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Guo HZ, Wang D, Yang HT, Wu YL, Li YC, Xia GH, Zhang XY. Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a pH-Stable Chitinase from Micromonospora aurantiaca with a Potential Application in Chitin Degradation. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:287. [PMID: 38921598 PMCID: PMC11204758 DOI: 10.3390/md22060287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
To promote the bioconversion of marine chitin waste into value-added products, we expressed a novel pH-stable Micromonospora aurantiaca-derived chitinase, MaChi1, in Escherichia coli and subsequently purified, characterized, and evaluated it for its chitin-converting capacity. Our results indicated that MaChi1 is of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 18 with a molecular weight of approximately 57 kDa, consisting of a GH18 catalytic domain and a cellulose-binding domain. We recorded its optimal activity at pH 5.0 and 55 °C. It exhibited excellent stability in a wide pH range of 3.0-10.0. Mg2+ (5 mM), and dithiothreitol (10 mM) significantly promoted MaChi1 activity. MaChi1 exhibited broad substrate specificity and hydrolyzed chitin, chitosan, cellulose, soluble starch, and N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides with polymerization degrees ranging from three to six. Moreover, MaChi1 exhibited an endo-type cleavage pattern, and it could efficiently convert colloidal chitin into N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and (GlcNAc)2 with yields of 227.2 and 505.9 mg/g chitin, respectively. Its high chitin-degrading capacity and exceptional pH tolerance makes it a promising tool with potential applications in chitin waste treatment and bioactive oligosaccharide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Zhong Guo
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
| | - Dou Wang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
| | - Hui-Ting Yang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
| | - Yu-Le Wu
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
| | - Yong-Cheng Li
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
| | - Guang-Hua Xia
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction for Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xue-Ying Zhang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction for Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Thakur D, Chauhan A, Jhilta P, Kaushal R, Dipta B. Microbial chitinases and their relevance in various industries. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:29-53. [PMID: 35972681 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00999-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after cellulose, is composed of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) units. It is widely distributed in nature, especially as a structural polysaccharide in the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and nematodes. However, the principal commercial source of chitin is the shells of marine or freshwater invertebrates. Microbial chitinases are largely responsible for chitin breakdown in nature, and they play an important role in the ecosystem's carbon and nitrogen balance. Several microbial chitinases have been characterized and are gaining prominence for their applications in various sectors. The current review focuses on chitinases of microbial origin, their diversity, and their characteristics. The applications of chitinases in several industries such as agriculture, food, the environment, and pharmaceutical sectors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Thakur
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prakriti Jhilta
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kaushal
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bhawna Dipta
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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3
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Wang C, Chen X, Zhou N, Chen Y, Zhang A, Chen K, Ouyang P. Property and Function of a Novel Chitinase Containing Dual Catalytic Domains Capable of Converting Chitin Into N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:790301. [PMID: 35283860 PMCID: PMC8908422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.790301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multifunctional chitinase (CmChi3)-encoding gene was cloned from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis and actively expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis showed that CmChi3 contains two glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18) catalytic domains and exhibited low identity with well-characterized chitinases. The optimum pH and temperature of purified recombinant CmChi3 were 6.0 and 50°C, respectively. CmChi3 exhibited strict substrate specificity of 4.1 U/mg toward colloidal chitin (CC) and hydrolyzed it to yield N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) as the sole end product. An analysis of the hydrolysis products toward N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (N-acetyl COSs) and CC substrates revealed that CmChi3 exhibits endochitinase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase), and transglycosylase (TGase) activities. Further studies revealed that the N-terminal catalytic domain of CmChi3 exhibited endo-acting and NAGase activities, while the C-terminal catalytic domain showed exo-acting and TGase activities. The hydrolytic properties and favorable environmental adaptations indicate that CmChi3 holds potential for commercial GlcNAc production from chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueman Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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Ali NS, Syafiq TM, Saad MM. Induction of Hydrolytic Enzymes: A Criterion for Biological Control Candidates against Fungal Pathogen. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04805-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Poria V, Rana A, Kumari A, Grewal J, Pranaw K, Singh S. Current Perspectives on Chitinolytic Enzymes and Their Agro-Industrial Applications. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1319. [PMID: 34943233 PMCID: PMC8698876 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases are a large and diversified category of enzymes that break down chitin, the world's second most prevalent polymer after cellulose. GH18 is the most studied family of chitinases, even though chitinolytic enzymes come from a variety of glycosyl hydrolase (GH) families. Most of the distinct GH families, as well as the unique structural and catalytic features of various chitinolytic enzymes, have been thoroughly explored to demonstrate their use in the development of tailor-made chitinases by protein engineering. Although chitin-degrading enzymes may be found in plants and other organisms, such as arthropods, mollusks, protozoans, and nematodes, microbial chitinases are a promising and sustainable option for industrial production. Despite this, the inducible nature, low titer, high production expenses, and susceptibility to severe environments are barriers to upscaling microbial chitinase production. The goal of this study is to address all of the elements that influence microbial fermentation for chitinase production, as well as the purifying procedures for attaining high-quality yield and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Poria
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendargarh 123031, India; (V.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Anuj Rana
- Department of Microbiology (COBS & H), CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India;
| | - Arti Kumari
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendargarh 123031, India; (V.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Jasneet Grewal
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, 102-096 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Kumar Pranaw
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, 102-096 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Surender Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendargarh 123031, India; (V.P.); (A.K.)
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6
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Akram F, Akram R, Ikram Ul Haq, Nawaz A, Jabbar Z, Ahmed Z. Biotechnological Eminence of Chitinases: A Focus on Thermophilic Enzyme Sources, Production Strategies and Prominent Applications. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1009-1022. [PMID: 33602064 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210218215359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, is a constantly valuable and renewable raw material after cellulose. Due to advancement in technology, industrial interest has grown to take advantage of the chitin. OBJECTIVE Now, biomass is being treated with diverse microbial enzymes or cells for the production of desired products under best industrial conditions. Glycosidic bonds in chitin structure are degraded by chitinase enzymes, which are characterized into number of glycoside hydrolase (GHs) families. METHODS Thermophilic microorganisms are remarkable sources of industrially important thermostable enzymes, having ability to survive harsh industrial processing conditions. Thermostable chitinases have an edge over mesophilic chitinases as they can hydrolyse the substrate at relatively high temperatures and exhibit decreased viscosity, significantly reduced contamination risk, thermal and chemical stability and increased solubility. Various methods are employed to purify the enzyme and increase its yield by optimizing various parameters such as temperature, pH, agitation, and by investigating the effect of different chemicals and metal ions etc. Results: Thermostable chitinase enzymes show high specific activity at elevated temperature which distinguish them from mesophiles. Genetic engineering can be used for further improvement of natural chitinases, and unlimited potential for the production of thermophilic chitinases has been highlighted due to advancement in synthetic biological techniques. Thermostable chitinases are then used in different fields such as bioremediation, medicine, agriculture and pharmaceuticals. CONCLUSION This review will provide information about chitinases, biotechnological potential of thermostable enzyme and the methods by which they are being produced and optimized for several industrial applications. Some of the applications of thermostable chitinases have also been briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Rabia Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
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Singh RV, Sambyal K, Negi A, Sonwani S, Mahajan R. Chitinases production: A robust enzyme and its industrial applications. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1883004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Anjali Negi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Shubham Sonwani
- Department of Biosciences, Christian Eminent College, Indore, India
| | - Ritika Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bengaluru, India
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8
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Characterization of chitinase from Shewanella inventionis HE3 with bio-insecticidal effect against granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Mathew GM, Madhavan A, Arun KB, Sindhu R, Binod P, Singhania RR, Sukumaran RK, Pandey A. Thermophilic Chitinases: Structural, Functional and Engineering Attributes for Industrial Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:142-164. [PMID: 32827066 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is the second most widely found natural polymer next to cellulose. Chitinases degrade the insoluble chitin to bioactive chitooligomers and monomers for various industrial applications. Based on their function, these enzymes act as biocontrol agents against pathogenic fungi and invasive pests compared with conventional chemical fungicides and insecticides. They have other functional roles in shellfish waste management, fungal protoplast generation, and Single-Cell Protein production. Among the chitinases, thermophilic and thermostable chitinases are gaining popularity in recent years, as they can withstand high temperatures and maintain the enzyme stability for longer periods. Not all chitinases are thermostable; hence, tailor-made thermophilic chitinases are designed to enhance their thermostability by direct evolution, genetic engineering involving mutagenesis, and proteomics approach. Although research has been done extensively on cloning and expression of thermophilic chitinase genes, there are only few papers discussing on the mechanism of chitin degradation using thermophiles. The current review discusses the sources of thermophilic chitinases, improvement of protein stability by gene manipulation, metagenomics approaches, chitin degradation mechanism in thermophiles, and their prospective applications for industrial, agricultural, and pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gincy M Mathew
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014, India
| | - K B Arun
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, India
| | | | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
- Frontier Research Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Subramanian K, Sadaiappan B, Aruni W, Kumarappan A, Thirunavukarasu R, Srinivasan GP, Bharathi S, Nainangu P, Renuga PS, Elamaran A, Balaraman D, Subramanian M. Bioconversion of chitin and concomitant production of chitinase and N-acetylglucosamine by novel Achromobacter xylosoxidans isolated from shrimp waste disposal area. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11898. [PMID: 32681120 PMCID: PMC7368032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine pollution is a significant issue in recent decades, with the increase in industries and their waste harming the environment and ecosystems. Notably, the rise in shellfish industries contributes to tons of shellfish waste composed of up to 58% chitin. Chitin, the second most ample polymer next to cellulose, is insoluble and resistant to degradation. It requires chemical-based treatment or enzymatic hydrolysis to cleave the chitin polymers. The chemical-based treatment can lead to environmental pollution, so to solve this problem, enzymatic hydrolysis is the best option. Moreover, the resulting biopolymer by-products can be used to boost the fish immune system and also as drug delivery agents. Many marine microbial strains have chitinase producing ability. Nevertheless, we still lack an economical and highly stable chitinase enzyme for use in the industrial sector. So we isolate a novel marine bacterial strain Achromobacter xylosoxidans from the shrimp waste disposal site using chitin minimal medium. Placket-Burman and central composite design statistical models for culture condition optimisation predicted a 464.2 U/ml of chitinase production. The culture conditions were optimised for maximum chitinase production recording up to 467 U/ml. This chitinase from the A. xylosoxidans was 100% active at an optimum temperature of 45 °C (withstand up to 55 °C) and pH 8 with 80% stability. The HPLC analysis of chitinase degraded shellfish waste reveals a major amino acid profile composition-arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, alanine, threonine and low levels of isoleucine and methionine. These chitinase degraded products and by-products can be used as supplements in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaran Subramanian
- School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India.,Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
| | - Balamurugan Sadaiappan
- Plankton Ecology Laboratory, CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography, Panaji, Goa, 403004, India
| | - Wilson Aruni
- School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India.,School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | | | - Rajasekar Thirunavukarasu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
| | - Guru Prasad Srinivasan
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608502, India
| | - Selvaraj Bharathi
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Sankara Arts and Science College, Enathur, Tamil Nadu, 631561, India
| | - Prasannabalaji Nainangu
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Sankara Arts and Science College, Enathur, Tamil Nadu, 631561, India
| | | | - Anandajothi Elamaran
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608502, India.,Central Aquaculture Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture, Karaimedu, Tamil Nadu, 609109, India
| | - Deivasigamani Balaraman
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608502, India
| | - Mahendran Subramanian
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK.
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Liu C, Shen N, Wu J, Jiang M, Shi S, Wang J, Wei Y, Yang L. Cloning, expression and characterization of a chitinase from Paenibacillus chitinolyticus strain UMBR 0002. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8964. [PMID: 32411515 PMCID: PMC7207210 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chitinases are enzymes which degrade β-1,4-glycosidid linkages in chitin. The enzymatic degradation of shellfish waste (containing chitin) to chitooligosaccharides is used in industrial applications to generate high-value-added products from such waste. However, chitinases are currently produced with low efficiency and poor tolerance, limiting the industrial utility. Therefore, identifying chitinases with higher enzymatic activity and tolerance is of great importance. Methods Primers were designed using the genomic database of Paenibacillus chitinolyticus NBRC 15660. An exochitinase (CHI) was cloned into the recombinant plasmid pET-22b (+) to form pET-22b (+)-CHI, which was transformed into Escherichia coli TOP10 to construct a genomic library. Transformation was confirmed by colony-polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis. The target sequence was verified by sequencing. Recombinant pET-22b (+)-CHI was transformed into E. coli Rosetta-gami B (DE3) for expression of chitinase. Recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and enzymatic analysis was carried out. Results The exochitinase CHI from P. chitinolyticus strain UMBR 0002 was successfully cloned and heterologously expressed in E. coli Rosetta-gami B (DE3). Purification yielded a 13.36-fold enrichment and recovery yield of 72.20%. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 750.64 mU mg-1. The optimum pH and temperature for degradation of colloidal chitin were 5.0 and 45 °C, respectively. The enzyme showed high stability, retaining >70% activity at pH 4.0-10.0 and 25-45 °C (maximum of 90 min). The activity of CHI strongly increased with the addition of Ca2+, Mn2+, Tween 80 and urea. Conversely, Cu2+, Fe3+, acetic acid, isoamyl alcohol, sodium dodecyl sulfate and β-mercaptoethanol significantly inhibited enzyme activity. The oligosaccharides produced by CHI from colloidal chitin exhibited a degree of polymerization, forming N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and (GlcNAc)2 as products. Conclusions This is the first report of the cloning, heterologous expression and purification of a chitinase from P. chitinolyticus strain UMBR 0002. The results highlight CHI as a good candidate enzyme for green degradation of chitinous waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Naikun Shen
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Jiafa Wu
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Songbiao Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Jinzi Wang
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Yanye Wei
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
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12
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Kohli I, Joshi NC, Mohapatra S, Varma A. Extremophile - An Adaptive Strategy for Extreme Conditions and Applications. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:96-110. [PMID: 32655304 PMCID: PMC7324872 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921666200401105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The concurrence of microorganisms in niches that are hostile like extremes of temperature, pH, salt concentration and high pressure depends upon novel molecular mechanisms to enhance the stability of their proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and cell membranes. The structural, physiological and genomic features of extremophiles that make them capable of withstanding extremely selective environmental conditions are particularly fascinating. Highly stable enzymes exhibiting several industrial and biotechnological properties are being isolated and purified from these extremophiles. Successful gene cloning of the purified extremozymes in the mesophilic hosts has already been done. Various extremozymes such as amylase, lipase, xylanase, cellulase and protease from thermophiles, halothermophiles and psychrophiles are of industrial interests due to their enhanced stability at forbidding conditions. In this review, we made an attempt to point out the unique features of extremophiles, particularly thermophiles and psychrophiles, at the structural, genomic and proteomic levels, which allow for functionality at harsh conditions focusing on the temperature tolerance by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Kohli
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Naveen C. Joshi
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Swati Mohapatra
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Ajit Varma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
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Liu K, Ding H, Yu Y, Chen B. A Cold-Adapted Chitinase-Producing Bacterium from Antarctica and Its Potential in Biocontrol of Plant Pathogenic Fungi. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120695. [PMID: 31835449 PMCID: PMC6950295 DOI: 10.3390/md17120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain chitinase-producing microorganisms with high chitinolytic activity at low temperature, samples collected from Fildes Peninsula in Antarctica were used as sources for bioprospecting of chitinolytic microorganisms. A cold-adapted strain, designated as GWSMS-1, was isolated from marine sediment and further characterized as Pseudomonas. To improve the chitinase production, one-factor-at-a-time and orthogonal test approaches were adopted to optimize the medium components and culture conditions. The results showed that the highest chitinolytic activity (6.36 times higher than that before optimization) was obtained with 95.41 U L-1 with 15 g L-1 of glucose, 1 g L-1 of peptone, 15 g L-1 of colloid chitin and 0.25 g L-1 of magnesium ions contained in the medium, cultivated under pH 7.0 and a temperature of 20 °C. To better understand the application potential of this strain, the enzymatic properties and the antifungal activity of the crude chitinase secreted by the strain were further investigated. The crude enzyme showed the maximum catalytic activity at 35 °C and pH 4.5, and it also exhibited excellent low-temperature activity, which still displayed more than 50% of its maximal activity at 0 °C. Furthermore, the crude chitinase showed significant inhibition of fungi Verticillium dahlia CICC 2534 and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum CICC 2532, which can cause cotton wilt and cucumber blight, respectively, suggesting that strain GWSMS-1 could be a competitive candidate for biological control in agriculture, especially at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhen Liu
- College of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
- MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China;
| | - Haitao Ding
- MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China;
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (B.C.); Tel.: +86-21-5871-8663 (H.D.); +86-21-5871-1026 (B.C.)
| | - Yong Yu
- MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China;
| | - Bo Chen
- MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China;
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (B.C.); Tel.: +86-21-5871-8663 (H.D.); +86-21-5871-1026 (B.C.)
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14
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Yahiaoui M, Laribi-Habchi H, Bouacem K, Asmani KL, Mechri S, Harir M, Bendif H, Aïssani-El Fertas R, Jaouadi B. Purification and biochemical characterization of a new organic solvent-tolerant chitinase from Paenibacillus timonensis strain LK-DZ15 isolated from the Djurdjura Mountains in Kabylia, Algeria. Carbohydr Res 2019; 483:107747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Jeon CW, Kim DR, Kwak YS. Valinomycin, produced by Streptomyces sp. S8, a key antifungal metabolite in large patch disease suppressiveness. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:128. [PMID: 31375920 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Large patch disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2, is the most devastating disease in Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica). Current large patch disease control strategies rely primarily upon the use of chemical pesticides. Streptomyces sp. S8 is known to possess exceptional antagonistic properties that could potentially suppress the large patch pathogen found at turfgrass plantations. This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of using the strain as a biological control mechanism. Sequencing of the S8 strain genome revealed a valinomycin biosynthesis gene cluster. This cluster is composed of the vlm1 and vlm2 genes, which are known to produce antifungal compounds. In order to verify this finding for the large patch pathogen, a valinomycin biosynthesis knockout mutant was created via the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The mutant lost antifungal activity against the large patch pathogen. Consequently, it is anticipated that eco-friendly microbial preparations derived from the S8 strain can be utilized to biologically control large patch disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Wook Jeon
- Dvision of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Da-Ran Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Youn-Sig Kwak
- Dvision of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea. .,Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
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16
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Mohamed S, Bouacem K, Mechri S, Addou NA, Laribi-Habchi H, Fardeau ML, Jaouadi B, Bouanane-Darenfed A, Hacène H. Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel acido-halotolerant and thermostable endochitinase from Melghiribacillus thermohalophilus strain Nari2AT. Carbohydr Res 2019; 473:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Comparative biocontrol ability of chitinases from bacteria and recombinant chitinases from the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:663-671. [PMID: 30670323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbial chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) are known to hydrolyse the chitinous gut epithelium of insects and cell walls of many fungi. In this study, seven chitinases from different bacteria and fungi were produced, characterized and their biocontrol abilities against graminaceous stem borers Eldana saccharina, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis were assessed. All chitinases were stable over broad ranges of pH and temperature, however, recombinant fungal chitinases were more acid-stable than the bacterial counterparts. Chitinases from the thermophilic filamentous fungi Thermomyces lanuginosus SSBP (Chit1) and from Bacillus licheniformis (Chit lic) caused 70% and 80% mortality, respectively, in second instar larvae of E. saccharina. Six of the seven partially-purified microbial chitinases inhibited Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. alliaceus, A. ochraceus, Fusarium verticillioides and Mucor sp. Overall, microbial chitinases show promise as biocontrol agents of fungi and stalk-boring lepidopterans.
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18
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Shivalee A, Lingappa K, Mahesh D. Influence of bioprocess variables on the production of extracellular chitinase under submerged fermentation by Streptomyces pratensis strain KLSL55. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:421-426. [PMID: 30733755 PMCID: PMC6353736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases are the enzymes which are capable of hydrolyzing chitin to its monomer N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNac). Present study emphasizes on the impact of critical process variables on the production of chitinase from Streptomyces pratensis strain KLSL55. Initially the isolate was noticed to produce 84.67 IU chitinase in basal production medium. At optimization of bioprocess variables, the physical parameters pH of 8.00, 40 °C of incubation temperature, agitation speed of 160 rpm and 1.25 mL of spore suspension were found optimum for improved production of chitinase. Further, formulated production medium with 1.5% colloidal chitin, 1.25% fructose greatly influenced the chitinase production. At all described optimum conditions with formulated production media, a total of 14.30-fold increment was achieved in the chitinase production with final activity of 1210.67 IU when compared to the initial fermentation conditions in basal production medium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K. Lingappa
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Microbiology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi 585106, Karnataka, India
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Lee HJ, Lee YS, Choi YL. Cloning, purification, and characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant chitinase, MtCh509, from Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:303. [PMID: 30455732 PMCID: PMC6222997 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to use organic solvents in enzyme reactions offers a number of industrially useful advantages. However, most enzymes are almost completely inactive in the presence of organic solvents. Thus, organic solvent-tolerant enzymes have potential applications in industrial processes. RESULTS A chitinase gene from Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221 (mtch509) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The molecular weight of the expressed MtCh509 protein was approximately 60 kDa, and it was purified by His-tag affinity chromatography. Enzymatic assays showed that the optimum temperature for MtCh509 chitinase activity was 55 °C, and the enzyme was stable for 2 h at up to 50 °C. The optimum pH for MtCh509 activity was in the sub-acidic range, at pH 4.6 and 5.0. The activity of MtCh509 was maintained in presence of 1 M salt, gradually decreasing at higher concentrations, with residual activity (20%) detected after incubation in 5 M salt. Some organic solvents (benzene, DMSO, hexane, isoamyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and toluene; 10-20%, v/v) increased the reactivity of MtCh509 relative to the aqueous system. When using NAG3, as a substrate, MtCh509 produced NAG2 as the major product, as well as NAG4, demonstrating that MtCh509 has transglycosylation activity. The K m and V max values for MtCh509 using colloidal chitin as a substrate were 9.275 mg/mL and 20.4 U/mg, respectively. Thus, MtCh509 could be used in extreme industrial conditions. CONCLUSION The results of the hydrolysate analysis and the observed increase in enzyme activity in the presence of organic solvents show that MtCh509 has industrially attractive advantages. This is the first report on an organic solvent-tolerant and transglycosylating chitinase from Microbulbifer species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Lark Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
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Zhang A, He Y, Wei G, Zhou J, Dong W, Chen K, Ouyang P. Molecular characterization of a novel chitinase CmChi1 from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1 and its use in N-acetyl-d-glucosamine production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:179. [PMID: 29983742 PMCID: PMC6020246 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) possesses many bioactivities that have been used widely in many fields. The enzymatic production of GlcNAc is eco-friendly, with high yields and a mild production process compared with the traditional chemical process. Therefore, it is crucial to discover a better chitinase for GlcNAc production from chitin. RESULTS A novel chitinase gene (Cmchi1) cloned from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1 and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. The recombinant enzyme (CmChi1) contains a glycosyl hydrolase family 18 catalytic module that shows low identity (12-27%) with the corresponding domain of the well-characterized chitinases. CmChi1 was purified with a recovery yield of 89% by colloidal chitin affinity chromatography, whereupon it had a specific activity of up to 15.3 U/mg. CmChi1 had an approximate molecular mass of 70 kDa after the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its optimum activity for colloidal chitin (CC) hydrolysis occurred at pH 5.2 and 50 °C. Furthermore, CmChi1 exhibited kcat/Km values of 7.8 ± 0.11 mL/s/mg and 239.1 ± 2.6 mL/s/μmol toward CC and 4-nitrophenol N,N'-diacetyl-β-d-chitobioside [p-NP-(GlcNAc)2], respectively. Analysis of the hydrolysis products revealed that CmChi1 exhibits exo-acting, endo-acting and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activities toward N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (N-acetyl CHOS) and CC substrates, behavior that makes it different from typical reported chitinases. As a result, GlcNAc could be produced by hydrolyzing CC using recombinant CmChi1 alone with a yield of nearly 100% and separated simply from the hydrolysate with a high purity of 98%. CONCLUSION The hydrolytic properties and good environmental adaptions indicate that CmChi1 has excellent potential in commercial GlcNAc production. This is the first report on exo-acting, endo-acting and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activities from Chitinolyticbacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alei Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoguang Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kequan Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
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Junnarkar MV, Thakare PM, Yewale PP, Rahman A, Jass J, Mandal A, Nawani NN. Evaluation of Probiotic Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Different Sources in Western India. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2018.1443825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha V. Junnarkar
- Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Prasad M. Thakare
- Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Priti P. Yewale
- Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Aminur Rahman
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Jana Jass
- The Life Science Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Abul Mandal
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Neelu N. Nawani
- Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
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Sosnowska ME, Jankiewicz U, Kutwin M, Chwalibog A, Gałązka A. Influence of salts and metal nanoparticles on the activity and thermal stability of a recombinant chitinase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia N4. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 116:6-15. [PMID: 29887018 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cells of Escherichia coli Rosetta, containing plasmid pET-28a with sequences of DNA of chitinase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia N4, were used for the efficient synthesis of recombinant chitinolytic enzyme. The objective of this study was to improve thermal stability of the recombinant chitinase by salts and metal nanoparticles (NP). The studied chitinase was thermolabile and largely lost its activity in the first minutes of storage at 50 and 60 °C. The optimum temperature for colloidal chitin hydrolysis by the enzyme was 50 °C. Application of sodium aurothiomalate hydrate and manganese chloride enhanced the activity of the recombinant enzyme. In general, chitinase activity was higher when silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) were used, but lower for other NP. The thermal stability of chitinase immobilized on Ag-NP and manganese chloride was significantly higher than that of free chitinase. Chitinase thermal stability after gold and manganese oxide nanoparticle application was higher than that of the control at 50 °C. Platinum nanoparticles had no significant effect on thermostability. The Ag-NP had a smaller diameter (from 2 to 20 nm) than Au-NP (from 5 to 70 nm) and Pt-NP (from 4 to 80 nm). The TEM analysis showed that the used NP had a higher affinity for chitinase than for the synthetic substrate. The type, size, and location of the NP on the enzyme played a major role in the thermal stability of chitinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Ewa Sosnowska
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, Warsaw, 02-786 Poland; Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw, 02-776 Poland
| | - Urszula Jankiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw, 02-776 Poland
| | - Marta Kutwin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, Warsaw, 02-786 Poland
| | - André Chwalibog
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Agnieszka Gałązka
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw, 02-776 Poland
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Kumar A, Kumar D, George N, Sharma P, Gupta N. A process for complete biodegradation of shrimp waste by a novel marine isolate Paenibacillus sp. AD with simultaneous production of chitinase and chitin oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:263-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Krolicka M, Hinz SWA, Koetsier MJ, Joosten R, Eggink G, van den Broek LAM, Boeriu CG. Chitinase Chi1 from Myceliophthora thermophila C1, a Thermostable Enzyme for Chitin and Chitosan Depolymerization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1658-1669. [PMID: 29359934 PMCID: PMC5847117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A thermostable Chitinase Chi1 from Myceliophthora thermophila C1 was homologously produced and characterized. Chitinase Chi1 shows high thermostability at 40 °C (>140 h 90% activity), 50 °C (>168 h 90% activity), and 55 °C (half-life 48 h). Chitinase Chi1 has broad substrate specificity and converts chitin, chitosan, modified chitosan, and chitin oligosaccharides. The activity of Chitinase Chi1 is strongly affected by the degree of deacetylation (DDA), molecular weight (Mw), and side chain modification of chitosan. Chitinase Chi1 releases mainly (GlcNAc)2 from insoluble chitin and chito-oligosaccharides with a polymerization degree (DP) ranging from 2 to 12 from chitosan, in a processive way. Chitinase Chi1 shows higher activity toward chitin oligosaccharides (GlcNAc)4-6 than toward (GlcNAc)3 and is inactive for (GlcNAc)2. During hydrolysis, oligosaccharides bind at subsites -2 to +2 in the enzyme's active site. Chitinase Chi1 can be used for chitin valorisation and for production of chitin- and chito-oligosaccharides at industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Krolicka
- Department
of Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rob Joosten
- DuPont
Industrial Biosciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Eggink
- Department
of Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen
Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carmen G. Boeriu
- Wageningen
Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- E-mail: . Phone: +31 317 480168
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Poddar A, Das SK. Microbiological studies of hot springs in India: a review. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:1-18. [PMID: 28887679 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The earliest microbiological studies on hot springs in India date from 2003, a much later date compared to global attention in this striking field of study. As of today, 28 out of 400 geothermal springs have been explored following both culturable and non-culturable approaches. The temperatures and pH of the springs are 37-99 °C and 6.8-10, respectively. Several studies have been performed on the description of novel genera and species, characterization of different bio-resources, metagenomics of hot spring microbiome and whole genome analysis of few isolates. 17 strains representing novel species and many thermostable enzymes, including lipase, protease, chitinase, amylase, etc. with potential biotechnological applications have been reported by several authors. Influence of physico-chemical conditions, especially that of temperature, on shaping the hot spring microbiome has been established by metagenomic investigations. Bacteria are the predominant life forms in all the springs with an abundance of phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Thermi, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus and Chloroflexi. In this review, we have discussed the findings on all microbiological studies that have been carried out to date, on the 28 hot springs. Further, the possibilities of extrapolating these studies for practical applications and environmental impact assessment towards protection of natural ecosystem of hot springs have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Poddar
- Biosafety Support Unit, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NPC Building, 5-6 Institutional Area, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India.
| | - Subrata K Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India.
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Bouacem K, Laribi-Habchi H, Mechri S, Hacene H, Jaouadi B, Bouanane-Darenfed A. Biochemical characterization of a novel thermostable chitinase from Hydrogenophilus hirschii strain KB-DZ44. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 106:338-350. [PMID: 28827133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular acido-thermostable endo-chitinase (called ChiA-Hh59) from thermophilic Hydrogenophilus hirschii strain KB-DZ44, was purified and characterized. The maximum chitinase activity recorded after 36-h of incubation at 60°C was 3000U/ml. Pure enzyme was obtained after heat and acidic treatment, precipitation by ammonium sulphate and acetone, respectively, followed by sequential column chromatographies on Sephacryl S-200 and Mono Q-Sepharose. Based on Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) analysis, the purified enzyme is a monomer with a molecular mass of 59103.12-Da. The 22 residue NH2-terminal sequence of the enzyme showed high homology with family-18 bacterial chitinases. The optimum pH and temperature values for chitinase activity were pH 5.0 and 85°C, respectively. The pure enzyme was completely inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (p-CMB) and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). The obtained results suggest that ChiA-Hh59 might be an endo-chitinase. The studied chitinase exhibited high activity towards colloidal chitin, chitin azure, glycol chitin, while it did not hydrolyse chitibiose and amylose. Its Km and kcat values were 0.298mg colloidal chitin/ml and 14400s-1, respectively. Its catalytic efficiency was higher than those of chitodextrinase and ChiA-65. Additionally, Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis from chitin-oligosaccharides showed that ChiA-Hh59 acted as an endo-splitting enzyme. In conclusion, this chitinase may have great potential for the enzymatic degradation of chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khelifa Bouacem
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LCMB), Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of Houari Boumediene (USTHB), PO Box 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria; Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Hassiba Laribi-Habchi
- Laboratory of Functional Analysis of Chemical Processes (LFACP), Process Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, University of Blida 1, Road of Soumaâ, PO Box 270, 09000 Blida, Algeria.
| | - Sondes Mechri
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Hocine Hacene
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LCMB), Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of Houari Boumediene (USTHB), PO Box 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Bassem Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia.
| | - Amel Bouanane-Darenfed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LCMB), Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of Houari Boumediene (USTHB), PO Box 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria.
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Kim TI, Ki KS, Lim DH, Vijayakumar M, Park SM, Choi SH, Kim KY, Im SK, Park BY. Novel Acinetobacter parvus HANDI 309 microbial biomass for the production of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) using swollen chitin substrate in submerged fermentation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:59. [PMID: 28293289 PMCID: PMC5345198 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc)6 is extensively used as an important bio-agent and a functional food additive. The traditional chemical process for GlcNAc production has some problems such as high production cost, low yield, and acidic pollution. Therefore, to discover a novel chitinase that is suitable for bioconversion of chitin to GlcNAc would be of great value. RESULTS Here, we describe the complete isolation and functional characterization of a novel exo-chitinase from Acinetobacter parvus HANDI 309 for the conversion of chitin. The identified exo-chitinase mainly produced N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, using chitin as a substrate by submerged fermentation. The A. parvus HANDI 309 biofuels producing exo-chitinase were characterized by TLC, and was further validated and quantified by HPLC. Furthermore, the optimal temperature and pH for the exo-chitinase activity was obtained in the culture conditions of 30 °C and 7.0, respectively. The maximum growth of the stationary phase was reached in 24 h after incubation. These results suggest that A. parvus HANDI 309 biofuels producing exo-chitinases may have great potential in chitin to N-acetyl-d-glucosamine conversion. CONCLUSIONS The excellent thermostability and hydrolytic properties may give the exo-chitinase great potential in chitin to GlcNAc conversion in industry. This is the first report that A. parvus HANDI 309 is a novel bacterial strain that has the ability to produce an enormous amount of exo-chitinase-producing bio-agents in a short time on an industrial scale without any pretreatment, as well as being potentially valuable in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Il Kim
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ki
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lim
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Mayakrishnan Vijayakumar
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Seong Min Park
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Sun Ho Choi
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Seok Ki Im
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Beom Young Park
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
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Fu X, Yan Q, Wang J, Yang S, Jiang Z. Purification and biochemical characterization of novel acidic chitinase from Paenicibacillus barengoltzii. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:973-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhou Y, Kang L, Niu X, Wang J, Liu Z, Yuan S. Purification, characterization and physiological significance of a chitinase from the pilei of Coprinopsis cinerea fruiting bodies. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw120. [PMID: 27190145 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We purified a chitinase from pilei extractions of Coprinopsis cinerea fruiting bodies by ammonium sulfate precipitation and CM Sepharose cation exchange chromatography. MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis characterized this purified chitinase as a putative class V chitinase, ChiB1. ChiB1 hydrolyzed colloidal chitin and chitosan, whereas it did not hydrolyze chitin powder. ChiB1 cleaved only pNP-(GlcNAc)2, rather than pNP-GlcNAc or pNP-(Glc-NAc)3, to release nitrophenol. ChiB1 preferably and progressively released (GlcNAc)2 from (GlcNAc)6 and digested (GlcNAc)6 to two molecules of (GlcNAc)3 in a small proportion, but did not split (GlcNAc)2, so it is an exochitinase. ChiB1 has an optimum temperature range of 35°C to 40°C and an optimum pH of 5.0. ChiB1 exhibited Km and Vmax values of 2.63 mg ml(-1) and 2.31 μmol min(-1) mg protein(-1) for colloidal chitin, respectively. The ChiB1 gene, along with another putative endochitinase (class III chitinase gene), was expressed dominantly among eight predicted chitinase genes in the genome, and its expression level increased with the maturation of fruiting bodies. ChiB1 incubation released a large amount of soluble β-glucan fractions from alkali-insoluble cell wall fractions of C. cinerea fruiting bodies, thereby it may promote the degradation of cell walls in synergy with the β-1,3-glucanases during pileus autolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Liqin Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xin Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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Yang S, Fu X, Yan Q, Guo Y, Liu Z, Jiang Z. Cloning, expression, purification and application of a novel chitinase from a thermophilic marine bacterium Paenibacillus barengoltzii. Food Chem 2016; 192:1041-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Liu Y, Yan Q, Yang S, Jiang Z. Novel Protease-Resistant Exochitinase (Echi47) from Pig Fecal Environment DNA with Application Potentials in the Food and Feed Industries. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6262-6270. [PMID: 26084498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel exochitinase gene (Echi47) was directly cloned from the pig fecal environment DNA using the genomic walking PCR technique and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Echi47 has an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,161 bp encoding 386 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of Echi47 showed 36% identity with that of chitinase from Coprinellus congregatus. The recombinant exochitinase was purified with specific activity toward colloidal chitin of 6.84 U/mg. Echi47 was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 40 °C, respectively. When colloidal chitin was used as substrate, N-acetylchitobiose [(GlcNAc)2] was mostly produced at the initial stage, suggesting that it is an exochitinase. Echi47 exhibited excellent resistance to pepsin, trypsin, proteinase K, and flavor protease. Under simulated alimentary tract conditions, Echi47 was stable and active, releasing 21.1 mg of N-acetylchitooligosaccharides from 80 mg of colloidal chitin. These properties make Echi47 a potential additive in the food and feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Liu
- †Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, and ‡Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- †Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, and ‡Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- †Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, and ‡Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- †Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, and ‡Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Purification and characterization of antifungal chitinase from Bacillus safensis MBCU6 and its application for production of chito-oligosaccharides. Biologia (Bratisl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2015-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Effects of domains modification on the catalytic potential of chitinase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 78:266-72. [PMID: 25895958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitinase, an important enzyme in chitin-degrading, have extensive biophysiological functions and immense potential applications. Here, a chitinase gene pachi was cloned from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and overexpressed in E. coli (DE3). The structural analysis showed that chitinase pachi consists of catalytic domain (CHC), chitin binding domain (CBD) and both of these are linked by connective domain (FN3). In this study, Pachi displayed optimal activity at temperature 65 °C and pH 6.5. To understand the structural and functional relationship of chitin-binding domain with catalytic domain, two mutants, CHA (without CBD) and CBD+FN3-pachi with additional CBD have been constructed. Though the results showed that the two mutants have similar characteristics with Pachi, it is interesting to note that the deficiency of CBD caused an increase in expression level as well as solubility of the CHA. Moreover, the catalytic efficiency of CHA was increased 1.26-fold and substrate affinity in the absence of CBD was decreased 1.85-fold. Thus, the improved solubility and activity of CHA by domain deficiency is an interesting pathway to study the relationship of structure and function of chitinase and support its potential use in commercial applications.
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Karthik N, Binod P, Pandey A. Purification and characterisation of an acidic and antifungal chitinase produced by a Streptomyces sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 188:195-201. [PMID: 25824594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An extremely acidic extracellular chitinase produced by a Streptomyces sp. was purified 12.44-fold by ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel-permeation chromatography and further characterised. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be about 40 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified enzyme were pH 2 and 6, and 50 °C respectively. The enzyme showed high stability in the acidic pH range of 2-6 and temperature stability of up to 50 °C. Additionally, the effect of some cations and other chemical compounds on the chitinase activity was studied. The activity of the enzyme was considerably retained under salinity conditions of up to 3%. The Km and Vmax values of the enzyme were determined to be 6.74 mg mL(-1) and 61.3 U mg(-1) respectively using colloidal chitin. This enzyme exhibited antifungal activity against phytopathogens revealing a potential biocontrol application in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Karthik
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.
| | - Ashok Pandey
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
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Antimicrobial and Biocatalytic Potential of Haloalkaliphilic Actinobacteria. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND BIODIVERSITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-14595-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Characterization of an extracellular thermophilic chitinase from Paenibacillus thermoaerophilus strain TC22-2b isolated from compost. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 31:135-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Prithviraj D, Deboleena K, Neelu N, Noor N, Aminur R, Balasaheb K, Abul M. Biosorption of nickel by Lysinibacillus sp. BA2 native to bauxite mine. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 107:260-268. [PMID: 25011123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current scenario of environmental pollution urges the need for an effective solution for toxic heavy metal removal from industrial wastewater. Bioremediation is the most cost effective process employed by the use of microbes especially bacteria resistant to toxic metals. In this study, Lysinibacillus sp. BA2, a nickel tolerant strain isolated from bauxite mine was used for the biosorption of Ni(II). Lysinibacillus sp. BA2 biomass had isoelectric point (pI) of 3.3. The maximum negative zeta potential value (-39.45) was obtained at pH 6.0 which was highly favourable for Ni(II) biosorption. 238.04mg of Ni(II) adsorbed on one gram of dead biomass and 196.32mg adsorbed on one gram of live biomass. The adsorption of Ni(II) on biomass increased with time and attained saturation after 180min with rapid biosorption in initial 30min. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms could fit well for biosorption of Ni(II) by dead biomass while Langmuir isotherm provided a better fit for live biomass based on correlation coefficient values. The kinetic studies of Ni(II) removal, using dead and live biomass was well explained by second-order kinetic model. Ni(II) adsorption on live biomass was confirmed by SEM-EDX where cell aggregation and increasing irregularity of cell morphology was observed even though cells were in non-growing state. The FTIR analysis of biomass revealed the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl and amino groups, which seem responsible for biosorption of Ni(II). The beads made using dead biomass of Lysinibacillus sp. BA2 could efficiently remove Ni(II) from effluent solutions. These microbial cells can substitute expensive methods for treating nickel contaminated industrial wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desale Prithviraj
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411033, India
| | - Kashyap Deboleena
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411033, India
| | - Nawani Neelu
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411033, India.
| | - Nahar Noor
- School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, PO Box 408, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | - Rahman Aminur
- School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, PO Box 408, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | | | - Mandal Abul
- School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, PO Box 408, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
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Production and purification of a hyperthermostable chitinase from Brevibacillus formosus BISR-1 isolated from the Great Indian Desert soils. Extremophiles 2014; 18:451-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lee YS, Anees M, Park YS, Kim SB, Jung WJ, Kim KY. Purification and properties of a Meloidogyne-antagonistic chitinase from Lysobacter capsici YS1215. NEMATOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., cause serious diseases in various plants and their chemical control may lead to environmental problems. Therefore, alternative control measures against the phytopathogenic nematodes are being sought. One of the potential targets against Meloidogyne spp. may be the chitinolysis and degradation of nematode eggs. Therefore, in the present study, a chitinolytic and nematicidal strain of Lysobacter capsici YS1215 was isolated from an agricultural field in Korea. The aim of this study was to purify chitinase secreted by L. capsici YS1215 and investigate its nematicidal role against Meloidogyne incognita. The chitinase secreted by L. capsici YS1215 was purified by protein precipitation with 80% ammonium sulphate, anion-exchange chromatography with DEAE-cellulose and gel-filtration chromatography with Sephadex G-100. By chitinase-active staining of the purified enzyme, a single band was obtained with an estimated molecular mass of 43.6 kDa. The optimal pH and optimal temperature for the highest chitinase activity were 6.0 and 40°C, respectively. The purified chitinase degraded the chitin layer of the eggshells and significantly reduced hatch of second-stage juveniles. The activity of chitinase secreted by L. capsici YS1215 was not affected by CoCl2, MnCl2, MgCl2, CuSO4, CaCl2 or EDTA. The purified enzyme could also hydrolyse swollen chitin, glycol chitin, glycol chitosan and chitin powder. Thus, the role of chitinase secreted by L. capsici YS1215 against Meloidogyne spp. may be useful for further development of a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Seong Lee
- 1Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (202), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Anees
- 2Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Yun Serk Park
- 3Purne Co., Ltd, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Sun Bae Kim
- 4Damyang Agriculture Technical Center, Damyang 517-800, South Korea
| | - Woo Jin Jung
- 1Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (202), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Kil Yong Kim
- 1Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (202), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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Fu X, Yan Q, Yang S, Yang X, Guo Y, Jiang Z. An acidic, thermostable exochitinase with β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity from Paenibacillus barengoltzii converting chitin to N-acetyl glucosamine. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:174. [PMID: 25550712 PMCID: PMC4280004 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-014-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) is widely used as a valuable pharmacological agent and a functional food additive. The traditional chemical process for GlcNAc production has some problems such as high production cost, low yield, and acidic pollution. Hence, to identify a novel chitinase that is suitable for bioconversion of chitin to GlcNAc is of great value. RESULTS A novel chitinase gene (PbChi74) from Paenibacillus barengoltzii was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli as an intracellular soluble protein. The gene has an open reading frame (ORF) of 2,163 bp encoding 720 amino acids. The recombinant chitinase (PbChi74) was purified to apparent homogeneity with a purification fold of 2.2 and a recovery yield of 57.9%. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 74.6 kDa and 74.3 kDa by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration, respectively. PbChi74 displayed an acidic pH optimum of 4.5 and a temperature optimum of 65°C. The enzyme showed high activity toward colloidal chitin, glycol chitin, N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides, and p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl β-glucosaminide. PbChi74 hydrolyzed colloidal chitin to yield N-acetyl chitobiose [(GlcNAc)2] at the initial stage, which was further converted to its monomer N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), suggesting that it is an exochitinase with β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. The purified PbChi74 coupled with RmNAG (β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Rhizomucor miehei) was used to convert colloidal chitin to GlcNAc, and GlcNAc was the sole end product at a concentration of 27.8 mg mL(-1) with a conversion yield of 92.6%. These results suggest that PbChi74 may have great potential in chitin conversion. CONCLUSIONS The excellent thermostability and hydrolytic properties may give the exochitinase great potential in GlcNAc production from chitin. This is the first report on an exochitinase with N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity from Paenibacillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fu
- />Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- />Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- />Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xinbin Yang
- />Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yu Guo
- />Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- />Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
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Meruvu H, Donthireddy SRR. Purification and Characterization of an Antifungal Chitinase from Citrobacter freundii str. nov. haritD11. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:196-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Biological control of phytopathogenic fungi and insects continues to inspire the research and development of environmentally friendly bioactive alternatives. Potentially lytic enzymes, chitinases can act as a biocontrol agent against agriculturally important fungi and insects. The cell wall in fungi and protective covers, i.e. cuticle in insects shares a key structural polymer, chitin, a β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine polymer. Therefore, it is advantageous to develop a common biocontrol agent against both of these groups. As chitin is absent in plants and mammals, targeting its metabolism will signify an eco-friendly strategy for the control of agriculturally important fungi and insects but is innocuous to mammals, plants, beneficial insects and other organisms. In addition, development of chitinase transgenic plant varieties probably holds the most promising method for augmenting agricultural crop protection and productivity, when properly integrated into traditional systems. Recently, human proteins with chitinase activity and chitinase-like proteins were identified and established as biomarkers for human diseases. This review covers the recent advances of chitinases as a biocontrol agent and its various applications including preparation of medically important chitooligosaccharides, bioconversion of chitin as well as in implementing chitinases as diagnostic and prognostic markers for numerous diseases and the prospect of their future utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Nagpure
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University , New Delhi , India
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Hammami I, Siala R, Jridi M, Ktari N, Nasri M, Triki M. Partial purification and characterization of chiIO8, a novel antifungal chitinase produced by Bacillus cereus
IO8. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:358-66. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Hammami
- Unité de Recherche Protection des Plantes Cultivées et Environnement; Institut de l'Olivier; Sfax Tunisia
| | - R. Siala
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie; Université de sfax Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax; Sfax Tunisia
| | - M. Jridi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie; Université de sfax Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax; Sfax Tunisia
| | - N. Ktari
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie; Université de sfax Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax; Sfax Tunisia
| | - M. Nasri
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie; Université de sfax Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax; Sfax Tunisia
| | - M.A. Triki
- Unité de Recherche Protection des Plantes Cultivées et Environnement; Institut de l'Olivier; Sfax Tunisia
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Isolation of novel chitinolytic bacteria and production optimization of extracellular chitinase. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Prakash D, Nawani N, Prakash M, Bodas M, Mandal A, Khetmalas M, Kapadnis B. Actinomycetes: a repertory of green catalysts with a potential revenue resource. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:264020. [PMID: 23691495 PMCID: PMC3652136 DOI: 10.1155/2013/264020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, one of the oldest technologies, is becoming a favorable alternative to chemical processes and a vital part of green technology. It is an important revenue generating industry due to a global market projected at $7 billion in 2013 with a growth of 6.7% for enzymes alone. Some microbes are important sources of enzymes and are preferred over sources of plant and animal origin. As a result, more than 50% of the industrial enzymes are obtained from bacteria. The constant search for novel enzymes with robust characteristics has led to improvisations in the industrial processes, which is the key for profit growth. Actinomycetes constitute a significant component of the microbial population in most soils and can produce extracellular enzymes which can decompose various materials. Their enzymes are more attractive than enzymes from other sources because of their high stability and unusual substrate specificity. Actinomycetes found in extreme habitats produce novel enzymes with huge commercial potential. This review attempts to highlight the global importance of enzymes and extends to signify actinomycetes as promising harbingers of green technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Prakash
- Dr. D. Y Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Neelu Nawani
- Dr. D. Y Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Mansi Prakash
- Dr. D. Y Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Manish Bodas
- Dr. D. Y Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Abul Mandal
- System Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Skövde, P.O. Box 408, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | - Madhukar Khetmalas
- Dr. D. Y Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411 033, India
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Cloning, Expression and Characterization of Thermophilic and Alkalophilic N-acetylglucosaminidase from Streptomyces sp. NK52 for the Targeted Production of N-acetylglucosamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-013-0158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tekaya SB, Tipayno S, Chandrasekaran M, Yim WJ, Sa TM. Actinobacteria Isolation from Metal Contaminated Soils for Assessment of their Metal Resistance and Plant Growth Promoting (PGP) Characteristics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7745/kjssf.2012.45.4.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Purushe S, Prakash D, Nawani NN, Dhakephalkar P, Kapadnis B. Biocatalytic potential of an alkalophilic and thermophilic dextranase as a remedial measure for dextran removal during sugar manufacture. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 115:2-7. [PMID: 22277209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study is focused on dextranase from Streptomyces sp. NK458 with potential to remove dextran formed during sugar manufacture. The dextranase had molecular weight of 130 kDa and hydrolyzed 15-25 and 410 kDa dextran. Dextranase production was optimized using statistical designs and the enzyme was purified 1.8-fold with 55.5% recovery. It displayed maximum activity at pH 9.0 and 60°C and was stable over a wide range of pH from 5.0 to 10.0. The k(m) and V(max) values were 3.05 mM and 17.97 mmol/ml/h, respectively. Ten units of dextranase could reduce dextran content by 67% in 24h and 56% in 72 h from sugarcane juice of cane variety CoS 86032. The enzyme was stable up to 3 days at 30°C beyond which its activity decreased and dextran removal could be retained by supplementation of 5 U of dextranase. These properties make it a promising biocatalyst for sugar industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Purushe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India
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50
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Gomaa EZ. Chitinase production by Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus licheniformis: their potential in antifungal biocontrol. J Microbiol 2012; 50:103-11. [PMID: 22367944 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-1343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Thirty bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of plants collected from Egypt and screened for production of chitinase enzymes. Bacillus thuringiensis NM101-19 and Bacillus licheniformis NM120-17 had the highest chitinolytic activities amongst those investigated. The production of chitinase by B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis was optimized using colloidal chitin medium amended with 1.5% colloidal chitin, with casein as a nitrogen source, at 30°C after five days of incubation. An enhancement of chitinase production by the two species was observed by addition of sugar substances and dried fungal mats to the colloidal chitin media. The optimal conditions for chitinase activity by B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis were at 40°C, pH 7.0 and pH 8.0, respectively. Na(+), Mg(2+), Cu(2+), and Ca(2+) caused enhancement of enzyme activities whereas they were markedly inhibited by Zn(2+), Hg(2+), and Ag(+). In vitro, B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis chitinases had potential for cell wall lysis of many phytopathogenic fungi tested. The addition of B. thuringiensis chitinase was more effective than that of B. licheniformis in increasing the germination of soybean seeds infected with various phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zakaria Gomaa
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, 11435, Cairo, Egypt.
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