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Fortuin S, Soares NC. The Integration of Proteomics and Metabolomics Data Paving the Way for a Better Understanding of the Mechanisms Underlying Microbial Acquired Drug Resistance. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:849838. [PMID: 35602483 PMCID: PMC9120609 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.849838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to an increase in the overuse of antimicrobials and accelerated incidence of drug resistant pathogens, antimicrobial resistance has become a global health threat. In particular, bacterial antimicrobial resistance, in both hospital and community acquired transmission, have been found to be the leading cause of death due to infectious diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of bacterial drug resistance is of clinical significance irrespective of hospital or community acquired since it plays an important role in the treatment strategy and controlling infectious diseases. Here we highlight the advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics impact in bacterial proteomics and metabolomics analysis- focus on bacterial drug resistance. Advances in omics technologies over the last few decades now allows multi-omics studies in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical alterations of pathogenic bacteria in the context of antibiotic exposure, identify novel biomarkers to develop new drug targets, develop time-effectively screen for drug susceptibility or resistance using proteomics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suereta Fortuin
- African Microbiome Institute, General Internal Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Suereta Fortuin
| | - Nelson C. Soares
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Nelson C. Soares
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Saeed HMM, Faraj BM, Mirdan BM. Evaluation of antibacterial effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid in combination with light emitting diode (LED: 635nm) with different disinfection methods. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 29:101615. [PMID: 31811947 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the in vitro antibacterial effects of 5-ALA (photoactive dye) in regard to different disinfection methods (2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% Sodium Hypochlorite) on cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus). After inoculation of dentin specimens with S. mutans and S. sobrinus separately, the reduction in bacterial count was evaluated by the colony counting method. A total of sixty specimens were assigned to six groups (Ten per each group, with five in each group inoculated with S. mutans and the other five inoculated with S.sobrinus); group one: positive control where no treatment was performed, group two: 1% NaOCl was applied, group three: 2% CHX was used, group four: 5-ALA with LED light (635 nm) was applied, group five: 5-ALA was used without LED light activation, group six: LED light was used without dye application. There was a significant reduction in the number of S. mutans in the group treated with 5-ALA with LED light, followed by CHX and then NaOCl, whilst minimum bacterial reduction was detected in the groups that were treated with LED light alone and 5-ALA without LED. However, NaOCl exhibited a better effect regarding reduction of S. sobrinus, followed by 5-ALA and LED light and then CHX. All the disinfected groups showed a significant relation with the positive control non-treated group(p < 0.05).
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Characterisation and Antibiotic Resistance of Selected Bacterial Pathogens Recovered from Dairy Cattle Manure during Anaerobic Mono-Digestion in a Balloon-Type Digester. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8112088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cattle manure serves as a potential source of contamination and infection of animals, humans and the environment. Manure samples withdrawn from a balloon-type digester during anaerobic digestion were evaluated for the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens. The bacterial load of the samples was determined via a viable plate count method and the recovered isolates were subjected to characterisation and identification. These isolates were employed in antibiotic susceptibility testing using a disc diffusion method against a suite of 10 conventional antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated and MAR phenotypes were generated. Although all the bacterial pathogens showed a certain degree of resistance to the studied antibiotics, a marked resistance was demonstrated by Campylobacter sp. to co-trimoxazole (87.5%) and nalidixic acid (81.5%). Remarkably, a high resistance (82.42%) was demonstrated against the antibiotic class, macrolide, followed by beta-lactams (40.44%), suggesting that bacterial resistance depended on the chemical structure of the antibiotics. However, individual bacterial isolates varied in resistance to particular antibiotics. Of the 83 bacterial isolates, 40(48.19%) observed MAR > 0.2 and, thus, were described as multidrug-resistant isolates. A total of 28 MAR phenotypes were revealed with the highest frequency of MAR phenotypes (37.5%) expressed against 3 antibiotics. Results indicated a high risk of exposure to various antibiotics and wide diversity of antibiotic resistance.
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Alam MS, Chakraborty S, Rahman T, Hosen MI, Paul A, Hasan AKMM, Hossain MA. Investigation of the Potential Association between Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacterial Strains Isolated from Medical Waste and Environmental Water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ojmm.2018.82002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zenati K, Sahli F, Garcia V, Bakour S, Belhadi D, Rolain JM, Touati A. Occurrence and clonal diversity of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae recovered from inanimate surfaces in Algerian hospital environment: First report of armA , qnrB and aac(6′)-Ib-cr genes. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 10:148-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Biglari S, Hanafiah A, Mohd Puzi S, Ramli R, Rahman M, Lopes BS. Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms and Genetic Diversity of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from a Teaching Hospital in Malaysia. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 23:545-555. [PMID: 27854165 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii has increasingly emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance profiles and genetic diversity in A. baumannii clinical isolates in a tertiary medical center in Malaysia. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem), cephalosporins (ceftazidime and cefepime), and ciprofloxacin were determined by E-test. PCR and sequencing were carried out for the detection of antibiotic resistance genes and mutations. Clonal relatedness among A. baumannii isolates was determined by REP-PCR. Sequence-based typing of OXA-51 and multilocus sequence typing were performed. One hundred twenty-five of 162 (77.2%) A. baumannii isolates had MDR phenotype. From the 162 A. baumannii isolates, 20 strain types were identified and majority of A. baumannii isolates (66%, n = 107) were classified as strain type 1 and were positive for ISAba1-blaOXA-23 and ISAba1-blaADC and had mutations in both gyrA and parC genes at positions, 83 and 80, resulting in serine-to-leucine conversion. REP-PCR analysis showed 129 REP types that generated 31 clones with a 90% similarity cutoff value. OXA-66 variant of the blaOXA-51-like genes was predominantly detected among our A. baumannii clinical isolates belonging to ST195 (found in six clones: 1, 8, 9, 19, 27, and 30) and ST208 (found in clone 21). The study helps us in understanding the genetic diversity of A. baumannii isolates in our setting and confirms that international clone II is the most widely distributed clone in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Biglari
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alfizah Hanafiah
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shaliawani Mohd Puzi
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ramliza Ramli
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mostafizur Rahman
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bruno Silvester Lopes
- 2 Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Hosein I, Madeloso R, Nagaratnam W, Villamaria F, Stock E, Jinadatha C. Evaluation of a pulsed xenon ultraviolet light device for isolation room disinfection in a United Kingdom hospital. Am J Infect Control 2016; 44:e157-61. [PMID: 27040562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogen transmission from contaminated surfaces can cause hospital-associated infections. Although pulsed xenon ultraviolet (PX-UV) light devices have been shown to decrease hospital room bioburden in the United States, their effectiveness in United Kingdom (UK) hospitals is less understood. METHODS Forty isolation rooms at the Queens Hospital (700 beds) in North London, UK, were sampled for aerobic bacteria after patient discharge, after manual cleaning with a hypochlorous acid-troclosene sodium solution, and after PX-UV disinfection. PX-UV device efficacy on known organisms was tested by exposing inoculated agar plates in a nonpatient care area. Turnaround times for device usage were recorded, and a survey of hospital staff for perceptions of the device was undertaken. RESULTS After PX-UV disinfection, the bacterial contamination measured in colony forming units (CFU) decreased by 78.4%, a 91% reduction from initial bioburden levels prior to terminal cleaning. PX-UV exposure resulted in a 5-log CFU reduction for multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) on spiked plates. The average device turnaround time was 1 hour, with minimal impact on patient throughput. Ward staff were enthusiastic about device deployment, and device operators reported physical comfort in usage. CONCLUSIONS PX-UV use decreased bioburden in patient discharge rooms and on agar plates spiked with MDROs. The implementation of the PX-UV device was well received by hospital cleaning and ward staff, with minimal disruption to patient flow.
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Abstract
For much of the 20th century, vulnerability to deprivations of health has often been defined by geographical and economic factors. Those in wealthy, usually ‘Northern’ and ‘Western’, parts of the world have benefited from infrastructures, and accidents of geography and climate, which insulate them from many serious threats to health. Conversely, poorer people are typically exposed to more threats to health, and have lesser access to the infrastructures needed to safeguard them against the worst consequences of such exposure. However, in recent years the increasingly globalized nature of the world’s economy, society and culture, combined with anthropogenic climate change and the evolution of antibiotic resistance, has begun to shift the boundaries that previously defined the categories of person threatened by many exogenous threats to health. In doing so, these factors expose both new and forgotten similarities between persons, and highlight the need for global cooperative responses to the existential threats posed by climate change and the evolution of antimicrobial resistance. In this article, we argue that these emerging health threats, in demonstrating the similarities that exist between even distant persons, provides a catalyst for global solidarity, which justifies, and provides motivation for, the establishment of solidaristic, cooperative global health infrastructures.
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Synthesis of Some New Pyrimidine-Azitidinone Analogues and Their Antioxidant,In VitroAntimicrobial, and Antitubercular Activities. J CHEM-NY 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/847180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 1-(3-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-4-methylphenyl)-3-chloro-4-(2-mercaptoquinolin-3-yl)azetidin-2-one (7a-j) have been synthesized from the condensation of aromatic amines withN-phenylacetamide. The thione nucleus formed from 2-chloroquionoline-3-carbadehyde using sodium sulphide in dimethyl formamide (DMF) was followed by the reaction with pyrimidine amine to form the Schiff base intermediates. Attempt has been made to derive final azetidinone analogues from Schiff bases by using chloroacetyl chloride. The newly synthesized analogues were examined for the antimicrobial activity against some bacterial and fungal strains andin vitroantituberculosis activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis. These observations provide some predictions to design further antibacterial and antituberculosis active compounds prior to their synthesis according to molecular studies.
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Kumar P, Kumar A, Makrandi JK. Synthesis and Evaluation of Bioactivity of Thiazolo[3,2-b]-[1,2,4]-triazoles and Isomeric Thiazolo[2,3-c]-[1,2,4]-triazoles. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Kumar
- Chemistry Department; Kurukshetra University; Kurukshetra; Haryana; 136119; India
| | - A. Kumar
- Drug Discovery and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology; Hissar; Haryana; 125001; India
| | - J. K. Makrandi
- Chemistry Department; Maharishi Dayanand University; Rohtak; Haryana; 124001; India
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Dada AC, Ahmad A, Usup G, Heng LY. Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Among Enterococci Isolated from Teluk Kemang Beach, Malaysia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12403-012-0070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mathai AS, Oberoi A, Madhavan S, Kaur P. Acinetobacter infections in a tertiary level intensive care unit in northern India: epidemiology, clinical profiles and outcomes. J Infect Public Health 2012; 5:145-52. [PMID: 22541261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nosocomial Acinetobacter infections are an increasing concern in intensive care units (ICU). OBJECTIVES To study the demographic and clinical characteristics and the outcomes of ICU patients with Acinetobacter infections. METHODS A retrospective, 1-year audit of all Acinetobacter infections diagnosed in ICU patients between January 1 and December 31, 2009. RESULTS Acinetobacter infection occurred in 94 patients (108 episodes). The most common site of infection was the respiratory tract (83 patients, 76.85%), with medical patients being more susceptible than surgical patients to Acinetobacter lung infections (P=0.04), particularly late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (P=0.04). The majority (63.8%) of infections were acquired in the ICU, and patients with ICU acquired infections were intubated significantly longer than the other patients (P=0.02). Seventy percent of the infections were caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, and the overall crude mortality rate was over 70%. The most important factors affecting mortality were the duration of intubation (P=0.001) and the inappropriate use of antibiotics (P=0.021) after diagnosis of the infection. CONCLUSIONS Acinetobacter infections are highly prevalent in the ICU, with medical patients being more susceptible to lung infections, particularly late-onset VAP. The early and appropriate selection of antibiotics is the most important determinant of survival among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Sara Mathai
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab 141008, India.
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Mishra A, Kaushik NK, Verma AK, Gupta R. Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of cobalt(III) complexes with pyridine–amide ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2189-96. [PMID: 17959275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India
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Stoddard RA, Atwill ER, Conrad PA, Byrne BA, Jang S, Lawrence J, McCowan B, Gulland FMD. The effect of rehabilitation of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) on antimicrobial resistance of commensal Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 2008; 133:264-71. [PMID: 18783898 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if antimicrobial drug use increases resistance of commensal gastrointensinal Escherichia coli of wild northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) treated in rehabilitation, and, if so, identify the risk factors involved. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of twelve antimicrobial drugs were determined for 289 E. coli isolates from 99 seals sampled at admission and 277 isolates obtained at release from rehabilitation using broth microdilution. Prevalence of E. coli antimicrobial resistance, MIC(50), MIC(90), and clustering of MIC values were determined for seals and the data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, ordinal logistic regression and negative binomial regression. At release from rehabilitation 77.8% of the seals had antimicrobial resistant E. coli compared to 38.4% of the seals at admission. The MIC(90) for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, and trimethoprim-saulfamethoxazole were at levels considered to be sensitive at admission but they increased to levels of resistance at release. E. coli were grouped into four clusters by their MIC values, with increasing levels of resistance going from Cluster 1 to 4. A primary risk factor associated with the probability of a seal having E. coli in Clusters 3 and 4 was time in rehabilitation, regardless of whether the animal received treatment with antimicrobial drugs, suggesting nosocomial infection. The results of this study provide evidence that increased levels of hygiene and appropriate use of antimicrobial therapy might be important in the rehabilitation of wild animals to prevent rise in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A Stoddard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Stoddard RA, Atwill ER, Gulland FMD, Miller MA, Dabritz HA, Paradies DM, Worcester KR, Jang S, Lawrence J, Byrne BA, Conrad PA. Risk factors for infection with pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant fecal bacteria in northern elephant seals in California. Public Health Rep 2008; 123:360-70. [PMID: 19006978 PMCID: PMC2289989 DOI: 10.1177/003335490812300316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to identify potential environmental and demographic factors associated with Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), Salmonella enterica (Salmonella spp.), and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection in northern elephant seals stranded along the California coastline. METHODS E. coli, Salmonella spp., and C. jejuni were isolated from rectal swabs from 196 juvenile northern elephant seals, which were found stranded and alive along the California coast and brought to The Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito, California, for rehabilitation. Gender, weight, county where the animal stranded, month stranded, coastal human population density, exposure to sewage outfall or freshwater outflow (river or stream), and cumulative precipitation in the previous 24 hours, seven days, 30 days, 90 days, and 180 days were analyzed as potential risk factors for infection. RESULTS The odds of C. jejuni and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli were higher in feces of seals stranded at sites with higher levels of freshwater outflow compared with lower levels of freshwater outflow. The odds of Salmonella spp. in feces were 5.4 times greater in seals stranded in locations with lower levels of 30-day cumulative precipitation, along with substantially lower odds of Salmonella shedding for seals stranded in Monterey or Santa Cruz county compared with seals stranded in regions further north or south of this central California location. CONCLUSIONS Juvenile northern elephant seals that have entered the water are being colonized by antimicrobial-resistant and pathogenic fecal bacteria that may be acquired from terrestrial sources transmitted via river and surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A Stoddard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has posed an immense problem for clinicians in the hospital setting for years, emerging as the most frequent nosocomial infection. To deal with this problem pathogen and others, infectious disease specialists have developed a variety of procedures for their control and prevention, involving options from preventative measures such as decolonization and isolation of MRSA-confirmed patients, to the more simple procedures of hand washing, expanding glove use, and reducing time in the hospital. With the realization that MRSA is now a community problem, there are expanded efforts toward more direct intervention, such as the use of anti-MRSA antibacterials and vaccines, in an attempt to reduce the overall burden of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsu Wang
- Infectious Disease Research, Merck & Co Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
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Tiwari RK, Verma AK, Chhillar AK, Singh D, Singh J, Kasi Sankar V, Yadav V, Sharma GL, Chandra R. Synthesis and antifungal activity of substituted-10-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indoles. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2747-52. [PMID: 16377197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Series of substituted-10-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indoles derivatives have been synthesized and examined for their activity against pathogenic strains of Aspergillus fumigatus (ITCC 4517), Aspergillus flavus (ITCC 5192) Aspergillus niger (ITCC 5405) and Candida albicans (ITCC No 4718). All synthesized compounds showed mild to moderate activity, except for 2-substituted-10-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indoles 6a-d. The most active 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-10-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indole 4c exhibited a MIC value of 5.85 microg/disc against A. fumigatus and 11.71 microg/disc against A. flavus and A. niger in disc diffusion assay. Anti-Aspergillus activity of active compound 4c by microbroth dilution assay was found to be 15.62 microg/ml in case of A. fumigatus and 31.25 microg/ml with A. flavus and A. niger. The MIC90 value of the most active compound by percent germination inhibition assay was found to be 15.62 microg/ml against A. fumigatus. The MIC90 values of substituted-10-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indoles against C. albicans ranged from 15.62 to 250 microg/ml. The in vitro toxicity of the most active 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-10-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indole 4c was evaluated using haemolytic assay, in which the compound was found to be non-toxic to human erythrocytes up to a concentration of 312.50 microg/ml. The standard drug amphotericin B exhibited 100% lysis at a concentration of 37.5 microg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Spigaglia P, Barbanti F, Mastrantonio P. Horizontal transfer of erythromycin resistance from Clostridium difficile to Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 49:5142-5. [PMID: 16304188 PMCID: PMC1315942 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.12.5142-5145.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates for the first time the in vitro transfer of the erythromycin resistance gene erm(B) between two obligate anaerobes, the human spore-forming pathogen Clostridium difficile and the rumen commensal Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, suggesting that this event might occur also in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Spigaglia
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Tiwari RK, Singh D, Singh J, Yadav V, Pathak AK, Dabur R, Chhillar AK, Singh R, Sharma GL, Chandra R, Verma AK. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino [1,2-a] indoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:413-6. [PMID: 16246547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino [1,2-a] indole derivatives have been synthesized and tested against the Gram positive and Gram negative strains of bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus (MTCCB 737), Salmonella typhi (MTCCB 733), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCCB 741), Streptomyces thermonitrificans (MTCCB 1824) and Escherichia coli (MTCCB 1652). All synthesized compounds showed mild to moderate activity. However, compounds 4d-f were found to have potent activity against pathogenic bacteria used in the study. Their MIC ranged from 3.75 to 60 microg/disc. In vitro toxicity tests demonstrated that toxicity of 4d-f was not significantly different than that of gentamycin. However, at higher concentration (1000-4000 microg/ml) difference was highly significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Cookson B. Clinical significance of emergence of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in the hospital environment. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 99:989-96. [PMID: 16238730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Cookson
- Laboratory of Healthcare Associated Infection, Specialist and Reference Microbiology Division, Health Protection Agency and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Lerner CG, Kakavas SJ, Wagner C, Chang RT, Merta PJ, Ruan X, Metzger RE, Beutel BA. Novel approach to mapping of resistance mutations in whole genomes by using restriction enzyme modulation of transformation efficiency. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2767-77. [PMID: 15980348 PMCID: PMC1168657 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.7.2767-2777.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Restriction enzyme modulation of transformation efficiencies (REMOTE) is a method that makes use of genome restriction maps and experimentally observed differences in transformation efficiencies of genomic DNA restriction digests to discover the location of mutations in genomes. The frequency with which digested genomic DNA from a resistant strain transforms a susceptible strain to resistance is primarily determined by the size of the fragment containing the resistance mutation and the distance of the mutation to the end of the fragment. The positions of restriction enzyme cleavage sites immediately flanking the resistance mutation define these parameters. The mapping procedure involves a process of elimination in which digests that transform with high frequency indicate that the restriction enzyme cleavage sites are relatively far away from the mutation, while digests that transform with low frequency indicate that the sites are close to the mutation. The transformation data are compared computationally to the genome restriction map to identify the regions that best fit the data. Transformations with PCR amplicons encompassing candidate regions identify the resistance locus and enable identification of the mutation. REMOTE was developed using Haemophilus influenzae strains with mutations in gyrA, gyrB, and rpsE that confer resistance to ciprofloxacin, novobiocin, and spectinomycin, respectively. We applied REMOTE to identify mutations that confer resistance to two novel antibacterial compounds. The resistance mutations were found in genes that can decrease the intracellular concentration of compounds: acrB, which encodes a subunit of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump; and fadL, which encodes a long-chain fatty acid transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude G Lerner
- Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, R4CC, AP10-1, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA.
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Pohlmann J, Lampe T, Shimada M, Nell PG, Pernerstorfer J, Svenstrup N, Brunner NA, Schiffer G, Freiberg C. Pyrrolidinedione derivatives as antibacterial agents with a novel mode of action. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1189-92. [PMID: 15686939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pseudopeptide pyrrolidinedione natural products moiramide B and andrimid represent a new class of antibiotics that target bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed a high degree of variability for the fatty acid side chain, allowing optimization of physicochemical parameters, and a restricted SAR for the pyrrolidinedione group, indicating major relevance of this subunit for efficient target binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Pohlmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bayer HealthCare AG, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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Abstract
Multiresistance in Gram-negative pathogens, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter spp. and the Enterobacteriaceae, is a significant problem in medicine today. While multiple mechanisms often contribute to multiresistance, a broadly distributed family of three-component multidrug efflux systems is an increasingly recognised determinant of both intrinsic and acquired multiresistance in these organisms. Homologues of these efflux systems are also readily identifiable in the genome sequences of a wide range of Gram-negative organisms, pathogens and non-pathogens alike, where they probably promote efflux-mediated resistance to multiple antimicrobials. Significantly, these systems often accommodate biocides, raising the spectre of biocide-mediated selection of multiresistance in Gram-negative pathogens. While there is some debate as to the natural function of these efflux systems, only some of which are inducible by their antimicrobial substrates, their contribution to resistance in a variety of pathogens nonetheless makes them reasonable targets for therapeutic intervention. Indeed, given the incredible chemical diversity of substrates accommodated by these efflux systems, it is likely that many novel or yet to be discovered antimicrobials will themselves be efflux substrates and, as such, efflux inhibitors may become an important component of Gram-negative antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Poole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.
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