehnke MS, Rehder A, Sørensen S, Bjergegaard C, Sørensen JC, Markedal KE. In Vitro Digestibility of Rapeseed and Bovine Whey Protein Mixtures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:711-719. [PMID: 29264921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Partial replacement of animal protein sources with plant proteins is highly relevant for the food industry, but potential effects on protein digestibility need to be established. In this study, the in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of four protein sources and their mixtures (50:50 w/w ratio) was investigated using a transient pepsin hydrolysis (1 h) followed by pancreatin (1 h). The protein sources consisted of napin-rich rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) protein concentrates (RPCs; RP1, RP2) prepared in pilot scale and major bovine whey proteins (WPs; α-LA, alpha-lactalbumin; β-LG, beta-lactoglobulin). IVPD of individual protein sources was higher for WPs compared to RPCs. The RP2/β-LG mixture resulted in an unexpected high IVPD equivalent to β-LG protein alone. Protein mixtures containing RP1 showed a new IVPD response type due to the negative influence of a high trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) level. Improved IVPD of RP1 alone and in protein mixtures was obtained by lowering the TIA level using dithiothreitol (DTT). These results showed that napin-rich protein products prepared by appropriate processing can be combined with specific WPs in mixtures to improve the IVPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Skejovic Joehnke
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alina Rehder
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Susanne Sørensen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Bjergegaard
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Christian Sørensen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Keld Ejdrup Markedal
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Baruzzi F, de Candia S, Quintieri L, Caputo L, De Leo F. Development of a Synbiotic Beverage Enriched with Bifidobacteria Strains and Fortified with Whey Proteins. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:640. [PMID: 28469606 PMCID: PMC5395566 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a new synbiotic beverage evaluating the ability of some bifidobacteria strains to grow in this beverage which was fortified with whey proteins up to 20 g L-1, and enriched with 10 g L-1 of prebiotic inulin or resistant starch. The ability of Bifidobacterium strains to survive for 30 days at 4°C was evaluated in two synbiotic whey protein fortified beverages formulated with 2% of whey proteins and 1% of inulin or resistant starch. Microbial growth was significantly affected by the whey protein amount as well as by the kind of prebiotic fiber. Resistant starch promoted the growth of the Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum strain and its viability under cold storage, also conferring higher sensory scores. The development of this new functional beverage will allow to carry out in vivo trials in order to validate its pre- and probiotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Baruzzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR)Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia de Candia
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR)Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Quintieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR)Bari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Caputo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR)Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca De Leo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetic and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy (IBIOM-CNR)Bari, Italy
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Cheison SC, Kulozik U. Impact of the environmental conditions and substrate pre-treatment on whey protein hydrolysis: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:418-453. [PMID: 25976220 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.959115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in solution are subject to myriad forces stemming from interactions with each other as well as with the solvent media. The role of the environmental conditions, namely pH, temperature, ionic strength remains under-estimated yet it impacts protein conformations and consequently its interaction with, and susceptibility to, the enzyme. Enzymes, being proteins are also amenable to the environmental conditions because they are either activated or denatured depending on the choice of the conditions. Furthermore, enzyme specificity is restricted to a narrow regime of optimal conditions while opportunities outside the optimum conditions remain untapped. In addition, the composition of protein substrate (whether mixed or single purified) have been underestimated in previous studies. In addition, protein pre-treatment methods like heat denaturation prior to hydrolysis is a complex phenomenon whose progression is influenced by the environmental conditions including the presence or absence of sugars like lactose, ionic strength, purity of the protein, and the molecular structure of the mixed proteins particularly presence of free thiol groups. In this review, we revisit protein hydrolysis with a focus on the impact of the hydrolysis environment and show that preference of peptide bonds and/or one protein over another during hydrolysis is driven by the environmental conditions. Likewise, heat-denaturing is a process which is dependent on not only the environment but the presence or absence of other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Kulozik
- b Chair for Food Process Engineering and Dairy Technology Department , ZIEL Technology Section, Technische Universität München , Weihenstephaner Berg 1, Freising , Germany
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Osman A, Goda HA, Abdel-Hamid M, Badran SM, Otte J. Antibacterial peptides generated by Alcalase hydrolysis of goat whey. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Brandelli A, Daroit DJ, Corrêa APF. Whey as a source of peptides with remarkable biological activities. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Dairy-derived antimicrobial peptides: Action mechanisms, pharmaceutical uses and production proposals. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sedaghati M, Ezzatpanah H, Mashhadiakbar Boojar M, Tajabadi Ebrahimi M, Aminafshar M. Plasmin-digest of β-lactoglobulin with antibacterial properties. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2014.893998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Demers-Mathieu V, Gauthier SF, Britten M, Fliss I, Robitaille G, Jean J. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes growth in Cheddar cheese by an anionic peptides-enriched extract from whey proteins. Int Dairy J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Théolier J, Hammami R, Labelle P, Fliss I, Jean J. Isolation and identification of antimicrobial peptides derived by peptic cleavage of whey protein isolate. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Griffiths MW, Tellez AM. Lactobacillus helveticus: the proteolytic system. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:30. [PMID: 23467265 PMCID: PMC3587842 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus helveticus is one of the species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) most commonly used in the production of fermented milk beverages and some types of hard cheese. The versatile nature of this bacterium is based on its highly efficient proteolytic system consisting of cell-envelope proteinases (CEPs), transport system and intracellular peptidases. Besides use of L. helveticus in cheese processing, the production of fermented milk preparations with health promoting properties has become an important industrial application. Studies have shown that fermented dairy products are able to decrease blood pressure, stimulate the immune system, promote calcium absorption, and exert an anti-virulent effect against pathogens. These beneficial effects are produced by a variety of peptides released during the hydrolysis of milk proteins by the proteolytic system of L. helveticus, which provides the bacterium with its nutritional requirements for growth. In recent years, studies have focused on understanding the factors that affect the kinetics of milk protein hydrolysis by specific strains and have concentrated on the effect of pH, temperature, growth phase, and matrix composition on the bacterial enzymatic system. This review focuses on the role of the proteolytic system of L. helveticus in the production of bioactive compounds formed during fermentation of dairy products. Taking advantage of the powerful proteolytic system of this bacterium opens up future opportunities to search for novel food-derived compounds with potential health promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. W. Griffiths
- Department of Food Science, Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
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Demers-Mathieu V, Gauthier SF, Britten M, Fliss I, Robitaille G, Jean J. Antibacterial activity of peptides extracted from tryptic hydrolyzate of whey protein by nanofiltration. Int Dairy J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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da Cruz SH, Batistote M, Ernandes JR. Effect of Sugar Catabolite Repression in Correlation with the Structural Complexity of the Nitrogen Source on Yeast Growth and Fermentation. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2003.tb00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cruz SH, Cilli EM, Ernandes JR. Structural Complexity of the Nitrogen Source and Influence on Yeast Growth and Fermentation. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2002.tb00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Antibacterial peptides derived from caprine whey proteins, by digestion with human gastrointestinal juice. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:896-905. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Peptides in caprine whey were identified afterin vitrodigestion with human gastrointestinal enzymes in order to determine their antibacterial effect. The digestion was performed in two continuing steps using human gastric juice (pH 2·5) and human duodenal juice (pH 8) at 37°C. After digestion the hydrolysate was fractionated and 106 peptides were identified. From these results, twenty-two peptides, located in the protein molecules, were synthesised and antibacterial activity examined. Strong activity of the hydrolysates was detected againstEscherichia coliK12,Bacillus cereusRT INF01 andListeria monocytogenes, less activity againstStaphylococcus aureusATCC 25 923 and no effect onLactobacillus rhamnosusGG. The pure peptides showed less antibacterial effect than the hydrolysates. When comparing the peptide sequences from human gastrointestinal enzymes with previously identified peptides from non-human enzymes, only two peptides, β-lactoglobulin f(92–100) and β-casein f(191–205) matched. No peptides corresponded to the antibacterial caprine lactoferricin f(14–42) or lactoferrampin C f(268–284). Human gastrointestinal enzymes seem to be more complex and have different cleavage points in their protein chains compared with purified non-human enzymes. Multiple sequence alignment of nineteen peptides showed proline-rich sequences, neighbouring leucines, resulting in a consensus sequence LTPVPELK. In such a way proline and leucine may restrict further proteolytic processing. The present study showed that human gastrointestinal enzymes generated different peptides from caprine whey compared with non-human enzymes and a stronger antibacterial effect of the hydrolysates than the pure peptides was shown. Antimicrobial activity against pathogens but not against probiotics indicate a possible host-protective activity of whey.
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Tantoush Z, Stanic D, Stojadinovic M, Ognjenovic J, Mihajlovic L, Atanaskovic-Markovic M, Cirkovic Velickovic T. Digestibility and allergenicity of β-lactoglobulin following laccase-mediated cross-linking in the presence of sour cherry phenolics. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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BENKERROUM NOREDDINE. Antimicrobial peptides generated from milk proteins: a survey and prospects for application in the food industry. A review. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2010.00584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Kamau SM, Cheison SC, Chen W, Liu XM, Lu RR. Alpha-Lactalbumin: Its Production Technologies and Bioactive Peptides. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Jung HJ, Min BK, Kwak HS. Physiological Effects of Casein-derived Bioactive Peptides. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2009. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2009.29.6.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Brück WM, Graverholt G, Gibson GR. Use of batch culture and a two-stage continuous culture system to study the effect of supplemental alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide on mixed populations of human gut bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 41:231-7. [PMID: 19709257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain milk factors can promote the growth of a host-friendly gastrointestinal microflora. This may explain why breast-fed infants experience fewer intestinal infections than their formula-fed counterparts. The effect of formula supplementation with two such factors was investigated in this study. Infant faecal specimens were used to ferment formulas supplemented with glycomacropeptide and alpha-lactalbumin in a two-stage compound continuous culture model. Bacteriology was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Vessels that contained breast milk as well as alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide had stable counts of bifidobacteria while lactobacilli increased significantly only in vessels with breast milk. Bacteroides, clostridia and Escherichia coli decreased significantly in all runs. Acetate was the principal acid found along with high amounts of propionate and lactate. Supplementation of infant formulas with appropriate milk proteins may be useful in simulating the beneficial bacteriological effects of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram M Brück
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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Stanic D, Radosavljevic J, Polovic N, Jadranin M, Popovic M, Vuckovic O, Burazer L, Jankov R, Velickovic TC. Removal of N-terminal peptides from β-lactoglobulin by proteolytic contaminants in a commercial phenol oxidase preparation. Int Dairy J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Liu Z, Dong S, Xu J, Zeng M, Song H, Zhao Y. Production of cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide by digestion of oyster (Crassostrea gigas) with alcalase and bromelin. Food Control 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hernández-Ledesma B, Recio I, Amigo L. β-Lactoglobulin as source of bioactive peptides. Amino Acids 2007; 35:257-65. [PMID: 17726638 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg) is currently an important source of biologically active peptides. These peptides are inactive within the sequence of the precursor protein, but they can be released by in vivo or in vitro enzymatic proteolysis. Once released, these peptides play important roles in the human health, including antihypertensive, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities as well as opioid-like features and ability to decrease the body-cholesterol levels. Bioactive peptides derived from beta-Lg are currently a point of intensive research. Their structure, biological significance and mechanism of action are briefly presented and discussed in this review.
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Mountzouris KC, McCartney AL, Gibson GR. Intestinal microflora of human infants and current trends for its nutritional modulation. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/bjn2002563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Diet, among other environmental and genetic factors, is currently recognised to have an important role in health and disease. There is increasing evidence that the human colonic microbiota can contribute positively towards host nutrition and health. As such, dietary modulation has been proposed as important for improved gut health, especially during the highly sensitive stage of infancy. Differences in gut microflora composition and incidence of infection occur between breast- and formula-fed infants. Human milk components that cannot be duplicated in infant formulae could possibly account for these differences. However, various functional food ingredients such as oligosaccharides, prebiotics, proteins and probiotics could effect a beneficial modification in the composition and activities of gut microflora of infants. The aim of the present review is to describe existing knowledge on the composition and metabolic activities of the gastrointestinal microflora of human infants and discuss various possibilities and opportunities for its nutritional modulation.
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Brück WM, Redgrave M, Tuohy KM, Lönnerdal B, Graverholt G, Hernell O, Gibson GR. Effects of bovine alpha-lactalbumin and casein glycomacropeptide-enriched infant formulae on faecal microbiota in healthy term infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 43:673-9. [PMID: 17130747 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000232019.79025.8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Certain milk factors may promote the growth of a host-friendly gastrointestinal microbiota, for example, one that is predominated by bifidobacteria, a perceived health-promoting genus. This may explain why breast-fed infants experience fewer intestinal infections than their formula-fed counterparts who are believed to have a more diverse microbiota, which is similar to that of adults. The effects of formulas supplemented with 2 such ingredients from bovine milk, alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-lac) and casein glycomacropeptide (GMP), on gut flora were investigated in this study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Six-week-old (4-8 wk), healthy term infants were randomised to a standard infant formula or 1 of 2 test formulae enriched in alpha-lac with higher or lower GMP until 6 months. Faecal bacteriology was determined by the culture-independent procedure fluorescence in situ hybridisation. RESULTS There was a large fluctuation of bacterial counts within groups with no statistically significant differences between groups. Although all groups showed a predominance of bifidobacteria, breast-fed infants had a small temporary increase in counts. Other bacterial levels varied in formula-fed groups, which overall showed an adult-like faecal microflora. CONCLUSIONS It can be speculated that a prebiotic effect for alpha-lac and GMP is achieved only with low starting populations of beneficial microbiota (eg, infants not initially breast-fed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram M Brück
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
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López Expósito I, Recio I. Antibacterial activity of peptides and folding variants from milk proteins. Int Dairy J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Chenal A, Vernier G, Savarin P, Bushmarina NA, Gèze A, Guillain F, Gillet D, Forge V. Conformational states and thermodynamics of alpha-lactalbumin bound to membranes: a case study of the effects of pH, calcium, lipid membrane curvature and charge. J Mol Biol 2005; 349:890-905. [PMID: 15893324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of the conformational changes of bovine alpha-lactalbumin, switching from soluble states to membrane-bound states, deepens our knowledge of the behaviour of amphitropic proteins. The binding and the membrane-bound conformations of alpha-lactalbumin are highly sensitive to environmental factors, like calcium and proton concentrations, curvature and charge of the lipid membrane. The interactions between the protein and the membrane result from a combination of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions and the respective weights of these interactions depend on the physicochemical conditions. As inferred by macroscopic as well as residue-level methods, the conformations of the membrane-bound protein range from native-like to molten globule-like states. However, the regions anchoring the protein to the membrane are similar and restricted to amphiphilic alpha-helices. H/(2)H-exchange experiments also yield residue-level data that constitute comprehensive information providing a new point of view on the thermodynamics of the interactions between the protein and the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chenal
- Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5090, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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Brück WM, Graverholt G, Gibson GR. A two-stage continuous culture system to study the effect of supplemental alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide on mixed cultures of human gut bacteria challenged with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella serotype Typhimurium. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95:44-53. [PMID: 12807453 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Certain milk factors may promote the growth of a gastrointestinal microflora predominated by bifidobacteria and may aid in overcoming enteric infections. This may explain why breast-fed infants experience fewer intestinal infections than their formula-fed counterparts. The effect of formula supplementation with two such factors was investigated in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS Infant faecal specimens were used to ferment formulae supplemented with glycomacropeptide (GMP) and alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-la) in a two-stage compound continuous culture model. At steady state, all fermenter vessels were inoculated with 5 ml of 0.1 m phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) containing 108 CFU ml-1 of either enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 2348/69 (O127:H6) or Salmonella serotype Typhimurium (DSMZ 5569). Bacteriology was determined by independent fluorescence in situ hybridization. Vessels that contained breast milk (BM), as well as alpha-la and GMP supplemented formula had stable total counts of bifidobacteria while lactobacilli increased significantly only in vessels with breast milk. Bacteroides, clostridia and E. coli decreased significantly in all three groups prior to pathogen addition. Escherichia coli counts decreased in vessels containing BM and alpha-la while Salmonella decreased significantly in all vessels containing BM, alpha-la and GMP. Acetate was the predominant acid. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Supplementation of infant formulae with appropriate milk proteins may be useful in mimicking the beneficial bacteriological effects of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Brück
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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Brück WM, Kelleher SL, Gibson GR, Nielsen KE, Chatterton DEW, Lönnerdal B. rRNA probes used to quantify the effects of glycomacropeptide and alpha-lactalbumin supplementation on the predominant groups of intestinal bacteria of infant rhesus monkeys challenged with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 37:273-80. [PMID: 12960649 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200309000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Certain milk factors may help to promote the growth of a host-friendly colonic microflora (e.g. bifidobacteria, lactobacilli) and explain why breast-fed infants experience fewer and milder intestinal infections than those who are formula-fed. The effects of supplementation of formula with two such milk factors was investigated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Infant rhesus macaques were breast-fed, fed control formula, or formula supplemented with glycomacropeptide (GMP) or alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA) from birth to 5 months of age. Blood was drawn monthly and rectal swabs were collected weekly. At 4.5 months of age, 10(8) colony-forming units of enteropathogenic E.coli O127, strain 2349/68 (EPEC) was given orally and the response to infection assessed. The bacteriology of rectal swabs pre- and post-infection was determined by culture independent fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS Post-challenge, breast-fed infants and infants fed alpha-LA-supplemented formula had no diarrhea, whilst those infants fed GMP-supplemented formula had intermittent diarrhea. In infants fed control formula the diarrhea was acute. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of infant formula with appropriate milk proteins may be useful for improving the infant's ability to resist acute infection caused by E.coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram M Brück
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
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Pihlanto A, Korhonen H. Bioactive peptides and proteins. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2003; 47:175-276. [PMID: 14639784 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(03)47004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pihlanto
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Food Research, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
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da Silva MC, Bertolini MC, Ernandes JR. Biomass production and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes are influenced by the structural complexity of the nitrogen source in Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus nidulans. J Basic Microbiol 2002; 41:269-80. [PMID: 11688213 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4028(200110)41:5<269::aid-jobm269>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The structural complexity of the nitrogen sources strongly affects biomass production and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes in filamentous fungi. Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus nidulans were grown in media containing glucose or starch, and supplemented with a nitrogen source varying from a single ammonium salt (ammonium sulfate) to free amino acids (casamino acids), peptides (peptone) and protein (gelatin). In glucose, when the initial pH was adjusted to 5.0, for both microorganisms, higher biomass production occurred upon supplementation with a nitrogen source in the peptide form (peptone and gelatin). With a close to neutrality pH, biomass accumulation was lower only in the presence of the ammonium salt. When grown in starch, biomass accumulation and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes (amylolytic and proteolytic) by Fusarium also depended on the nature of the nitrogen supplement and the pH. When the initial pH was adjusted to 5.0, higher growth and higher amylolytic activities were detected in the media supplemented with peptone, gelatin and casamino acids. However, at pH 7.0, higher biomass accumulation and higher amylolytic activities were observed upon supplementation with peptone or gelatin. Ammonium sulfate and casamino acids induced a lower production of biomass, and a different level of amylolytic enzyme secretion: high in ammonium sulfate and low in casamino acids. Secretion of proteolytic activity was always higher in the media supplemented with peptone and gelatin. Aspergillus, when grown in starch, was not as dependent as Fusarium on the nature of nitrogen source or the pH. The results described in this work indicate that the metabolism of fungi is regulated not only by pH, but also by the level of structural complexity of the nitrogen source in correlation to the carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), PO Box 335, 14801-970-Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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