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Bautista JM, Aranda Estrada M, Gutiérrez Olvera L, Lopez Ordaz R, Sumano López H. Treatment of Bovine Leptospirosis with Enrofloxacin HCl 2H2O (Enro-C): A Clinical Trial. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182358. [PMID: 36139218 PMCID: PMC9495257 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics ratios of enrofloxacin HCl-2H2O (enro-C) in cows to treat bovine leptospirosis prompted this clinical trial in the highlands (HL) and the tropics (TL) in Mexico. In the HL, 111 Holstein-Friesian cows were included and 38 F1 Zebu–Holstein/Friesians in the TL. Affected cows were randomly divided into two treatment groups, both in the HL and TL. PCR and MAT tests were performed before and after treatment. Treatments in both groups were administered for 5 d with either IM injections of enro-C or streptomycin/penicillin-G. Reproductive performance data were gathered for 90 d. The cows treated with enro-C became PCR negative: 87.5% and 78.94% on day 5, 92.85% and 94.73% on day 28 (in the HL and TL, respectively). For streptomycin/penicillin-G, the same values were 65.45% and 70.90% on day 5, and 73.68% twice on day 28 in the HL and TL, respectively. In both groups and geographical settings, the MAT titers dropped on day 28 but remained above reference values usually considered negative. The gestation rates were: 86.53% and 79.06% and 88.88% and 87.5% for the HL and TL, either with enro-C or streptomycin/penicillin-G, respectively. This is the first report of successful treatment with a fluoroquinolone derivative in treating bovine leptospirosis with a high bacteriological cure rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mendoza Bautista
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Melissa Aranda Estrada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Lilia Gutiérrez Olvera
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Reyes Lopez Ordaz
- Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM), Calz. del Hueso 1100, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Héctor Sumano López
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Delayed reduction of Anaplasma marginale parasitemia and packed cell volume normalization despite prolonged enrofloxacin treatment of cattle co-infected with Trypanosoma vivax. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2929-2937. [PMID: 34251516 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although co-infections of Trypanosoma vivax, Anaplasma spp., and Babesia spp. have been reported, knowledge gaps remain that need to be addressed. The present study evaluated the efficacy of enrofloxacin (7.5 mg/kg) against A. marginale in naturally infected cattle and cattle experimentally co-infected with T. vivax by observation of the variation in A. marginale parasitemia and packed cell volume (PCV) for 39 days. Bovines were distributed into two groups, each with six calves: T01 = animals immunosuppressed with dexamethasone and with latent anaplasmosis; T02 = animals immunosuppressed with dexamethasone, with latent anaplasmosis and experimentally co-infected with T. vivax on day 0 (D0). Animals of both groups were immunosuppressed with dexamethasone and received enrofloxacin (7.5 mg/kg) whenever mean values of parasitemia for A. marginale were ≥ 5% per group. Cattle of group T02 were also treated with isometamidium chloride (0.5 mg/kg) on D25. On D17 and D22 to D28 of the study, there was a higher (P ≤ 0.05) A. marginale parasitemia in animals of T02 than in those of T01. Animals of T01 required one enrofloxacin treatment to decrease A. marginale parasitemia, while those from T02 needed five treatments. From D5 to D37 of study, the mean values of PCV for calves from T02 were lower (P ≤ 0.05) than that for calves from T01. In conclusion, bovines co-infected T. vivax needed four more treatments with enrofloxacin to reduce A. marginale parasitemia and keep PCV values within reference standards.
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Kuramae T, Otomaru K, Hirata M, Ishikawa S, Noguchi M, Ikedo T, Horinouchi C, Hayashi J, Tsumagari K, Hobo S. Pharmacokinetics in plasma and alveolar regions of healthy calves subcutaneously administered a single dose of enrofloxacin. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1197-1203. [PMID: 32565494 PMCID: PMC7468075 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (ERFX) and its
metabolite ciprofloxacin (CPFX) in plasma, as well as their migration to, and retention
in, the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar cells within the bronchoalveolar fluid
(BALF). Four healthy calves were subcutaneously administered a single dose of ERFX (5
mg/kg). ERFX and CPFX dynamics post-administration were analyzed via a non-compartment
model, including the absorption phase. The Cmax of plasma ERFX was 1.6 ± 0.4
µg/ml at 2.3 ± 0.5 hr post-administration and
gradually decreased to 0.14 ± 0.03 µg/ml at 24 hr
following administration. The mean residence time between 0 and 24 hr (MRT0–24)
in plasma was 6.9 ± 1.0 hr. ERFX concentrations in ELF and alveolar cells peaked at 3.0 ±
2.0 hr and 4.0 ± 2.3 hr following administration, respectively, and gradually decreased to
0.9 ± 0.8 µg/ml and 0.8 ± 0.5
µg/ml thereafter. The plasma half-life (t1/2) of ERFX
was 6.5 ± 0.7 hr, while that in ELF and alveolar cells was 6.5 ± 3.6 and 7.4 ± 4.3 hr,
respectively. The Cmax and the area under the concentration-time curve for 0–24 hr for
ERFX were significantly higher in alveolar cells than in plasma
(P<0.05). These results suggest that ERFX is distributed at high
concentrations in ELF and is retained at high concentrations in alveolar cells after 24 hr
in the BALF region; hence, ERFX may be an effective therapeutic agent against
pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kuramae
- Kuramae Animal Clinic, 3209-2 Koba, Yusui-cho, Kagoshima 899-6201, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Konosuke Otomaru
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Masaya Hirata
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shingo Ishikawa
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Michiko Noguchi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Ikedo
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Chie Horinouchi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Jun Hayashi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Miyazaki Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 280 Takasu, Miyazaki 880-0852 Japan
| | - Keita Tsumagari
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Soo Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 2253 Tsukino, Oosumi-cho, Soo-shi, Kagoshima 899-8212, Japan
| | - Seiji Hobo
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Mendoza J, Gutierrez L, Gutiérrez JÁ, Bustos FA, Sumano H. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin HCl-2H 2 O (ENRO-C), PK/PD, and Monte Carlo modeling vs. Leptospira spp. in cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:300-308. [PMID: 30714169 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics, PK/PD ratios, and Monte Carlo modeling of enrofloxacin HCl-2H2 O (Enro-C) and its reference preparation (Enro-R) were determined in cows. Fifty-four Jersey cows were randomly assigned to six groups receiving a single IM dose of 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg of Enro-C (Enro-C10 , Enro-C15 , Enro-C20 ) or Enro-R. Serial serum samples were collected and enrofloxacin concentrations quantified. A composite set of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Leptospira spp. was utilized to calculate PK/PD ratios: maximum serum concentration/MIC (Cmax /MIC90 ) and area under the serum vs. time concentration of enrofloxacin/MIC (AUC0-24 /MIC90 ). Monte Carlo simulations targeted Cmax /MIC = 10 and AUC0-24 /MIC = 125. Mean Cmax obtained were 6.17 and 2.46 μg/ml; 8.75 and 3.54 μg/ml; and 13.89 and 4.25 μg/ml, respectively for Enro-C and Enro-R. Cmax /MIC90 ratios were 6.17 and 2.46, 8.75 and 3.54, and 13.89 and 4.25 for Enro-C and Enro-R, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations based on Cmax /MIC90 = 10 indicate that only Enro-C15 and Enro-C20 may be useful to treat leptospirosis in cows, predicting a success rate ≥95% when MIC50 = 0.5 μg/ml, and ≥80% when MIC90 = 1.0 μg/ml. Although Enro-C15 and Enro-C20 may be useful to treat leptospirosis in cattle, clinical trials are necessary to confirm this proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mendoza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lilia Gutierrez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Á Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe A Bustos
- Department of Statistics, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico (ITAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hector Sumano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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López C, García JJ, Sierra M, Diez MJ, Pérez C, Sahagún AM, Fernández N. Systemic and mammary gland disposition of enrofloxacin in healthy sheep following intramammary administration. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:88. [PMID: 25889369 PMCID: PMC4396189 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mastitis is one of the most important diseases affecting dairy sheep. Antimicrobial drugs are often administered directly through teat to treat or prevent this disease, but data on drug distribution within glandular tissue are scarce and it cannot be estimated from concentrations in milk. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate systemic and mammary gland distribution of enrofloxacin after intramammary administration. The drug was administered to 6 healthy lactating Assaf sheep with an injector containing an enrofloxacin preparation (1 g drug/5 g ointment). Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min. Animals were then sedated and sacrificed, and glandular tissue samples were obtained from treated udders at 2, 4, 6 and 8 cm height. Enrofloxacin concentrations were measured in plasma and tissue samples by UV high-performed liquid chromatography. Results Mean enrofloxacin plasma concentrations were below 0.5 μg/mL. Mean tissue concentrations decreased in mammary gland with vertical distance from the teat, ranging from 356.6 μg/g at 2 cm to 95.60 μg/g at the base of the udder. Glandular tissue concentrations best fitted to a decreasing monoexponential model, and showed a good correlation with an ex vivo model previously developed. Conclusions Enrofloxacin concentrations were effective in the entire glandular tissue against the main pathogens causing mastitis in sheep. These results suggest that this drug may be suitable to treat mastitis in sheep by intramammary administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina López
- Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Juan José García
- Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Matilde Sierra
- Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - María José Diez
- Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Claudia Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Ana Maria Sahagún
- Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Nélida Fernández
- Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
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Ji K, Kho Y, Park C, Paek D, Ryu P, Paek D, Kim M, Kim P, Choi K. Influence of water and food consumption on inadvertent antibiotics intake among general population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:641-649. [PMID: 20624619 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic entry into the water environment has been of growing concern. However, few investigations have been performed to examine the potential for indirect human exposure to environmental antibiotic residues. We evaluated the contribution of drinking water and major food consumption to inadvertent intake of antibiotic residues among general human population in Korea. We estimated daily human intake of six antibiotics, i.e., sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfathiazole (STZ), trimethoprim (TMP), enrofloxacin (EFX), and roxithromycin (RTM), by measuring the concentrations of the antibiotics and their major metabolites in urine from general population in Korea (n=541). In addition, we measured antibiotics from source water of drinking water as well as in tap water samples, and surveyed water consumption rates among the study population. To assess the contribution of dietary factor, we also surveyed consumption pattern for several major foods which are suspected of antibiotics residue. SMZ, Sulfamethazine-N4-acetyl (SMZ-N4), TMP, EFX, ciprofloxacin (CFX), and RTM were detected up to 448, 6210, 11,900, 6970, 32,400, and 151pg/ml in the urine samples, respectively. Estimates of daily intake of major antibiotics did not appear to be related with consumption of drinking water although antibiotics were frequently detected in source waters (10-67ng/l). Consumption of several foods correlated significantly with urinary excretion of several antibiotics. Daily intake estimates of EFX and CFX were associated with consumption of beef, pork, and dairy products; those of SMZ and TMP associated with pork and dairy products; and that of TMP related with raw fish. Daily antibiotics intake estimates however did not exceed the acceptable daily intake levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Ji
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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7
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Comparative pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in lactating dairy cows and beef steers following intravenous administration of enrofloxacin. Res Vet Sci 2010; 89:230-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Ji K, Lim Kho Y, Park Y, Choi K. Influence of a five-day vegetarian diet on urinary levels of antibiotics and phthalate metabolites: a pilot study with "Temple Stay" participants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:375-382. [PMID: 20227070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Diet is purported to be means of exposure to many environmental contaminants. The purpose of this study is to understand the influence of dietary change on the levels of exposure to several environmental chemicals - in particular, antibiotics and phthalates. For this purpose, we examined the extent to which short-term changes in diet influenced the inadvertent exposure levels to these chemicals in an adult population. We recruited participants (n=25) of a five-day 'Temple Stay' program in Korea and collected urine samples before and after the program. We also conducted a questionnaire survey on participants' dietary patterns prior to their participation. During the program, participants followed the daily routines of Buddhist monks and maintained a vegetarian diet. Urinary levels of three antibiotics and their major metabolites, metabolites of four major phthalates, and malondialdehyde (MDA) as an oxidative stress biomarker were analyzed. The frequency and levels of detection for antibiotics and phthalates noticeably decreased during the program. Urinary MDA levels were significantly lower than before program participation (0.16 versus 0.27mg/g creatinine). Although the exposure to target compounds might be influenced by other behavioral patterns, these results suggest that even short-term changes in dietary behavior may significantly decrease inadvertent exposure to antibiotics and phthalates and hence may reduce oxidative stress levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongun, Chongro, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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FU LX, JIANG ZG, DING HZ, LIU YH. Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in ill cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:240-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dimitrova DJ, Lashev LD, Yanev SG, Pandova VT. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in male and female turkeys following intravenous and oral administration. Vet Res Commun 2007; 30:415-22. [PMID: 16502109 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (EFL) was investigated in turkeys (6 male and 6 female; 7-month-old at the start of the experiment), after intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. The serum concentrations of EFL and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin (CFL) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The serum concentrations vs time were analysed by a compartmental analysis. The mean values of EFL pharmacokinetic parameters showed differences only between values of V(d,ss) (3.46+/-0.19 for the females and 4.53+/-0.11 L/kg for the males, p>0.05). The metabolite CFL was eliminated more slowly than its parent compound. There were no statistically significant differences between the values of the CFL pharmacokinetic parameters calculated for both sexes, excluding the higher values (p>0.05) of C(max) in the females. The ratio AUC(CFL)/AUC(EFL)x100 was 4.4% in the male and 6.84% in the female birds. After oral administration of EFL the values of F(%) were 77.83 in the female and 79.61 in the male turkeys. Higher CFL serum concentrations were measured in females (p>0.05). The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in turkeys can be characterized as similar to that in chickens and very similar between both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Dimitrova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
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Lykkeberg AK, Halling-Sørensen B, Jensen LB. Susceptibility of bacteria isolated from pigs to tiamulin and enrofloxacin metabolites. Vet Microbiol 2007; 121:116-24. [PMID: 17194550 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibilities to metabolites of tiamulin (TIA) and enrofloxacin (ENR) were tested using selected bacteria with previously defined minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The TIA metabolites tested were: N-deethyl-tiamulin (DTIA), 2beta-hydroxy-tiamulin (2beta-HTIA) and 8alpha-hydroxy-tiamulin (8alpha-HTIA), and the ENR metabolites were: ciprofloxacin (CIP) and enrofloxacin N-oxide (ENR-N). Bacteria, all of porcine origin, were selected as representatives of bacterial infections (Staphylococcus hyicus and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae), zoonotic bacteria (Campylobacter coli) and indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and enterococci). Furthermore the effects of these compounds were tested on the microbial community of active sludge to test any negative effect on colony forming units (CFU). DTIA had a potency of 12.5-50% of the potency of TIA. 2beta-HTIA and 8alpha-HTIA had potencies less than 1% of the potency of TIA. ENR-N had a potency of 0.75-1.5% of the potency of ENR, while CIP and ENR had similar potencies. Results obtained here indicate that CIP and DTIA could contribute to the selective pressure for upholding antimicrobial resistant bacteria in animals under ENR or TIA treatment. The most potent metabolites CIP and DTIA showed considerable potencies against activated sludge bacteria compared to the parent compounds. EC(50) (microg/ml) for ENR, CIP, TIA and DTIA were 0.018 [95% CI: 0.028-0.149], 0.064 [95% CI: 0.007-0.046], 6.0 [95% CI: 3.6-9.8], and 9.7 [95% CI: 5.8-16.3], respectively. This indicates that the compounds can change the bacterial population in the sludge, and hereby alter the properties of the sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kruse Lykkeberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Science, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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González C, Moreno L, Small J, Jones DG, Bruni SFS. A liquid chromatographic method, with fluorometric detection, for the determination of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in plasma and endometrial tissue of mares. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Van den Bulck K, Decostere A, Gruntar I, Baele M, Krt B, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Helicobacter felis, H. bizzozeronii, and H. salomonis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2997-3000. [PMID: 15980383 PMCID: PMC1168705 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.7.2997-3000.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The susceptibilities of Helicobacter felis (15 strains), H. bizzozeronii (7 strains), and H. salomonis (3 strains) to 10 antimicrobial agents were investigated by determination of the MIC using the agar dilution method. No consistent differences were noticed between the different Helicobacter species, which were all highly susceptible to ampicillin, clarithromycin, tetracycline, tylosin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, and neomycin, as demonstrated by low MICs. Higher MICs were obtained for lincomycin (up to 8 microg/ml) and spectinomycin (up to 4 microg/ml). Two H. felis strains showed a MIC of 16 microg/ml for metronidazole, suggesting acquired resistance to this antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Van den Bulck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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14
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Cox SK, Cottrell MB, Smith L, Papich MG, Frazier DL, Bartges J. Allometric analysis of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics across species. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2004; 27:139-46. [PMID: 15189299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the allometric analysis of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin using pharmacokinetic data from the literature. The pharmacokinetic parameters used were half-life, clearance and volume of distribution. Relationships between body weight and the pharmacokinetic parameter were based on the empirical formula Y = aW(b), where Y is half-life, clearance or volume of distribution, W the body weight and a is an allometric coefficient (intercept) that is constant for a given drug. The exponential term b is a proportionality constant that describes the relationship between the pharmacokinetic parameter of interest and body weight. A total of 21 different species of animals were studied. Results of the allometric analyses indicated similarity between clearance and volume of distribution as they related to body weight for both drugs. Results of the current analyses indicate it is possible to use allometry to predict pharmacokinetic variables of enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin based on body size of species. This could provide information on appropriate doses of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin for all species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Cox
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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