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Herath HMLPB, Wickramasinghe PDSU, Bathige SDNK, Jayasooriya RGPT, Kim GY, Park MA, Kim C, Lee J. Molecular identification and functional delineation of a glutathione reductase homolog from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus): Insights as a potent player in host antioxidant defense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:355-367. [PMID: 27919756 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase (GSR) is an enzyme that catalyzes the biochemical conversion of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) into the reduced form (GSH). Since the ratio between the two forms of glutathione (GSH/GSSG) is important for the optimal function of GSH to act as an antioxidant against H2O2, the contribution of GSR as an enzymatic regulatory agent to maintain the proper ratio is essential. Abalones are marine mollusks that frequently encounter environmental factors that can trigger the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2. Therefore, we conducted the current study to reveal the molecular and functional properties of a GSR homolog in the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus. The identified cDNA sequence (2325 bp) has a 1356 bp long open reading frame (ORF), coding for a 909 bp long amino acid sequence, which harbors a pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase domain (171-246 aa), a pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase dimerization domain, and a NAD(P)(+)-binding Rossmann fold superfamily signature domain. Four functional residues: the FAD binding site, glutathione binding site, NADPH binding motif, and assembly domain were identified to be conserved among the other species. The recombinant abalone GSR (rAbGSR) exhibited detectable activity in a standard glutathione reductase activity assay. The optimum pH and optimal temperature for the reaction were found to be 7.0 and 50 °C, respectively, while the ionic strength of the medium had no effect. The enzymatic reaction was vastly inhibited by Cu+2 and Cd+2 ions. A considerable effect of cellular protection was detected with a disk diffusion assay conducted with rAbGSR. Moreover, an MTT assay and flow cytometry confirmed the significance of the protective role of rAbGSR in cell function. Furthermore, AbGSR was found to be ubiquitously distributed in different types of abalone tissues. AbGSR mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in response to three immune challenges: Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thus indicating its possible involvement in host defense mechanisms during pathogenic infections. Taken together, the results of the current study suggest that AbGSR plays an important role in antioxidant-mediated host defense mechanisms and also provide insights into the immunological contribution of AbGSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M L P B Herath
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - P D S U Wickramasinghe
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - R G P T Jayasooriya
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ae Park
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institutie of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong-si, Gyoengsangnam-do, 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Kim
- Informatics Development & Management Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Miller AD, van Rooyen A, Rašić G, Ierodiaconou DA, Gorfine HK, Day R, Wong C, Hoffmann AA, Weeks AR. Contrasting patterns of population connectivity between regions in a commercially important mollusc Haliotis rubra: integrating population genetics, genomics and marine LiDAR data. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3845-64. [PMID: 27322873 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Estimating contemporary genetic structure and population connectivity in marine species is challenging, often compromised by genetic markers that lack adequate sensitivity, and unstructured sampling regimes. We show how these limitations can be overcome via the integration of modern genotyping methods and sampling designs guided by LiDAR and SONAR data sets. Here we explore patterns of gene flow and local genetic structure in a commercially harvested abalone species (Haliotis rubra) from southeastern Australia, where the viability of fishing stocks is believed to be dictated by recruitment from local sources. Using a panel of microsatellite and genomewide SNP markers, we compare allele frequencies across a replicated hierarchical sampling area guided by bathymetric LiDAR imagery. Results indicate high levels of gene flow and no significant genetic structure within or between benthic reef habitats across 1400 km of coastline. These findings differ to those reported for other regions of the fishery indicating that larval supply is likely to be spatially variable, with implications for management and long-term recovery from stock depletion. The study highlights the utility of suitably designed genetic markers and spatially informed sampling strategies for gaining insights into recruitment patterns in benthic marine species, assisting in conservation planning and sustainable management of fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Miller
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Warrnambool, Vic., 3280, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - A van Rooyen
- Cesar, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic., 3052, Australia
| | - G Rašić
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - D A Ierodiaconou
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Warrnambool, Vic., 3280, Australia
| | - H K Gorfine
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia.,Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport, and Resources, Queenscliff, Vic., 3225, Australia
| | - R Day
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - C Wong
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - A A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - A R Weeks
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia.,Cesar, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic., 3052, Australia
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Miller KJ, Mundy CN, Mayfield S. Molecular genetics to inform spatial management in benthic invertebrate fisheries: a case study using the Australian greenlip abalone. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:4958-75. [PMID: 25211183 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical sampling and subsequent microsatellite genotyping of >2300 Haliotis laevigata (greenlip abalone) from 19 locations distributed across five biogeographic regions have substantially advanced our knowledge of population structure and connectivity in this commercially important species. The study has found key differences in stock structure of H. laevigata compared with the sympatric and congeneric Haliotis rubra (blacklip abalone) and yielded valuable insights into the management of fisheries targeting species characterized by spatial structure at small scales (i.e. S-fisheries). As with H. rubra, H. laevigata comprise a series of metapopulations with strong self-recruitment. However, the spatial extent of H. laevigata metapopulations (reefal areas around 30 km(2) ; distances of up to 135 km are effective barriers to larval dispersal) was substantially greater than that identified for H. rubra (Miller et al. 2009). Differences in the dynamics and scale of population processes, even between congeneric haliotids as made evident in this study, imply that for S-fisheries, it is difficult to generalize about the potential consequences of life history commonalities. Consequently, species-specific management reflective of the population structure of the target species remains particularly important. This will likely require integration of information about stock structure and connectivity with data on life history and population dynamics to determine the necessary input (e.g. number of fishers, fishing effort) and output (e.g. minimum legal size, total allowable catch) controls to underpin their sustainable management.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Miller
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, The UWA Oceans Institute (M096), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Slabbert R, Hepple JA, Rhode C, Bester-Van der Merwe AE, Roodt-Wilding R. New microsatellite markers for the abalone Haliotis midae developed by 454 pyrosequencing and in silico analyses. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:2769-79. [PMID: 23007972 DOI: 10.4238/2012.august.24.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Farming of Haliotis midae is the most lucrative aquaculture venture in South Africa. The genome of this species needs to be studied to assist in selective breeding programs aimed at increasing overall yield, and molecular markers will be required to attain this goal. We identified and characterized 82 polymorphic microsatellite loci by using repeat-enriched genomic libraries and high-throughput pyrosequencing technology. The observed number of alleles ranged from 2 to 21, expected heterozygosity from 0.063 to 0.968, observed heterozygosity from 0.000 to 1.000, and polymorphic information content from 0.059 to 0.934. Three loci gave significant hits to other haliotid genes and/or microsatellite loci; hits to genes were always located in the 5'/3'-UTR or intron region. Many of these newly designed markers would be useful for parentage, population and linkage studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Slabbert
- Molecular Aquatic Research Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa.
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Miller KJ, Maynard BT, Mundy CN. Genetic diversity and gene flow in collapsed and healthy abalone fisheries. Mol Ecol 2008; 18:200-11. [PMID: 19076275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.04019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Overexploitation of marine species invariably results in population decline but can also have indirect effects on ecological processes such as larval dispersal and recruitment that ultimately affect genetic diversity and population resilience. We compared microsatellite DNA variation among depleted and healthy populations of the black-lip abalone Haliotis rubra from Tasmania, Australia, to determine if over-fishing had affected genetic diversity. We also used genetic data to assess whether variation in the scale and frequency of larval dispersal was linked to greater population decline in some regions than in others, and if larval dispersal was sufficient to facilitate natural recovery of depleted populations. Surprisingly, allelic diversity was higher in depleted populations than in healthy populations (P < 0.05). Significant subdivision across hundreds of metres among our sampling sites (F(ST) = 0.026, P < 0.01), coupled with assignment tests, indicated that larval dispersal is restricted in all regions studied, and that abalone populations across Tasmania are largely self-recruiting. Low levels of larval exchange appear to occur at the meso-scale (7-20 km), but age estimates based on shell size indicated that successful migration of larvae between any two sites may happen only once every few years. We suggest that genetic diversity may be higher in depleted populations due to the higher relative ratio of migrant to self-recruiting larvae. In addition, we expect that recovery of depleted abalone populations will be reliant on sources of larvae at the meso-scale (tens of km), but that natural recovery is only likely to occur on a timescale unacceptable to fishers and resource managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Miller
- Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 77, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia.
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Baranski M, Rourke M, Loughnan S, Hayes B, Austin C, Robinson N. Detection of QTL for growth rate in the blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra Leach) using selective DNA pooling. Anim Genet 2008; 39:606-14. [PMID: 18786156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify QTL for growth rate in the blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra using selective DNA pooling. Three full-sibling families of H. rubra derived from crosses of wild broodstock were used. DNA was extracted from the largest and smallest 10% of progeny and combined into two pools for each phenotypic tail. The DNA pools were typed with 139 microsatellites, and markers showing significant differences between the peak height ratios of alleles inherited from the parents were individually genotyped and analysed by interval mapping. A strong correlation (r = 0.94, P < 0.001) was found between the t-values from the analysis of pools and the t-values from the analysis of individual genotypes. Based on the interval mapping analysis, QTL were detected on nine linkage groups at a chromosome-wide P < 0.01 and one linkage group at a chromosome-wide P < 0.05. The study demonstrated that selective DNA pooling is efficient and effective as a first-pass screen for the discovery of QTL in an aquaculture species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baranski
- Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Attwood, Vic. 3049, Australia.
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Brownlow RJ, Dawson DA, Horsburgh GJ, Bell JJ, Fish JD. A method for genotype validation and primer assessment in heterozygote-deficient species, as demonstrated in the prosobranch mollusc Hydrobia ulvae. BMC Genet 2008; 9:55. [PMID: 18713472 PMCID: PMC2536670 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-9-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In studies where microsatellite markers are employed, it is essential that the primers designed will reliably and consistently amplify target loci. In populations conforming to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), screening for unreliable markers often relies on the identification of heterozygote deficiencies and subsequent departures from HWE. However, since many populations naturally deviate from HWE, such as many marine invertebrates, it can be difficult to distinguish heterozygote deficiencies resulting from unreliable markers from natural processes. Thus, studies of populations that are suspected to deviate from HWE naturally would benefit from a method to validate genotype data-sets and test the reliability of the designed primers. Levels of heterozygosity are reported for the prosobranch mollusc Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant) together with a method of genotype validation and primer assessment that utilises two primer sets for each locus. Microsatellite loci presented are the first described for the species Hydrobia ulvae; the five loci presented will be of value in further study of populations of H. ulvae. Results We have developed a novel method of testing primer reliability in naturally heterozygote deficient populations. After the design of an initial primer set, genotyping in 48 Hydrobia ulvae specimens using a single primer set (Primer set_A) revealed heterozygote deficiency in six of the seven loci examined. Redesign of six of the primer pairs (Primer set_B), re-genotyping of the successful individuals from Primer set_A using Primer set_B, and comparison of genotypes between the two primer sets, enabled the identification of two loci (Hulv-06 & Hulv-07) that showed a high degree of discrepancy between primer sets A and B (0% & only 25% alleles matching, respectively), suggesting unreliability in these primers. The discrepancies included changes from heterozygotes to homozygotes or vice versa, and some individuals who also displayed new alleles of unexpected sizes. Of the other four loci examined (Hulv-01, Hulv-03, Hulv-04, & Hulv-05), all showed more than 95% agreement between primer sets. Hulv-01, Hulv-03, & Hulv-05 displayed similar levels of heterozygosity with both primer sets suggesting that these loci are indeed heterozygote deficient, while Hulv-08 showed no deficiency in either primer set. Conclusion The simple method described to identify unreliable markers will prove a useful technique for many population studies, and also emphasises the dangers in using a single primer set and assuming marker reliability in populations shown to naturally deviate from HWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brownlow
- NERC Molecular Genetics Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Baranski M, Loughnan S, Austin CM, Robinson N. A microsatellite linkage map of the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra. Anim Genet 2007; 37:563-70. [PMID: 17121601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable scope for genetic improvement of cultured blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra in Australia using molecular marker-assisted, selective-breeding practices. Such improvement is dependent on the availability of primary genetic resources, such as a genetic linkage map. This study presents a first-generation linkage map of H. rubra, containing 122 microsatellite markers typed in a single full-sib family. These loci mapped to 17 and 20 linkage groups for the male and female respectively, and when aligned, the consensus map represented 18 linkage groups. The male linkage map contained 102 markers (one unlinked) covering 621 cM with an average intermarker spacing of 7.3 cM, and the female map contained 98 markers (eight unlinked) covering 766 cM with an average intermarker spacing of 9.8 cM. Analysis of markers informative in both parents showed a significantly higher recombination rate in the female parent, with an average male-to-female recombination ratio of 1:1.45 between linked pairs of markers. This linkage map represents a significant advancement in the genetic resource available for H. rubra and provides a framework for future quantitative trait loci mapping and eventual implementation of marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baranski
- AKVAFORSK (Institute for Aquaculture Research AS), As N-1432, Norway.
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BARANSKI MATTHEW, ROURKE MEAGHAN, LOUGHNAN SHANNON, AUSTIN CHRIS, ROBINSON NICK. Isolation and characterization of 125 microsatellite DNA markers in the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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