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Ekundayo TC, Okoh AI. Antimicrobial resistance in freshwater Plesiomonas shigelloides isolates: Implications for environmental pollution and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113493. [PMID: 31753632 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is known to impact treatment efficiency of Plesiomonas infections negatively with fatal outcomes. This study investigated antibiogram fingerprint of P. shigelloides (n = 182) isolated from three South Africa rivers using the disc diffusion technique. Environmental pollution and analogous health risk (given infections) that could associate with the freshwaters and empirical treatment of Plesiomonas were assessed using Antibiotic Resistance Index (ARI) and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Indices (MARI), respectively. Thirteen EUCAST recommended (ERAs) and eleven non-recommended antibiotics (NAs) used as first line agents in the treatment of gastroenteritis and extraintestinal infections were tested. Resistance against ERAs decreased from cefoxitin (37.91%), cefuroxime (35.17%), cefepime (31.87%), ceftriaxone (29.67%), ciprofloxacin (18.13%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (10.44%), piperacillin/tazobactam (8.79%), ertapenem (4.95%), norfloxacin (4.40%), levofloxacin (2.75%), meropenem (1.10%) to imipenem (0.55%). The isolates had higher resistance (≥36.07%) against NAs but were susceptible to amikacin (67.58%), gentamycin (73.08%), and tetracycline (80.77%). MARI of the isolates were significantly different between ERAs and NAs (P-value < 0.05) and had an average of 0.17 ± 0.18 and 0.45 ± 0.13, respectively. About 33.87% and 95.63% of the isolates had MARI value from 0.23 to 0.62 and 0.27-0.82 to ERAs and NAs, respectively. Also, ERAs-based and NAs-based ARI across sampling units showed significantly different (P-value < 0.05) means of 0.18 ± 0.09 and 0.46 ± 0.05, respectively. MARI attributed low risk of empirical treatment to recommended antibiotics but higher risk to non-recommended antibiotics. Model estimated successful and unsuccessful empirical treatment of infections risks due to resistance in the isolates using recommended antibiotics as 65.93% and 34.07%, respectively; 1.65% and 98.35% in the case of non-recommended antibiotics, respectively. ARI based on recommended antibiotics identified potential environmental pollutions in a number of sites. Resistance in freshwater P. shigelloides especially against cephalosporin, quinolones and fluoroquinolones is distressing and might suggests high pollution of the freshwaters in the Eastern Cape Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria.
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Abstract
After many years in the family Vibrionaceae, the genus Plesiomonas, represented by a single species, P. shigelloides, currently resides in the family Enterobacteriaceae, although its most appropriate phylogenetic position may yet to be determined. Common environmental reservoirs for plesiomonads include freshwater ecosystems and estuaries and inhabitants of these aquatic environs. Long suspected as being an etiologic agent of bacterial gastroenteritis, convincing evidence supporting this conclusion has accumulated over the past 2 decades in the form of a series of foodborne outbreaks solely or partially attributable to P. shigelloides. The prevalence of P. shigelloides enteritis varies considerably, with higher rates reported from Southeast Asia and Africa and lower numbers from North America and Europe. Reasons for these differences may include hygiene conditions, dietary habits, regional occupations, or other unknown factors. Other human illnesses caused by P. shigelloides include septicemia and central nervous system disease, eye infections, and a variety of miscellaneous ailments. For years, recognizable virulence factors potentially associated with P. shigelloides pathogenicity were lacking; however, several good candidates now have been reported, including a cytotoxic hemolysin, iron acquisition systems, and lipopolysaccharide. While P. shigelloides is easy to identify biochemically, it is often overlooked in stool samples due to its smaller colony size or relatively low prevalence in gastrointestinal samples. However, one FDA-approved PCR-based culture-independent diagnostic test system to detect multiple enteropathogens (FilmArray) includes P. shigelloides on its panel. Plesiomonads produce β-lactamases but are typically susceptible to many first-line antimicrobial agents, including quinolones and carbapenems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Janda
- Kern County Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health Services, Bakersfield, California, USA
| | - Sharon L Abbott
- Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Christopher J McIver
- Microbiology Department (SEALS), St. George Hospital, Kogarah, and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia
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Didugu H, Thirtham M, Nelapati K, Reddy KK, Kumbhar BS, Poluru A, Pothanaboyina G. A study on the prevalence of Aeromonas spp. and its enterotoxin genes in samples of well water, tap water, and bottled water. Vet World 2015; 8:1237-42. [PMID: 27047024 PMCID: PMC4774662 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1237-1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of Aeromonas spp. and its enterotoxin genes in various water sources. MATERIALS AND METHODS 125 samples (50 from well water, 50 from tap water, and 25 from bottled water) were collected from various sources in and around Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation and examined for the presence of aeromonads by both cultural and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Alkaline peptone water with ampicillin was used as enrichment. Aeromonas isolation medium and ampicillin dextrin agar were used as selective media. The boiling and snap chilling method was used for DNA extraction. Primers targeted against 16S rRNA, aer, and ast were used to identify aeromonads and its enterotoxins. RESULTS 48%, 18%, and 12% of well water, tap water, and bottled water samples were found positive by cultural assay with an overall prevalence of 28.8%. Aeromonads were detected in 32 % (52% in well water, 20% in tap water, and 16% in bottled water) of samples by PCR assay. Aerolysin (aer) gene was noticed in 34.6%, 20%, and 0% of well water, tap water, and bottled water samples, respectively, with an overall prevalence of 27.5%. Thermostable cytotonic enterotoxin (ast) was observed in 37.5% (42.3% in well water, 30% in tap water, and 25% in bottled mineral water) of samples. CONCLUSIONS Presence of aeromonads and its toxin genes in various sources of water is of public health concern and emphasizes the need for necessary preventive measures to tackle the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hareesh Didugu
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Madhavarao Thirtham
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Krishnaiah Nelapati
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Telangana, India
| | - K Kondal Reddy
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, Sri P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana State University for Veterinary, Animal and Fishery Sciences, Rajendranagar, Telangana, India
| | - Baba Saheb Kumbhar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Telangana, India
| | - Anusha Poluru
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Telangana, India
| | - Guruvishnu Pothanaboyina
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Silva CM, Evangelista-Barreto NS, Vieira RHSDF, Mendonça KV, Sousa OVD. Population dynamics and antimicrobial susceptibility of Aeromonas spp. along a salinity gradient in an urban estuary in Northeastern Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 89:96-101. [PMID: 25455376 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to quantify population and identify culturable species of Aeromonas in sediment and surface water collected along a salinity gradient in an urban estuary in Northeastern Brazil. Thirty sediment samples and 30 water samples were collected from 3 sampling locations (A, B and C) between October 2007 and April 2008. The Aeromonas count was 10-7050CFU/mL (A), 25-38,500CFU/mL (B) and<10CFU/mL (C) for water samples, and ∼100-37,500CFU/g (A), 1200-43,500CFU/g (B) and<10CFU/g (C) for sediment samples. Five species (Aeromonas caviae, A. sobria, A. trota, A. salmonicida and A. allosaccharophila) were identified among 41 isolates. All strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone, whereas 33 (80, 4%) strains were resistant to at least 2 of the 9 antibiotics tested. Resistance to erythromycin was mostly plasmidial. In conclusion, due to pollution, the Cocó River is contaminated by pathogenic strains of Aeromonas spp. with a high incidence of antibacterial resistance, posing a serious risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Magalhães Silva
- Federal University of Ceara, Pos-Graduate Program of Engineering of Fish, Av. Mister Hull, s/n, Campus do Pici, Bloco 848, 60021-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Norma Suely Evangelista-Barreto
- Federal University of Reconcavo Baiano CCAAB - Center for Research on Fisheries and Aquaculture (NEPA), Campus Universitário, 44380-000 Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Kamila Vieira Mendonça
- Institute of Marine Science, Av. da Abolição, 3207, Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Oscarina Viana de Sousa
- Institute of Marine Science, Av. da Abolição, 3207, Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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DA SILVA MIRIAMLOPES, ROGÉRIO MATTÉ GLAVUR, GERMANO PEDROMANUELLEAL, MATTÉ MARIAHELENA. OCCURRENCE OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS IN FISH SOLD IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL. J Food Saf 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2009.00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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González-Rodríguez N, Santos JA, Otero A, García-López ML. Cell-associated hemolytic activity in environmental strains of Plesiomonas shigelloides expressing cell-free, iron-influenced extracellular hemolysin. J Food Prot 2007; 70:885-90. [PMID: 17477257 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.4.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hemolysis is a means of providing pathogenic bacteria with heme iron in vivo. In a previous work, iron-influenced hemolytic activity against sheep erythrocytes was detected in cell-free supernatants, but not in the cell fraction of two environmental Plesiomonas shigelloides strains incubated without shaking. Both strains have the hugA gene, which encodes an outer membrane receptor required for heme iron utilization. The present study was undertaken to investigate the expression of a second hemolytic activity detected during aerated incubation in normal and iron-depleted tryptone soya broth (id-TSB). An agar overlay procedure and doubling dilution titrations were employed to detect the hemolytic activity against several erythrocyte species. The kinetics of growth and hemolytic activity were assayed at 35 degrees C in aerated normal and id-TSB and salmon extract. Overlaid colonies showed a cell-associated beta-hemolytic activity within 4 h. For aerated cell-free supernatants, titers above 16 were not attained until 30 to 48 h of incubation; the best activity was noted with dog and mouse erythrocytes. After 24 h of aerated incubation, sonicated cells yielded high hemolytic activity against dog erythrocytes without activity in supernatants, but after 48 h, only 28 to 30% of the total activity remained cell associated. The hemolytic factor was released in broths during the death phase. Hemolytic activity was not detected in fish extract. This and other studies suggest that P. shigelloides may produce at least two hemolytic factors, their expression and detection being influenced by environmental growth conditions and testing procedures. The overlay assay appears to be the best routine method for detecting hemolytic activity in P. shigelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves González-Rodríguez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ledn, E-24071-León, Spain
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Patra M, Pandey SK, Ramamurthy T, Singh DV, Das SK. Characterization of cytotoxin-producing Aeromonas caviae (strain HT10) isolated from a sulfur spring in Orissa, India. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 44:338-41. [PMID: 17309514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During a study of microbial diversity, a bacterial strain designated HT10, was isolated from sediment collected from an unexplored sulfur spring at Athamallik, Orissa, India. Various biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that strain HT10 is Aeromonas caviae. The growth temperature of this strain ranged from 12 to 43 degrees C and the optimum temperature was 30 degrees C. The strain HT10 showed cytotoxic and alpha-hemolytic activity. This is the first report on the isolation of Aeromonas caviae from sulfur spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patra
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
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