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Yates DT, Camacho LE, Kelly AC, Steyn LV, Davis MA, Antolic AT, Anderson MJ, Goyal R, Allen RE, Papas KK, Hay WW, Limesand SW. Postnatal β2 adrenergic treatment improves insulin sensitivity in lambs with IUGR but not persistent defects in pancreatic islets or skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2019; 597:5835-5858. [PMID: 31665811 PMCID: PMC6911010 DOI: 10.1113/jp278726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Previous studies in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have shown that adrenergic dysregulation was associated with low insulin concentrations and greater insulin sensitivity. Although whole‐body glucose clearance is normal, 1‐month‐old lambs with IUGR at birth have higher rates of hindlimb glucose uptake, which may compensate for myocyte deficiencies in glucose oxidation. Impaired glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in IUGR lambs is due to lower intra‐islet insulin availability and not from glucose sensing. We investigated adrenergic receptor (ADR) β2 desensitization by administering oral ADRβ modifiers for the first month after birth to activate ADRβ2 and antagonize ADRβ1/3. In IUGR lambs ADRβ2 activation increased whole‐body glucose utilization rates and insulin sensitivity but had no effect on isolated islet or myocyte deficiencies. IUGR establishes risk for developing diabetes. In IUGR lambs we identified disparities in key aspects of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and insulin‐stimulated glucose oxidation, providing new insights into potential mechanisms for this risk.
Abstract Placental insufficiency causes intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and disturbances in glucose homeostasis with associated β adrenergic receptor (ADRβ) desensitization. Our objectives were to measure insulin‐sensitive glucose metabolism in neonatal lambs with IUGR and to determine whether daily treatment with ADRβ2 agonist and ADRβ1/β3 antagonists for 1 month normalizes their glucose metabolism. Growth, glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and glucose utilization rates (GURs) were measured in control lambs, IUGR lambs and IUGR lambs treated with adrenergic receptor modifiers: clenbuterol atenolol and SR59230A (IUGR‐AR). In IUGR lambs, islet insulin content and GSIS were less than in controls; however, insulin sensitivity and whole‐body GUR were not different from controls. Of importance, ADRβ2 stimulation with β1/β3 inhibition increases both insulin sensitivity and whole‐body glucose utilization in IUGR lambs. In IUGR and IUGR‐AR lambs, hindlimb GURs were greater but fractional glucose oxidation rates and ex vivo skeletal muscle glucose oxidation rates were lower than controls. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) was lower in IUGR and IUGR‐AR skeletal muscle than in controls but GLUT1 was greater in IUGR‐AR. ADRβ2, insulin receptor, glycogen content and citrate synthase activity were similar among groups. In IUGR and IUGR‐AR lambs heart rates were greater, which was independent of cardiac ADRβ1 activation. We conclude that targeted ADRβ2 stimulation improved whole‐body insulin sensitivity but minimally affected defects in GSIS and skeletal muscle glucose oxidation. We show that risk factors for developing diabetes are independent of postnatal catch‐up growth in IUGR lambs as early as 1 month of age and are inherent to the islets and myocytes. Previous studies in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have shown that adrenergic dysregulation was associated with low insulin concentrations and greater insulin sensitivity. Although whole‐body glucose clearance is normal, 1‐month‐old lambs with IUGR at birth have higher rates of hindlimb glucose uptake, which may compensate for myocyte deficiencies in glucose oxidation. Impaired glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in IUGR lambs is due to lower intra‐islet insulin availability and not from glucose sensing. We investigated adrenergic receptor (ADR) β2 desensitization by administering oral ADRβ modifiers for the first month after birth to activate ADRβ2 and antagonize ADRβ1/3. In IUGR lambs ADRβ2 activation increased whole‐body glucose utilization rates and insulin sensitivity but had no effect on isolated islet or myocyte deficiencies. IUGR establishes risk for developing diabetes. In IUGR lambs we identified disparities in key aspects of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and insulin‐stimulated glucose oxidation, providing new insights into potential mechanisms for this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Yates
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leticia E Camacho
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Amy C Kelly
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leah V Steyn
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa A Davis
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew T Antolic
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ravi Goyal
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ronald E Allen
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Klearchos K Papas
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - William W Hay
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Pozzoli C, Bertini S, Poli E, Placenza G, Menozzi A. Relaxing effects of clenbuterol, ritodrine, salbutamol and fenoterol on the contractions of horse isolated bronchi induced by different stimuli. Res Vet Sci 2019; 128:43-48. [PMID: 31710963 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
β2-adrenoceptor agonists are considered the most effective drugs to counteract bronchoconstriction in horses with asthma, but only clenbuterol is commonly employed in clinical practice. We evaluated the effects of different selective β2 agonists: clenbuterol, ritodrine, salbutamol, and fenoterol on the contractions of isolated bronchial muscle of horses induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS), carbachol, histamine, and KCl. All β2 agonists reduced the amplitude of contraction induced by the different stimuli but with variable efficacy and potency. Fenoterol and salbutamol were more effective than clenbuterol in relaxing the bronchial contractions induced by EFS and histamine, and were able to completely abolish carbachol-induced contractions, unlike clenbuterol and ritodrine. The respective potency values (pEC50) of clenbuterol, ritodrine, salbutamol, and fenoterol were 7.74 ± 0.20, 7.77 ± 0.17, 7.30 ± 0.23, 8.01 ± 0.13, for EFS-induced contractions; 8.39 ± 0.26, 5.49 ± 0.28, 6.63 ± 0.14, 7.68 ± 0.11, for carbachol-induced contraction; 7.39 ± 0.27, 7.04 ± 0.28, 6.45 ± 0.34, 7.34 ± 0.22, for histamine-induced contraction; 7.15 ± 0.06, 6.07 ± 0.20, 6.48 ± 0.14, 6.70 ± 0.18, for KCl-induced contraction. Salbutamol and fenoterol showed a higher efficacy than clenbuterol in relaxing horse bronchial muscle pre-contracted by most stimuli. Clenbuterol displayed a good potency but a rather low efficacy, and this may be due to its partial agonist nature; ritodrine showed lower or not significantly different efficacy and potency compared to the other agonists. An evaluation of the clinical efficacy by fenoterol and salbutamol in horses with asthma could be of great interest to assess if they could represent more effective bronchodilators compared to clenbuterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pozzoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Bertini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Enzo Poli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Placenza
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Menozzi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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3
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Shen PT, Wu YY, Chang YT, Cheng CW, Huang MF, Chen Z, Shiue YL, Liang SS. Quantification of the β 2-Adrenergic Feed Additives Ractopamine and Salbutamol by Reductive Amination-Assisted Modification. J Food Prot 2019; 82:696-702. [PMID: 30917042 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS A reductive amination-assisted method was used to synthesize standards and internal standards of ractopamine and salbutamol. Standard and internal standard analogs were fabricated by isotopic formaldehydes and sodium cyanoborohydride. A quantitative method of modified ractopamine and salbutamol was successfully validated. The reductive amination-assisted method enhances the signal for MS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Tsun Shen
- 1 Health and Technology Center, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4556-1648 [P.-T.S.])
| | - You-Ying Wu
- 2 Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Chang
- 2 Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Wen Cheng
- 3 Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Future, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fang Huang
- 2 Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ziyu Chen
- 4 Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- 5 Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shin Liang
- 2 Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,5 Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,6 Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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4
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Boger E, Fridén M. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling Accurately Predicts the Better Bronchodilatory Effect of Inhaled Versus Oral Salbutamol Dosage Forms. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2019; 32:1-12. [DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2017.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Boger
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Fridén
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Translational PKPD, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Selection and Identification of Novel Aptamers Specific for Clenbuterol Based on ssDNA Library Immobilized SELEX and Gold Nanoparticles Biosensor. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092337. [PMID: 30216975 PMCID: PMC6225122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a multiple combined strategy to discover novel aptamers specific for clenbuterol (CBL). An immobilized ssDNA library was used for the selection of specific aptamers using the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Progress was monitored using real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), and the enriched library was sequenced by high-throughput sequencing. Candidate aptamers were picked and preliminarily identified using a gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) biosensor. Bioactive aptamers were characterized for affinity, circular dichroism (CD), specificity and sensitivity. The Q-PCR amplification curve increased and the retention rate was about 1% at the eighth round. Use of the AuNPs biosensor and CD analyses determined that six aptamers had binding activity. Affinity analysis showed that aptamer 47 had the highest affinity (Kd = 42.17 ± 8.98 nM) with no cross reactivity to CBL analogs. Indirect competitive enzyme linked aptamer assay (IC-ELAA) based on a 5′-biotin aptamer 47 indicated the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.18 ± 0.02 ng/L (n = 3), and it was used to detect pork samples with a mean recovery of 83.33–97.03%. This is the first report of a universal strategy including library fixation, Q-PCR monitoring, high-throughput sequencing, and AuNPs biosensor identification to select aptamers specific for small molecules.
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Lakkaraju SK, Lemkul JA, Huang J, MacKerell AD. DIRECT-ID: An automated method to identify and quantify conformational variations--application to β2 -adrenergic GPCR. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:416-25. [PMID: 26558323 PMCID: PMC4756637 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The conformational dynamics of a macromolecule can be modulated by a number of factors, including changes in environment, ligand binding, and interactions with other macromolecules, among others. We present a method that quantifies the differences in macromolecular conformational dynamics and automatically extracts the structural features responsible for these changes. Given a set of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a macromolecule, the norms of the differences in covariance matrices are calculated for each pair of trajectories. A matrix of these norms thus quantifies the differences in conformational dynamics across the set of simulations. For each pair of trajectories, covariance difference matrices are parsed to extract structural elements that undergo changes in conformational properties. As a demonstration of its applicability to biomacromolecular systems, the method, referred to as DIRECT-ID, was used to identify relevant ligand-modulated structural variations in the β2 -adrenergic (β2 AR) G-protein coupled receptor. Micro-second MD simulations of the β2 AR in an explicit lipid bilayer were run in the apo state and complexed with the ligands: BI-167107 (agonist), epinephrine (agonist), salbutamol (long-acting partial agonist), or carazolol (inverse agonist). Each ligand modulated the conformational dynamics of β2 AR differently and DIRECT-ID analysis of the inverse-agonist vs. agonist-modulated β2 AR identified residues known through previous studies to selectively propagate deactivation/activation information, along with some previously unidentified ligand-specific microswitches across the GPCR. This study demonstrates the utility of DIRECT-ID to rapidly extract functionally relevant conformational dynamics information from extended MD simulations of large and complex macromolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirish Kaushik Lakkaraju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Justin A. Lemkul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD 21201
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7
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Kusano K, Nomura M, Toju K, Ishikawa Y, Minamijima Y, Yamashita S, Nagata S. Pharmacokinetics of procaterol in thoroughbred horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:264-70. [PMID: 26538319 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Procaterol (PCR) is a beta-2-adrenergic bronchodilator widely used in Japanese racehorses for treating lower respiratory disease. The pharmacokinetics of PCR following single intravenous (0.5 μg/kg) and oral (2.0 μg/kg) administrations were investigated in six thoroughbred horses. Plasma and urine concentrations of PCR were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plasma PCR concentration following intravenous administration showed a biphasic elimination pattern. The systemic clearance was 0.47 ± 0.16 L/h/kg, the steady-state volume of the distribution was 1.21 ± 0.23 L/kg, and the elimination half-life was 2.85 ± 1.35 h. Heart rate rapidly increased after intravenous administration and gradually decreased thereafter. A strong correlation between heart rate and plasma concentration of PCR was observed. Plasma concentrations of PCR after oral administration were not quantifiable in all horses. Urine concentrations of PCR following intravenous and oral administrations were quantified in all horses until 32 h after administration. Urine PCR concentrations were not significantly different on and after 24 h between intravenous and oral administrations. These results suggest that the bioavailability of orally administrated PCR in horses is very poor, and the drug was eliminated from the body slowly based on urinary concentrations. This report is the first study to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic character of PCR in thoroughbred horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kusano
- Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Nomura
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Ritto, Shiga, Japan
| | - K Toju
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Ritto, Shiga, Japan
| | - Y Ishikawa
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Ritto, Shiga, Japan
| | - Y Minamijima
- Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - S Yamashita
- Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - S Nagata
- Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
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8
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Farah BL, Madden L, Li S, Nance S, Bird A, Bursac N, Yen PM, Young SP, Koeberl DD. Adjunctive β2-agonist treatment reduces glycogen independently of receptor-mediated acid α-glucosidase uptake in the limb muscles of mice with Pompe disease. FASEB J 2014; 28:2272-80. [PMID: 24448824 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-244202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme or gene replacement therapy with acid α-glucosidase (GAA) has achieved only partial efficacy in Pompe disease. We evaluated the effect of adjunctive clenbuterol treatment on cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR)-mediated uptake and intracellular trafficking of GAA during muscle-specific GAA expression with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector in GAA-knockout (KO) mice. Clenbuterol, which increases expression of CI-MPR in muscle, was administered with the AAV vector. This combination therapy increased latency during rotarod and wirehang testing at 12 wk, in comparison with vector alone. The mean urinary glucose tetrasaccharide (Glc4), a urinary biomarker, was lower in GAA-KO mice following combination therapy, compared with vector alone. Similarly, glycogen content was lower in cardiac and skeletal muscle following 12 wk of combination therapy in heart, quadriceps, diaphragm, and soleus, compared with vector alone. These data suggested that clenbuterol treatment enhanced trafficking of GAA to lysosomes, given that GAA was expressed within myofibers. The integral role of CI-MPR was demonstrated by the lack of effectiveness from clenbuterol in GAA-KO mice that lacked CI-MPR in muscle, where it failed to reverse the high glycogen content of the heart and diaphragm or impaired wirehang performance. However, the glycogen content of skeletal muscle was reduced by the addition of clenbuterol in the absence of CI-MPR, as was lysosomal vacuolation, which correlated with increased AKT signaling. In summary, β2-agonist treatment enhanced CI-MPR-mediated uptake and trafficking of GAA in mice with Pompe disease, and a similarly enhanced benefit might be expected in other lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Farah
- 2Duke University Medical Center, Box 103856, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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9
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Knych HK, Mitchell MM, Steinmetz SJ, McKemie DS. Detection, pharmacokinetics and cardiac effects following administration of clenbuterol to exercised horses. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:380-5. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. K. Knych
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California, Davis; USA
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California, Davis; USA
| | - M. M. Mitchell
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California, Davis; USA
| | - S. J. Steinmetz
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California, Davis; USA
| | - D. S. McKemie
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California, Davis; USA
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10
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Li S, Sun B, Nilsson MI, Bird A, Tarnopolsky MA, Thurberg BL, Bali D, Koeberl DD. Adjunctive β2-agonists reverse neuromuscular involvement in murine Pompe disease. FASEB J 2012; 27:34-44. [PMID: 22993195 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-207472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pompe disease has resisted enzyme replacement therapy with acid α-glucosidase (GAA), which has been attributed to inefficient cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) mediated uptake. We evaluated β2-agonist drugs, which increased CI-MPR expression in GAA knockout (KO) mice. Clenbuterol along with a low-dose adeno-associated virus vector increased Rotarod latency by 75% at 4 wk, in comparison with vector alone (P<2×10(-5)). Glycogen content was lower in skeletal muscles, including soleus (P<0.01), extensor digitorum longus (EDL; P<0.001), and tibialis anterior (P<0.05) following combination therapy, in comparison with vector alone. Glycogen remained elevated in the muscles following clenbuterol alone, indicating an adjunctive effect with gene therapy. Elderly GAA-KO mice treated with combination therapy demonstrated 2-fold increased wirehang latency, in comparison with vector or clenbuterol alone (P<0.001). The glycogen content of skeletal muscle decreased following combination therapy in elderly mice (P<0.05). Finally, CI-MPR-KO/GAA-KO mice did not respond to combination therapy, indicating that clenbuterol's effect depended on CI-MPR expression. In summary, adjunctive β2-agonist treatment increased CI-MPR expression and enhanced efficacy from gene therapy in Pompe disease, which has implications for other lysosomal storage disorders that involve primarily the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Li
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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11
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West GM, Chien EYT, Katritch V, Gatchalian J, Chalmers MJ, Stevens RC, Griffin PR. Ligand-dependent perturbation of the conformational ensemble for the GPCR β2 adrenergic receptor revealed by HDX. Structure 2011; 19:1424-32. [PMID: 21889352 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation and their modulation by functionally distinct ligands remains elusive. Using the technique of amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry, we examined the ligand-induced changes in conformational states and stability within the beta-2-adrenergic receptor (β(2)AR). Differential HDX reveals ligand-specific alterations in the energy landscape of the receptor's conformational ensemble. The inverse agonists timolol and carazolol were found to be most stabilizing even compared with the antagonist alprenolol, notably in intracellular regions where G proteins are proposed to bind, while the agonist isoproterenol induced the largest degree of conformational mobility. The partial agonist clenbuterol displayed conformational effects found in both the inverse agonists and the agonist. This study highlights the regional plasticity of the receptor and characterizes unique conformations spanning the entire receptor sequence stabilized by functionally selective ligands, all of which differ from the profile for the apo receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham M West
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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12
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Haack KKV, Tougas MR, Jones KT, El-Dahr SS, Radhakrishna H, McCarty NA. A Novel Bioassay for Detecting GPCR Heterodimerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:251-60. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057109360254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to form heteromeric complexes primarily by biochemical methods, including competitive radioligand binding assays or measurements of changes in second-messenger concentration in lysed cells. These results are often cell line specific, and the expression of other cell surface proteins makes it difficult to detect potential functional consequences of GPCR interaction. Here, 2-electrode voltage clamping in Xenopus oocytes was used as a bioassay to explore heterodimerization of bradykinin type 2 receptor (Bk2R) and beta 2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR), using chloride channels as outputs for receptor activation. The data show for the first time that these 2 receptors heterodimerize with functional consequences. Stimulation with bradykinin induced activation of Gαq- and transactivation of Gαs-coupled pathways in oocytes expressing Bk2R and β2AR. To corroborate these data, potential receptor interaction was examined in PC12 cells, a cell line that endogenously expresses both receptors, and confirmed that stimulation with bradykinin transactivates β2AR. In both oocytes and PC12 cells, transactivation was ablated by Bk2R or β2AR inverse agonists, suggesting that transactivation occurred directly through both receptors. This is the first evidence of Bk2R/β2AR physical interaction, forming a functional heterodimer. The oocyte system may prove highly useful for exploration of GPCR heterodimerization and the functional consequences thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla K. V. Haack
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Kymry T. Jones
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Samir S. El-Dahr
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Nael A. McCarty
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
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Elfinger M, Geiger J, Hasenpusch G, Üzgün S, Sieverling N, Aneja MK, Maucksch C, Rudolph C. Targeting of the β2-adrenoceptor increases nonviral gene delivery to pulmonary epithelial cells in vitro and lungs in vivo. J Control Release 2009; 135:234-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Vietmeier J, Niedorf F, Bäumer W, Martin C, Deegen E, Ohnesorge B, Kietzmann M. Reactivity of equine airways--a study on precision-cut lung slices. Vet Res Commun 2007; 31:611-9. [PMID: 17252319 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-3501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A study was performed to evaluate the use of precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) for studies on the contraction of equine airways. Lungs of 10 horses were taken to prepare PCLS of approximately 250 microm from equine lung tissue using a special microtome. The lung slices were cultured and the enclosed small airways were monitored using a microscope with coupled digital camera, which was used to determine the airway luminal area and diameter from digital images. As indicated by the beating of the ciliated epithelium and reactivity of airways on methacholine challenge, the tissue slices were found to be viable for at least 24 h. The airways were not precontracted, as indicated by a missing dilatory effect of 1 mmol/L clenbuterol. Bronchoconstriction induced by both methacholine and histamine was found to be dose dependent. EC(50) values based on luminal area were 1.12 micromol/L x / / 3.82 for methacholine and 0.68 micromol/L x / / 6.99 for histamine. In conclusion, the PCLS technique is promising for studies on small airways in the equine lung. In the present study the basic principles of in vitro (ex vivo) examinations with equine PCLS on airway reactivity were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vietmeier
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Verhoeckx KCM, Doornbos RP, van der Greef J, Witkamp RF, Rodenburg RJT. Inhibitory effects of the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist zilpaterol on the LPS-induced production of TNF-alpha in vitro and in vivo. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2005; 28:531-7. [PMID: 16343285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2005.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study the anti-inflammatory properties of zilpaterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist specifically developed as a growth promoter in cattle were investigated. Although zilpaterol has a different structure compared with the beta2-AR agonists known to date, it was noted that it was able to bind to both the beta2-AR (Ki = 1.1 x 10(-6)) and the beta1-AR (Ki = 1.0 x 10(-5)). Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed U937 macrophages, the production of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were investigated. Zilpaterol inhibited TNF-alpha release and induced intracellular cAMP levels in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of TNF-alpha release and induction of cAMP production was mainly mediated via the beta2-AR, as indicated by addition of beta1- and beta2-specific antagonists. The effects of zilpaterol were investigated in LPS-treated male Wistar rats after pretreatment with zilpaterol. Zilpaterol dosed at 500 microg/kg body weight reduced the TNF-alpha plasma levels. In conclusion, zilpaterol is a beta2-adrenergic agonist and an inhibitor of TNF-alpha production induced by LPS both in vivo and in vitro.
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16
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Verhoeckx KCM, Doornbos RP, Witkamp RF, van der Greef J, Rodenburg RJT. Beta-adrenergic receptor agonists induce the release of granulocyte chemotactic protein-2, oncostatin M, and vascular endothelial growth factor from macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 6:1-7. [PMID: 16332507 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2005] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), oncostatin M (OSM), and granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2/CXCL6) are up-regulated in U937 macrophages and peripheral blood macrophages exposed to LPS, beta-adrenergic receptor (beta2-AR) agonists (e.g. zilpaterol, and clenbuterol) and some other agents that induce intracellular cAMP (prostaglandin E2, forskolin, and butyryl cAMP). LPS in combination with beta2-agonists and cAMP elevating agents had an additional effect on the release of VEGF, OSM, and CXCL6. These proteins are up-regulated after 16-24 h of exposure and this is mediated by the beta2-AR, as determined by time course experiments and the use of a specific beta2-AR antagonist (ICI 118551). Beta2-AR agonists are used as bronchodilators in the treatment of asthma, but appear to have no effect on the chronic inflammation of the disease. However, the up-regulation of VEGF, OSM, and CXCL6 may have adverse effects on the inflammatory process of asthma. These mediators are involved in the recruitment of neutrophils, airway remodelling and angiogenesis, known features of chronic inflammatory diseases. We propose that the up-regulation of these proteins could play a role in the adverse effects of prolonged excessive usage of beta2-AR agonists on the airways besides the desensitization of the beta2-AR.
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17
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Soma LR, Uboh CE, Guan F, Luo Y, Teleis D, Runbo L, Birks EK, Tsang DS, Habecker P. Tissue distribution of clenbuterol in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2004; 27:91-8. [PMID: 15096106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasma and tissue concentrations of clenbuterol (CLB) were determined following oral (p.o.) administration of 1.6 microg/kg twice daily (b.i.d.) for 2 weeks. Horses were administered the last dose on morning of day 15, killed at 0.25, 24, 48, and 72 h post-administration. At 0.25 h, the highest tissue concentrations of CLB were found in the liver (16.21 ng/g), lung (6.48 ng/g), left ventricle (4.99 ng/g), kidney (3.35 ng/g), bronchi (2.56 ng/g), right ventricle (2.08 ng/g), and eye fluids (1.09 ng/g) all of which were higher than that of plasma (1.10 ng/mL). The elimination half-lives (t(1/2k)) for CLB in tissues ranged from 21.2 to 56.3 h, the longest were in the eye fluids (56.9 h), spleen (21.2 h), cerebrum (27.1 h), cerebellum (21.5) and cecum (23.7 h). The t(1/2k) for plasma was 10.9 h. Tissue/plasma ratios of liver (14.7), lung (5.9), left ventricle (4.6), kidney (3.1), bronchi, (2.3) and right ventricle (1.9) were high at 0.25 h and remained elevated up to 72 h. Accumulation and sustained high concentration of CLB relative to plasma in these tissues contributed to the prolonged elimination and the ability to quantify CLB in plasma and urine for a prolonged period.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Soma
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Equine obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or heaves or recurrent airway obstruction, is a common equine pulmonary disease similar to human asthma and/or CODP. Since bronchospasm and inflammation are the key features in heaves, the purpose of this paper is to review the contribution of neural mechanism that may be relevant to this disease. Equine airway receive cholinergic and adrenergic innervation, as well as observed in many species. It was suggested that the autonomic neural control in asthma might be defective with an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory pathways, resulting in excessively twitchy airways. Moreover, the recognition that, in addition to classical adrenergic and cholinergic pathway there are non-adrenergic-non-cholinergic inhibitory (iNANC) and excitatory (eNANC) innervation and many mediators, which have potent effects on airway function, has revived interest in neural control of airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Matera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, 2nd University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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Tracheal Muscle Smoothing Effect of Nobiletin Isolated from Korean Chung-pi. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2002. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2002.46.3.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Robinson NE. International Workshop on Equine Chronic Airway Disease. Michigan State University 16-18 June 2000. Equine Vet J 2001; 33:5-19. [PMID: 11191611 DOI: 10.2746/042516401776767412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N E Robinson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1314, USA
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21
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von Deutsch DA, Abukhalaf IK, Wineski LE, Aboul-Enein HY, Pitts SA, Parks BA, Oster RA, Paulsen DF, Potter DE. Beta-agonist-induced alterations in organ weights and protein content: comparison of racemic clenbuterol and its enantiomers. Chirality 2000; 12:637-48. [PMID: 10897101 DOI: 10.1002/1520-636x(2000)12:8<637::aid-chir6>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic partial agonist that has bronchodilator activity. This drug has been investigated as a potential countermeasure to microgravity- or disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy because of presumed anabolic effects. The purpose of this study was to: 1) analyze the anabolic effect of clenbuterol's (-)-R and (+)-S enantiomers (0.2 mg/kg) on muscles (cardiac and skeletal) and other organs; and 2) compare responses of enantiomers to the racemate (0.4 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg). Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with: a) racemic clenbuterol (rac-clenbuterol, 0.4 or 1.0 mg/kg); b) enantiomers [clenbuterol (-)-R or (+)-S]; or c) vehicle (1.0 mL/kg buffered saline). Anabolic activity was determined by measuring tissue mass and protein content. HPLC teicoplanin chiral stationary phase was used to directly resolve racemic clenbuterol to its individual enantiomers. In skeletal muscle, both enantiomers had equal anabolic activity, and the effects were muscle- and anatomic region-specific in magnitude. Although the enantiomers did not affect the ventricular mass to body weight ratio, clenbuterol (+)-S induced a small but significant increase in ventricular mass. Both clenbuterol enantiomers produced significant increases in skeletal muscle mass, while being less active in producing cardiac ventricular muscle hypertrophy than the racemic mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A von Deutsch
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Space Medicine and Life Sciences Research Center, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310-1495, USA.
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Törneke MK, Ingvast-Larsson JC, Johansson JM, Appelgren LE. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of terbutaline in healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:761-5. [PMID: 10895896 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics of terbutaline in healthy horses and to relate serum terbutaline concentrations with the drug's pharmacodynamic effects. ANIMALS 6 healthy horses. PROCEDURE Horses were given terbutaline i.v. (10 microg/kg of body weight) and, 1 week later, p.o. (100 microg/kg). Responses to drug administration (eg, heart rate and serum lactate concentration) were measured. Serum terbutaline concentration was measured by means of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Protein binding was determined in vitro. RESULTS Following i.v. administration, median maximum serum terbutaline concentration and mean residence time were 9.3 ng/ml and 30 minutes, respectively. Bioavailability following oral administration was < 1%. All horses developed sweating, trembling, excitement, and tachycardia during i.v. infusion. The 2 horses with the highest serum terbutaline concentrations developed severe tachycardia and CNS stimulation; 30 minutes after the i.v. infusion was completed, they were hyperventilating and lethargic. Heart rate and serum lactate concentration increased as serum terbutaline concentration increased. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that terbutaline is rapidly cleared from the bloodstream following i.v. administration to horses, suggesting that continuous i.v. infusion would be needed to maintain therapeutic serum concentrations. Oral administration of terbutaline to horses is not practical because of the low bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Törneke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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Abstract
The density and subtype pattern of beta-adrenoceptors in equine tracheal epithelium, tracheal smooth muscle and heart from 6-9 horses were investigated by radioligand binding studies using the nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist 125I-cyanopindolol (ICYP). The specific binding of ICYP was 341 +/- 162 fmol/mg protein (mean +/- SD) for epithelium, 42 +/- 13 fmol/mg for smooth muscle and 124 +/- 39 and 101+/- 19 fmol/mg for the cardiac atrium and ventricle, respectively. The Kd value of ICYP was 6.7 10.2 pmol/L. In competition studies, different concentrations of either the beta2-selective drug ICI 118551 or the beta1-selective CGP 20712A competed with 25 pmol/L ICYP for the binding sites. The competition curves for tracheal smooth muscle and epithelium were monophasic with an approximate Kd value for ICI 118551 of 1 nmol/L and for CGP 20712A of 10000 nmol/L. This corresponds to known Kd values for these substances binding to beta2-adrenoceptors. beta2-Adrenoceptors were also found in the heart, most pronounced in the atrium, where the density was 29% +/- 6% (mean +/- SD) of the total receptor density. CGP 20712A and ICI 118551 bound to the dominating binding site of beta1-adrenoceptors in the heart with Kd values of approximately I nmol/L and 100 nmol/L, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Töneke
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmnacology and Toxicology, Uppsala
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