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Lamonica D, Charvy L, Kuo D, Fritsch C, Coeurdassier M, Berny P, Charles S. A brief review on models for birds exposed to chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34628-5. [PMID: 39133414 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
"A Who's Who of pesticides is therefore of concern to us all. If we are going to live so intimately with these chemicals eating and drinking them, taking them into the very marrow of our bones - we had better know something about their nature and their power."-Rachel Carson, Silent Spring. In her day, Rachel Carson was right: plant protection products (PPP), like all the other chemical substances that humans increasingly release into the environment without further precaution, are among our worst enemies today (Bruhl and Zaller, 2019; Naidu et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2021; Topping et al., 2020). All compartments of the biosphere, air, soil and water, are potential reservoirs within which all species that live there are impaired. Birds are particularly concerned: PPP are recognized as a factor in the decline of their abundance and diversity predominantly in agricultural landscapes. Due to the restrictions on vertebrates testing, in silico-based approaches are an ideal choice alternative given input data are available. This is where the problem lies as we will illustrate in this paper. We performed an extensive literature search covering a long period of time, a wide diversity of bird species, a large range of chemical substances, and as many model types as possible to encompass all our future need to improve environmental risk assessment of chemicals for birds. In the end, we show that poultry species exposed to pesticides are the most studied at the individual level with physiologically based toxicokinetic models. To go beyond, with more species, more chemical types, over several levels of biological organization, we show that observed data are crucially missing (Gilbert, 2011). As a consequence, improving existing models or developing new ones could be like climbing Everest if no additional data can be gathered, especially on chemical effects and toxicodynamic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lamonica
- University Lyon 1, Laboratory of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology - UMR CNRS5558, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France.
- Research Institute for Development, BotAny and Modeling of Plant Architecture and Vegetation - UMR AMAP, TA A51/PS2, Montpellier Cedex 05, 34398, France.
| | - Lison Charvy
- INSA Lyon, Biosciences department, 20 avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
| | - Dave Kuo
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (GIEE), National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Clémentine Fritsch
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, Besançon cedex, 25030, France
| | - Michaël Coeurdassier
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, Besançon cedex, 25030, France
| | - Philippe Berny
- UR ICE, VetAgro Sup Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'étoile, F-69280, France
| | - Sandrine Charles
- University Lyon 1, Laboratory of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology - UMR CNRS5558, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Andersson DI, Bampidis V, Bengtsson‐Palme J, Bouchard D, Ferran A, Kouba M, López Puente S, López‐Alonso M, Nielsen SS, Pechová A, Petkova M, Girault S, Broglia A, Guerra B, Innocenti ML, Liébana E, López‐Gálvez G, Manini P, Stella P, Peixe L. Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed.
Part 3: Amprolium. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06854. [PMID: 34729083 PMCID: PMC8546521 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific concentrations of amprolium in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC for amprolium, it was not possible to conclude the assessment. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels of amprolium in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported. The lack of antibacterial activity at clinically relevant concentrations for amprolium suggests that further studies relating to bacterial resistance are not a priority.
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Hyatt MW, Waltzek TB, Kieran EA, Frasca S, Lovy J. Diagnosis and treatment of multi-species fish mortality attributed to Enteromyxum leei while in quarantine at a US aquarium. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 132:37-48. [PMID: 30530929 DOI: 10.3354/dao03303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Enteromyxum leei is an enteric myxozoan parasite of fish. This myxozoan has low host specificity and is the causative agent of myxozoan emaciation disease, known for heavy mortalities and significant financial losses within Mediterranean, Red Sea, and Asian aquaculture industries. The disease has rarely been documented within public aquaria and, to our knowledge, has never been confirmed within the USA. This case report describes an outbreak of E. leei in a population of mixed-species east African/Indo-Pacific marine fish undergoing quarantine at a public aquarium within the USA. Four of 16 different species of fish in the population, each of a different taxonomic family, were confirmed infected by the myxozoan through cloacal flush or intestinal wet mount cytology at necropsy. Clinical and histopathological findings in this case are similar to previous findings describing myxozoan emaciation disease, e.g. severe emaciation, cachexia, enteritis, and death. Sequence analysis of the 18S rDNA of intestinal samples from a powder blue tang Acanthurus leucosternon and an emperor angelfish Pomacanthus imperator confirmed the parasite to have 99-100% identity with other E. leei sequences. Spore morphology and ultrastructure were consistent with previous reports of E. leei. Treatment of clinically affected fish by oral administration of the coccidiostats amprolium and salinomycin led to reduction of mortalities and resolution of clinical signs. This case report highlights the importance of thorough examination and surveillance of fish during quarantine, particularly with respect to enteric myxozoans.
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Karagouni E, Athanassopoulou F, Tsagozis P, Ralli E, Moustakareas T, Lytra K, Dotsika E. The Impact of a Successful Anti-Myxosporean Treatment on the Phagocyte Functions of Juvenile and Adult Sparus Aurata L. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 18:121-32. [PMID: 15698517 DOI: 10.1177/039463200501800113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of a successful anti-myxosporean medication on the innate immune system of fish intensively cultured in the Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, juvenile and adult gilthead seabream ( S. aurata L.) naturally infected with Polysporoplasma sparis in the kidney were used in a small-scale field trial. The infected fish were treated orally with the combination of salinomycin and amprolium, two drugs well known for their anti-coccidial effect in other animals. Drug efficacy and safety was evaluated in terms of changes observed in histopathology, mortality and P. sparis intensity and prevalence rate. Phagocytic functions of head-kidney leucocytes were also investigated at the end as well as one month post the medication. Salinomycin with amprolium exhibited a significant reduction in intensity and prevalence rate in both juvenile and adult fish, and no histopathological evidence for toxic side effects was observed. In addition, the successful treatment was closely correlated with a complete restoration of the diminished phagocytic ability and capacity as well as NO, and lysozyme secretion in a time dependent manner. This data suggests that salilomycin with amprolium can be an alternative treatment for myxosporean infections in warm-water fish, possibly exhibiting their action through the enhancement of host innate functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Karagouni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute Pasteur Hellenique, Athens, Greece.
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Flip-flop pharmacokinetics--delivering a reversal of disposition: challenges and opportunities during drug development. Ther Deliv 2012; 2:643-72. [PMID: 21837267 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flip-flop pharmacokinetics is a phenomenon often encountered with extravascularly administered drugs. Occurrence of flip-flop spans preclinical to human studies. The purpose of this article is to analyze both the pharmacokinetic interpretation errors and opportunities underlying the presence of flip-flop pharmacokinetics during drug development. Flip-flop occurs when the rate of absorption is slower than the rate of elimination. If it is not recognized, it can create difficulties in the acquisition and interpretation of pharmacokinetic parameters. When flip-flop is expected or discovered, a longer duration of sampling may be necessary in order to avoid overestimation of fraction of dose absorbed. Common culprits of flip-flop disposition are modified dosage formulations; however, formulation characteristics such as the drug chemical entities themselves or the incorporated excipients can also cause the phenomenon. Yet another contributing factor is the physiological makeup of the extravascular site of administration. In this article, these causes of flip-flop pharmacokinetics are discussed with incorporation of relevant examples and the implications for drug development outlined.
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Goetting V, Lee KA, Tell LA. Pharmacokinetics of veterinary drugs in laying hens and residues in eggs: a review of the literature. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:521-56. [PMID: 21679196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poultry treated with pharmaceutical products can produce eggs contaminated with drug residues. Such residues could pose a risk to consumer health. The following is a review of the information available in the literature regarding drug pharmacokinetics in laying hens, and the deposition of drugs into eggs of poultry species, primarily chickens. The available data suggest that, when administered to laying hens, a wide variety of drugs leave detectable residues in eggs laid days to weeks after the cessation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Goetting
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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GRABOWSKI T, JAROSZEWSKI JJ. Bioavailability of veterinary drugsin vivoandin silico. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:249-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Karagouni E, Athanassopoulou F, Lytra A, Komis C, Dotsika E. Antiparasitic and immunomodulatory effect of innovative treatments against Myxobolus sp. infection in Diplodus puntazzo. Vet Parasitol 2005; 134:215-28. [PMID: 16169152 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential antiparasitic and immunomodulatory effect of three treatments against myxosporean parasites on the innate immune system of sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) was investigated. Fish naturally infected with Myxobolus sp. (Bivalvulida/Platysporina), a histozoic parasite mainly affecting the renal interstitial tissue, were treated by oral administration of a combination of salinomycin with amprolium, Origanum essential oil or fumagillin in a small-scale field trial. Various leucocyte functions influenced by myxosporean infection were examined in order to determine treatment effects on leucocyte immunocompetence of treated fish. One month post treatment all drugs caused a significant decrease in prevalence and intensity of infection in comparison to untreated, infected fish. The effect was most prominent in salinomycin with amprolium treated fish, which 1-month post treatment contained either no cysts at all or a few spores free in melanomacrophage centres revealing almost total elimination of the parasite and the antiparasitic action of the treatment. There was no histopathological evidence of drug toxicity. Antiparasitic action was accompanied by a significant enhancement of phagocytic activity demonstrated by ingestion of large numbers of latex beads and the secretion of high levels of reactive nitrogen intermediates by phagocytes in vitro. Complete restoration of the diminished mitogenic responses and serum lysozyme secretion was also detected in salinomycin with amprolium-treated fish compared to untreated, infected fish. These data suggest that salilomycin with amprolium may be a promising treatment for myxosporean infections in intensively cultured warm-water fish, exhibiting action partially via the enhancement of host, innate immune functions and leading to parasite elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Karagouni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur Hellenique, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 115 21 Athens, Greece.
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Yoshimura H, Endoh YS. Acute toxicity to freshwater organisms of antiparasitic drugs for veterinary use. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2005; 20:60-66. [PMID: 15712325 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicity of five antiparasitic drugs used in the veterinary field-amprolium hydrochloride (APH), bithionol (BT), levamisole hydrochloride (LVH), pyrimethamine (PYM) and trichlorfon (TRC)-to the aquatic organisms Oryzias latipes, Daphnia magna, and Brachionus calyciflorus was examined. The toxicity test with O. latipes was conducted in accordance with the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (1993) to determine the 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-h LC(50) values. In addition, 24- and 48-h EC(50) values for D. magna and a 24-h EC(50) for B. calyciflorus were determined with the DAPHTOXKIT F(trade mark) magna (Creasel, Belgium) and the ROTOXKIT F(trade mark) (Creasel, Belgium), respectively. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis revealed that APH, LVH, and PYM were stable in water, but BT was unstable, decreasing by 84% on average at 24 h. TRC rapidly decomposed, with only 0.7% of the initial concentration remaining after 96 h, forming dichlorvos. The toxicity of TRC to O. latipes was determined in two ways: exposure to the same medicated water for 96 h (static test) and exposure to medicated water replaced every 24 h (semistatic test). AMP, LVM, and PYM were tested in the static condition, and BT was tested in the semistatic condition. BT was most toxic to O. latipes, with a 96-h LC(50) of 0.24 mg L(-1), followed by PYM, with a 96-h LC(50) of 5.6 mg L(-1). The 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-h LC(50) values of TRC in the static test were 92.0, 45.2, 29.5, and 17.6 mg L(-1), respectively, which tended to be lower than those in the semistatic test, especially late in the observation period. D. magna was the most susceptible to TRC, with a 48-h EC(50) as low as 0.00026 mg L(-1). The 48-h EC(50) values of BT, PYM, and LVH for D. magna were 0.3, 5.2, and 64.0 mg L(-1), respectively. B. calyciflorus was the most susceptible to BT, with an EC(50) of 0.063 mg L(-1), followed by PYM, with an EC(50) of 15.0 mg L(-1). Among the test compounds, APH was the least toxic to all the freshwater organisms tested, with a 96-h LC(50) of >600 mg L(-1) for O. latipes, a 48-h EC(50) of 227 mg L(-1) for D. magna, and an EC(50) of 403 mg L(-1) for B. calyciflorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Yoshimura
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo, Japan 185-8511
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