1
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Rahman SIA, Taylor-Brown A, Khanam F, Khan AI, Horesh G, Dyson ZA, Begum YA, Chowdhury EK, Qadri F, Dougan G, Thomson NR. Genome-wide analysis provides a deeper understanding of the population structure of the Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B complex in Bangladesh. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34550065 PMCID: PMC8715441 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B complex causes a wide range of diseases, from gastroenteritis to paratyphoid fever, depending on the biotypes Java and sensu stricto. The burden of Paratyphi B biotypes in Bangladesh is still unknown, as these are indistinguishable by Salmonella serotyping. Here, we conducted the first whole-genome sequencing (WGS) study on 79 Salmonella isolates serotyped as Paratyphi B that were collected from 10 nationwide enteric disease surveillance sites in Bangladesh. Placing these in a global genetic context revealed that these are biotype Java, and the addition of these genomes expanded the previously described PG4 clade containing Bangladeshi and UK isolates. Importantly, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes were scarce amongst Bangladeshi S. Java isolates, somewhat surprisingly given the widespread availability of antibiotics without prescription. This genomic information provides important insights into the significance of S. Paratyphi B biotypes in enteric disease and their implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Isfat Ara Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Alyce Taylor-Brown
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Farhana Khanam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful Islam Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gal Horesh
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zoe A Dyson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Yasmin Ara Begum
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emran Kabir Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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2
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Balandraud A, Ben Khedher M, Hadjadj L, Dubourg G, Mailhe M, Rolain JM, Baron SA. Sepsis caused by Salmonella Paratyphi B producing an OXA-48 carbapenemase in a traveller. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 26:219-221. [PMID: 34245898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alizee Balandraud
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Mariem Ben Khedher
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Linda Hadjadj
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Gregory Dubourg
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Morgane Mailhe
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Alexandra Baron
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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3
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Rödel J, Edel B, Braun SD, Ehricht R, Simon S, Fruth A, Löffler B. Simple differentiation of Salmonella Typhi, Paratyphi and Choleraesuis from Salmonella species using the eazyplex TyphiTyper LAMP assay. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:817-823. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Identification of typhoidal
Salmonella
(TS) serovars and their discrimination from non-typhoidal
Salmonella
(NTS) is conventionally performed by seroagglutination. This method is labour-intensive, requires technical experience and can be inconclusive in some cases. Molecular assays may be reliable alternative diagnostic tools.
Aim. This study was designed to evaluate the eazyplex TyphiTyper based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for fast identification of TS and S. Choleraesuis in culture.
Methodology. A total of 121
Salmonella
strains and 33 isolates of other
Enterobacterales
species were tested by the eazyplex TyphiTyper. Simulated and clinical blood cultures (BCs) were used to examine the performance of the assay for diagnosis of systemic infection. Sample preparation took about 5 min and the test running time was 20 min. Amplification was measured by real-time fluorescence detection.
Results. All TS and S. Choleraesuis strains were correctly identified. The most common NTS S. Typhimurium (n=34) and S. Enteritidis (n=15) were detected as
Salmonella
species without any false positive result for TS targets. Cross-reactions of NTS with TS were only rarely observed. Direct testing of positive BCs gave correct results. Sensitivities and specificities of the assay were as follows: 100 and 99.3 % for S. Typhi, 100 and 98.7 % for S. Paratyphi A, 100 and 97.3 % for S. Paratyphi B, 100 and 100 % for S. Paratyphi C, 100 and 100 % for S. Choleraesuis, and 100 and 100 % for
Salmonella
species, respectively.
Conclusion. The eazyplex TyphiTyper is very easy to perform and allows the rapid identification of TS and S. Choleraesuis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rödel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit Edel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha D. Braun
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Simon
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Other Enteric Bacterial Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Angelika Fruth
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Other Enteric Bacterial Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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4
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Salmonella in Retail Food and Wild Birds in Singapore-Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Sequence Types. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214235. [PMID: 31683716 PMCID: PMC6862270 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is a leading cause of foodborne zoonosis. To better understand the epidemiology of human salmonellosis, this study aimed to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and sequence types of Salmonella in retail food and wild birds (proximity to humans) in Singapore. We analyzed 21,428 cooked and ready-to-eat food and 1,510 residual faecal samples of wild birds collected during 2010–2015. Thirty-two Salmonella isolates from food and wild birds were subjected to disc diffusion and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Salmonella was isolated from 0.08% (17/21,428) of food and 0.99% (15/1510) of wild birds. None of the isolates from wild birds (n = 15) exhibited phenotypic resistance, while the isolates from food (47.1%, 8/17) showed a high prevalence of phenotypic resistance to, at least, one antimicrobial. These findings suggested that the avian Salmonella isolates had been subjected to less antimicrobial selection pressure than those from food samples. MLST revealed specific sequence types found in both food and wild birds. The study can guide future studies with whole-genome analysis on a larger number of isolates from various sectors for public health measures.
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Clinically Unreported Salmonellosis Outbreak Detected via Comparative Genomic Analysis of Municipal Wastewater Salmonella Isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00139-19. [PMID: 30902850 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00139-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Municipal wastewater includes human waste that contains both commensal and pathogenic enteric microorganisms, and this collective community microbiome can be monitored for community diseases. In a previous study, we assessed the salmonellosis disease burden using municipal wastewater from Honolulu, Hawaii, which was monitored over a 54-week period. During that time, a strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B variant L(+) tartrate(+) (also known as Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B variant Java) was identified; this strain was detected simultaneously with a clinically reported outbreak, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were identical for clinical and municipal wastewater isolates. Months after the outbreak subsided, the same pulsotype was detected as the dominant pulsotype in municipal wastewater samples, with no corresponding clinical cases reported. Using genomic characterization (including core single-nucleotide polymorphism alignment, core genome multilocus sequence typing, and screening for virulence and antibiotic resistance genes), all S Java municipal wastewater isolates were determined to be clonal, indicating a resurgence of the original outbreak strain. This demonstrates the feasibility and utility of municipal wastewater surveillance for determining enteric disease outbreaks that may be missed by traditional clinical surveillance methods.IMPORTANCE Underdetection of microbial infectious disease outbreaks in human communities carries enormous health costs and is an ongoing problem in public health monitoring (which relies almost exclusively on data from health clinics). Surveillance of municipal wastewater for community-level monitoring of infectious disease burdens has the potential to fill this information gap, due to its easy access to the mixed community microbiome. In the present study, the genomes of 21 S Java isolates (collected from municipal wastewater in Honolulu) were analyzed; results showed that the same Salmonella strain that caused a known salmonellosis clinical outbreak in spring 2010 remerged as the most dominant strain in municipal wastewater in spring 2011, indicating a new outbreak that was not detected by health clinics. Our results show that wastewater monitoring holds great promise to inform the field of public health regarding outbreak status within communities.
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6
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Mohan A, Munusamy C, Tan YC, Muthuvelu S, Hashim R, Chien SL, Wong MK, Khairuddin NA, Podin Y, Lau PST, Ng DCE, Ooi MH. Invasive Salmonella infections among children in Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo: a 6-year retrospective review. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:330. [PMID: 30999894 PMCID: PMC6471830 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive Salmonella infections result in significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In Asia, typhoid and paratyphoid fever are reported to be the major invasive Salmonella infections, while invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infections are believed to be uncommon. Data from Sarawak, in Malaysian Borneo, are limited. Methods A retrospective study identifying all children aged < 15 years with invasive Salmonella infections from 2011 to 2016 was conducted in Bintulu Hospital in Sarawak. Population incidences, clinical and bacterial characteristics were examined. Results Forty-four patients were identified during the 6-year study period: 43 had iNTS infection and 1 had typhoid fever. The average annual iNTS incidence was 32.4 per 100,000 children aged < 5 years. None of the children had malaria or HIV infection, and only 7% were severely malnourished. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Java were the commonest NTS serovars identified. Pneumonia was the most common manifestation of iNTS disease, present in 20 (47%) children. Other manifestations included gastroenteritis, fever without a source, septic arthritis and meningitis. Salmonella Enteritidis was identified in 76% of those with pneumonia, significantly more frequently than in children with other manifestations. Over 25% of children with iNTS developed severe disease and nearly 10% suffered long term morbidity or mortality. While 78% of Salmonella Java isolates were multi-drug resistant, nearly all other isolates were susceptible to most antimicrobials, including ampicillin. Conclusions Bintulu Division in Sarawak observed a very high incidence of childhood iNTS infections. Enteric fever was uncommon. The epidemiology of invasive Salmonella infections in Malaysian Borneo differs considerably from that of neighbouring countries in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Mohan
- Department of Paediatrics, Bintulu Hospital, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia. .,Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Chandran Munusamy
- Department of Paediatrics, Bintulu Hospital, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Chin Tan
- Department of Paediatrics, Bintulu Hospital, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sobana Muthuvelu
- Department of Paediatrics, Bintulu Hospital, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Rohaidah Hashim
- Bacteriology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Su-Lin Chien
- Department of Pathology, Bintulu Hospital, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Ming-Kui Wong
- Department of Pathology, Bintulu Hospital, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | - Yuwana Podin
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | - David Chun-Ern Ng
- Department of Paediatrics, Bintulu Hospital, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia.,Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Tuanku Ja'afar, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Mong-How Ooi
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.,Department of Paediatrics, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
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7
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Seif Y, Kavvas E, Lachance JC, Yurkovich JT, Nuccio SP, Fang X, Catoiu E, Raffatellu M, Palsson BO, Monk JM. Genome-scale metabolic reconstructions of multiple Salmonella strains reveal serovar-specific metabolic traits. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3771. [PMID: 30218022 PMCID: PMC6138749 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella strains are traditionally classified into serovars based on their surface antigens. While increasing availability of whole-genome sequences has allowed for more detailed subtyping of strains, links between genotype, serovar, and host remain elusive. Here we reconstruct genome-scale metabolic models for 410 Salmonella strains spanning 64 serovars. Model-predicted growth capabilities in over 530 different environments demonstrate that: (1) the Salmonella accessory metabolic network includes alternative carbon metabolism, and cell wall biosynthesis; (2) metabolic capabilities correspond to each strain's serovar and isolation host; (3) growth predictions agree with 83.1% of experimental outcomes for 12 strains (690 out of 858); (4) 27 strains are auxotrophic for at least one compound, including L-tryptophan, niacin, L-histidine, L-cysteine, and p-aminobenzoate; and (5) the catabolic pathways that are important for fitness in the gastrointestinal environment are lost amongst extraintestinal serovars. Our results reveal growth differences that may reflect adaptation to particular colonization sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Seif
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Erol Kavvas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - James T Yurkovich
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Sean-Paul Nuccio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Edward Catoiu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bernhard O Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jonathan M Monk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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8
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Abatcha MG, Effarizah ME, Rusul G. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, resistance genes and class 1 integrons of Salmonella serovars in leafy vegetables, chicken carcasses and related processing environments in Malaysian fresh food markets. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Human salmonellosis is generally associated with Salmonella enterica from subspecies enterica (subspecies I). Acute infections can present in one of four ways: enteric fever, gastroenteritis, bacteremia, or extraintestinal focal infection. As with other infectious diseases, the course and outcome of the infection depend on a variety of factors, including the infecting organism, the inoculating dose, and the immune status and genetic background of the host. For serovarsTyphi and Paratyphi A there is a clear association between the genetic background of the serovar and systemic infection in humans. For serovars Paratyphi B and Paratyphi C, a good clinical description of the host and detailed population genetics of the pathogen are necessary before more detailed genetic studies of novel virulence factors,or host factors,can be initiated. For the nontyphoidalserovars (NTS) the situation is less clear. Serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis are the most common within the food chain, and so the large number of invasive infections associated with these serovars is most likely due to exposure rather than to increased virulence of the pathogen. In Africa, however, a closely related group of strains of serovar Typhimurium, associated with HIV infection, may have become host adapted tohumans, suggesting that not all isolates called "Typhimurium" should be considered as a single group. Here we review current knowledge of the salmonellae for which invasive disease in humans is an important aspect of their population biology.
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10
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Donado-Godoy P, Byrne BA, Hume M, León M, Pérez-Gutiérrez E, Vives Flores MJ, Clavijo V, Holguin Á, Romero-Zuñiga JJ, Castellanos R, Tafur M, Smith WA. Molecular characterization of Salmonella paratyphi B dT+ and Salmonella Heidelberg from poultry and retail chicken meat in Colombia by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Food Prot 2015; 78:802-7. [PMID: 25836408 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+ variant (also termed Salmonella Java) and Salmonella Heidelberg are pathogens of public health importance that are frequently isolated from poultry. As a step toward implementing the Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistant Surveillance, this study characterized molecular patterns of Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+ and Salmonella Heidelberg isolated from poultry farms, fecal samples, and retail chicken meat using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The objective of this study was to determine the genetic relationship among isolates and to determine potential geographically predominant genotypes. Based on PFGE analysis, both serovars exhibited high heterogeneity: the chromosomal DNA fingerprints of 82 Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+ isolates revealed 42 PFGE patterns, whereas the 21 isolates of Salmonella Heidelberg revealed 10 patterns. Similar genotypes of both serovars were demonstrated to be present on farms and in retail outlets. For Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+, closely genetically related strains were found among isolates coming from different farms and different integrated poultry companies within two departments (Santander and Cundinamarca) and also from farms located in the two geographically distant departments. For Salmonella Heidelberg, there were fewer farms with genetically related isolates than for Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+. A possible dissemination of similar genotypes of both serovars along the poultry production chain is hypothesized, and some facilitating factors existing in Colombia are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Donado-Godoy
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Biotecnología y Bioindustria (CBB), Kilómetro 14, Vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Michael Hume
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Maribel León
- Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), Carrera 41 no. 17-81, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Enriqué Pérez-Gutiérrez
- Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, 525 Twenty-third Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA
| | - Martha J Vives Flores
- Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas (CIMIC), Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 no. 18A-12, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Viviana Clavijo
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Biotecnología y Bioindustria (CBB), Kilómetro 14, Vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia, Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas (CIMIC), Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 no. 18A-12, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Ángela Holguin
- Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas (CIMIC), Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 no. 18A-12, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Juan J Romero-Zuñiga
- Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Programa de Investigación en Medicina Poblacional Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, P.O. Box 304-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ricardo Castellanos
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Biotecnología y Bioindustria (CBB), Kilómetro 14, Vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - McAllister Tafur
- Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), Carrera 41 no. 17-81, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Woutrina A Smith
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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11
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Kisiela DI, Chattopadhyay S, Libby SJ, Karlinsey JE, Fang FC, Tchesnokova V, Kramer JJ, Beskhlebnaya V, Samadpour M, Grzymajlo K, Ugorski M, Lankau EW, Mackie RI, Clegg S, Sokurenko EV. Evolution of Salmonella enterica virulence via point mutations in the fimbrial adhesin. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002733. [PMID: 22685400 PMCID: PMC3369946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas the majority of pathogenic Salmonella serovars are capable of infecting many different animal species, typically producing a self-limited gastroenteritis, serovars with narrow host-specificity exhibit increased virulence and their infections frequently result in fatal systemic diseases. In our study, a genetic and functional analysis of the mannose-specific type 1 fimbrial adhesin FimH from a variety of serovars of Salmonella enterica revealed that specific mutant variants of FimH are common in host-adapted (systemically invasive) serovars. We have found that while the low-binding shear-dependent phenotype of the adhesin is preserved in broad host-range (usually systemically non-invasive) Salmonella, the majority of host-adapted serovars express FimH variants with one of two alternative phenotypes: a significantly increased binding to mannose (as in S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi C, S. Dublin and some isolates of S. Choleraesuis), or complete loss of the mannose-binding activity (as in S. Paratyphi B, S. Choleraesuis and S. Gallinarum). The functional diversification of FimH in host-adapted Salmonella results from recently acquired structural mutations. Many of the mutations are of a convergent nature indicative of strong positive selection. The high-binding phenotype of FimH that leads to increased bacterial adhesiveness to and invasiveness of epithelial cells and macrophages usually precedes acquisition of the non-binding phenotype. Collectively these observations suggest that activation or inactivation of mannose-specific adhesive properties in different systemically invasive serovars of Salmonella reflects their dynamic trajectories of adaptation to a life style in specific hosts. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that point mutations are the target of positive selection and, in addition to horizontal gene transfer and genome degradation events, can contribute to the differential pathoadaptive evolution of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara I. Kisiela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sujay Chattopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Libby
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joyce E. Karlinsey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ferric C. Fang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Veronika Tchesnokova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeremy J. Kramer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Viktoriya Beskhlebnaya
- Institute for Environmental Health, Lake Forest Park, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mansour Samadpour
- Institute for Environmental Health, Lake Forest Park, Washington, United States of America
| | - Krzysztof Grzymajlo
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Emily W. Lankau
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Roderick I. Mackie
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Steven Clegg
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Evgeni V. Sokurenko
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Emergence and evolution of multiply antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B D-tartrate-utilizing strains containing SGI1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2319-26. [PMID: 19332668 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01532-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first Australian isolate of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B D-tartrate-utilizing (dT(+)) that is resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, streptomycin, spectinomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline (ApCmFlSmSpSuTc) and contains SGI1 was isolated from a patient with gastroenteritis in early 1995. This is the earliest reported isolation globally. The incidence of infections caused by these SGI1-containing multiply antibiotic-resistant S. enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT(+) strains increased during the next few years and occurred sporadically in all states of Australia. Several molecular criteria were used to show that the early isolates are very closely related to one another and to strains isolated during the following few years and in 2000 and 2003 from home aquariums and their owners. Early isolates from travelers returning from Indonesia shared the same features. Thus, they appear to represent a true clone arising from a single cell that acquired SGI1. Some minor differences in the resistance profiles and molecular profiles also were observed, indicating the ongoing evolution of the clone, and phage type differences were common, indicating that this is not a useful epidemiological marker over time. Three isolates from 1995, 1998, and 1999 contained a complete sul1 gene but were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole due to a point mutation that creates a premature termination codon. This SGI1 type was designated SGI1-R. The loss of resistance genes also was examined. When strains were grown for many generations in the absence of antibiotic selection, the loss of SGI1 was not detected. However, variants SGI1-C (resistance profile SmSpSu) and SGI1-B (resistant to ApSu), which had lost part of the integron, arose spontaneously, presumably via homologous recombination between duplications in the In104 complex integron.
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13
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Chart H, Cheasty T. Human infections with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157--10 years of E. coli O157 serodiagnosis. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:1389-1393. [PMID: 18927417 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.2008/003632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From 1997 to 2007, the Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens (LEP), Health Protection Agency, UK, received sera from 2148 patients for testing for antibodies to the LPS of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157. A total of 676 (31.5 %) sera had antibodies binding the LPS of E. coli O157 and the majority of patients were below the age of 10 years, a trend observed for both males and females. Antibody-positive patients had haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in 79.3 % of cases and most of these presented with the atypical (D-) form of HUS. Nine patients were shown to have antibodies to the LPS of E. coli belonging to serogroups O26 (4), O103 (2), O111 (1) and O145 (2) and one patient had antibodies to the somatic antigens of both E. coli O26 and O103. The serodiagnosis of infections with E. coli O157 and other VTEC continues to be an important adjunct to bacteriology. Where clinicians suspect the involvement of a VTEC in disease, patients' sera should be submitted to the LEP for analysis without delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Chart
- Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Department of Gastrointestinal, Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Thomas Cheasty
- Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Department of Gastrointestinal, Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
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14
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Darkling beetles (Alphitobius diaperinus) and their larvae as potential vectors for the transfer of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi B variant Java between successive broiler flocks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:6887-91. [PMID: 18791034 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00451-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler flocks often become infected with Campylobacter and Salmonella, and the exact contamination routes are still not fully understood. Insects like darkling beetles and their larvae may play a role in transfer of the pathogens between consecutive cycles. In this study, several groups of beetles and their larvae were artificially contaminated with a mixture of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B Variant Java and three C. jejuni strains and kept for different time intervals before they were fed to individually housed chicks. Most inoculated insects were positive for Salmonella and Campylobacter just before they were fed to the chicks. However, Campylobacter could not be isolated from insects that were kept for 1 week before they were used to mimic an empty week between rearing cycles. All broilers fed insects that were inoculated with pathogens on the day of feeding showed colonization with Campylobacter and Salmonella at levels of 50 to 100%. Transfer of both pathogens by groups of insects that were kept for 1 week before feeding to the chicks was also observed, but at lower levels. Naturally contaminated insects that were collected at a commercial broiler farm colonized broilers at low levels as well. In conclusion, the fact that Salmonella and Campylobacter can be transmitted via beetles and their larvae to flocks in successive rearing cycles indicates that there should be intensive control programs for exclusion of these insects from broiler houses.
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15
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Fuentes JA, Villagra N, Castillo-Ruiz M, Mora GC. The Salmonella Typhi hlyE gene plays a role in invasion of cultured epithelial cells and its functional transfer to S. Typhimurium promotes deep organ infection in mice. Res Microbiol 2008; 159:279-87. [PMID: 18434098 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of genome sequences of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Typhimurium reveals that S. Typhi has a small 2.3kb genomic island missing in S. Typhimurium, designated Salmonella pathogenicity island 18 (SPI-18), which includes two potential genes. One of these, hlyE, encodes a hemolysin related to the Escherichia coli K12 HlyE hemolysin. PCR assays show that SPI-18 is present in S. Typhi and in many other, but not all, serovars of S. enterica subsp. enterica belonging to the SARB collection. HlyE activity cannot be detected in S. Typhi by means of standard plate assays. Nevertheless, we were able to reveal this activity upon lysis of bacterial cells with phages, in the presence of ampicillin, and in a ompA genetic background, conditions that compromise the integrity of the bacterial envelope. Almost all serovars of the SARB collection shown to cause systemic infections in humans have SPI-18 and hlyE and express an active hemolysin revealed upon bacterial envelope destabilization. S. Typhi hlyE mutants are impaired in invasion of human epithelial cells in vitro, and its heterologous expression in S. Typhimurium improves the colonization of deep organs in mice, demonstrating that the HlyE hemolysin is a new virulence determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Fuentes
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.
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16
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Han KH, Choi SY, Lee JH, Lee H, Shin EH, Agtini MD, von Seidlein L, Ochiai RL, Clemens JD, Wain J, Hahn JS, Lee BK, Song M, Chun J, Kim DW. Isolation of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT+, or Salmonella Java, from Indonesia and alteration of the d-tartrate fermentation phenotype by disrupting the ORF STM 3356. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1661-1665. [PMID: 17108269 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Paratyphi B [O1,4,(5),12 : Hb : 1,2] can cause either an enteric fever (paratyphoid fever) or self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans. The d-tartrate non-fermenting variant S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT- (S. Paratyphi B) is the causative agent of paratyphoid fever, and the d-tartrate fermenting variant S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT+ (S. Paratyphi B dT+; formerly called Salmonella Java) causes gastroenteritis. S. Java is currently recognized as an emerging problem worldwide. Twelve dT+ S. Java isolates were collected in Indonesia between 2000 and 2002. One-third of them contained Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1), which gives the multidrug-resistant phenotype to the bacteria. In this study, a PCR-based method to detect a single nucleotide difference responsible for the inability to ferment d-tartrate, reported elsewhere, was validated. The d-tartrate fermenting phenotype of S. Java was converted to the non-fermenting phenotype by the disruption of the ORF STM 3356, and the d-tartrate non-fermenting phenotype of the ORF STM 3356-disrupted strain and the dT- reference strain was changed to the dT+ phenotype by complementing ORF STM 3356 in trans. The results show that the dT+ phenotype requires a functional product encoded by STM 3356, and support the use of the PCR-based discrimination method for S. Paratyphi B and S. Java as the standard differentiation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ho Han
- International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8 Bongcheon 7 dong, Kwanak gu, Seoul, 151-818, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Young Choi
- International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8 Bongcheon 7 dong, Kwanak gu, Seoul, 151-818, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Hee Lee
- International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8 Bongcheon 7 dong, Kwanak gu, Seoul, 151-818, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejon Lee
- International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8 Bongcheon 7 dong, Kwanak gu, Seoul, 151-818, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Shin
- International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8 Bongcheon 7 dong, Kwanak gu, Seoul, 151-818, Republic of Korea
| | - Magdarina D Agtini
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, 10560, Indonesia
| | - Lorenz von Seidlein
- International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8 Bongcheon 7 dong, Kwanak gu, Seoul, 151-818, Republic of Korea
| | - R Leon Ochiai
- International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8 Bongcheon 7 dong, Kwanak gu, Seoul, 151-818, Republic of Korea
| | - John D Clemens
- International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8 Bongcheon 7 dong, Kwanak gu, Seoul, 151-818, Republic of Korea
| | - John Wain
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Bok Kwon Lee
- Laboratory of Enteric Infections, Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Manki Song
- International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8 Bongcheon 7 dong, Kwanak gu, Seoul, 151-818, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsik Chun
- International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8 Bongcheon 7 dong, Kwanak gu, Seoul, 151-818, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8 Bongcheon 7 dong, Kwanak gu, Seoul, 151-818, Republic of Korea
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Levings RS, Lightfoot D, Hall RM, Djordjevic SP. Aquariums as reservoirs for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Paratyphi B. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:507-10. [PMID: 16704796 PMCID: PMC3291456 DOI: 10.3201/eid1203.051085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT+ isolates from patients with gastroenteritis were identical with isolates from their home aquariums. Matched isolates had identical phage types, XbaI and IS200 profiles, and Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1). Ornamental fish tanks are reservoirs for SGI1-containing S. Paratyphi B dT+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee S. Levings
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Ruth M. Hall
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Goh YL, Yasin R, Puthucheary SD, Koh YT, Lim VKE, Taib Z, Thong KL. DNA fingerprinting of human isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B in Malaysia. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95:1134-42. [PMID: 14633043 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS DNA fingerprinting of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B isolated in Malaysia during 1982-83, 1992 and 1996-2002 was carried out by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), antimicrobial susceptibility tests and D-tartrate utilization tests to assess the extent of genetic diversity of these isolates in Malaysia. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighty-six human isolates and one food isolate of Salm. Paratyphi B were analysed by PFGE, antimicrobial susceptibility tests and D-tartrate utilization tests. Sixty-five strains were D-tartrate-negative (dT-) while 22 strains were D-tartrate-positive (dT+). Thirty-seven per cent of the Salm. Paratyphi B strains were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents. PFGE analysis clearly distinguished the dT- and dT+ strains into two clusters based on the unweighted pair group average method (UPGMA). Twenty-two XbaI-pulsotypes were observed among the 65 dT- strains while 17 XbaI-pulsotypes were observed among the 22 isolates of Salm. Paratyphi B dT+. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that PFGE was very discriminative with 33.7% of the strains yielding distinct fingerprints. Paratyphoid fever in Malaysia is probably caused by one predominant, endemic clone of Salm. Paratyphi B dT- with various subtypes. There was no association between the pulsotypes and the severity of the disease indicating that the severity of the disease is probably multifactorial. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The findings of the present study verify the usefulness of PFGE in characterizing strains of Salm. Paratyphi B. This is the first report on the application of PFGE on a large collection of Salm. Paratyphi B in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Goh
- Microbiology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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