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Nassani R, Bokhari Y, Alrfaei BM. Molecular signature to predict quality of life and survival with glioblastoma using Multiview omics model. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287448. [PMID: 37972206 PMCID: PMC10653472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients show a variety of signs and symptoms that affect their quality of life (QOL) and self-dependence. Since most existing studies have examined prognostic factors based only on clinical factors, there is a need to consider the value of integrating multi-omics data including gene expression and proteomics with clinical data in identifying significant biomarkers for GBM prognosis. Our research aimed to isolate significant features that differentiate between short-term (≤ 6 months) and long-term (≥ 2 years) GBM survival, and between high Karnofsky performance scores (KPS ≥ 80) and low (KPS ≤ 60), using the iterative random forest (iRF) algorithm. Using the Cancer Genomic Atlas (TCGA) database, we identified 35 molecular features composed of 19 genes and 16 proteins. Our findings propose molecular signatures for predicting GBM prognosis and will improve clinical decisions, GBM management, and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Nassani
- Center for Computational Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Bokhari
- Department of AI and Bioinformatics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahauddeen M. Alrfaei
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Grube S, Ewald C, Kögler C, Lawson McLean A, Kalff R, Walter J. Achievable Central Nervous System Concentrations of the Green Tea Catechin EGCG Induce Stress in Glioblastoma Cells in Vitro. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:1145-1158. [PMID: 30198785 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1495239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The polyphenolic compounds present in green tea are preventative against cancer in several animal tumor models. However, direct cytotoxic effects on cancer cells have also been reported. In order to determine whether drinking of green tea has chemopreventive or cytotoxic effects on brain cancer cells, we investigated the effect of the major green tea polyphenol EGCG as a pure substance and as tea extract dietary supplement on primary human glioblastoma cell cultures at the CNS-achievable concentration of 100 nM reported in the literature. We compared this with the effect of the cytotoxic concentration of 500 μM determined to be specific for the investigated primary glioblastoma cultures. After treatment with 500 µM EGCG, strong induction of autophagy and apoptosis was observed. Under treatment with 100 nM EGCG, glioblastoma cells proliferated over the entire observation period of 6 days without any detectable signs of cell death. Only within the first 12 h of treatment was increased accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and increased reactive oxygen species production as a stress response demonstrated. Mild forms of stress, such as treatment with 100 nM EGCG, activate different endogenous repair mechanisms to protect cells. Our data imply that drinking of green tea may have chemopreventive effects, but no direct cytotoxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Grube
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Section of Experimental Neurooncology, University Hospital Jena - Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Christian Ewald
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Section of Experimental Neurooncology, University Hospital Jena - Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany.,b Department of Neurosurgery , Brandenburg Medical School, Campus Brandenburg an der Havel , Brandenburg an der Havel , Germany
| | - Christine Kögler
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Section of Experimental Neurooncology, University Hospital Jena - Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Aaron Lawson McLean
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Section of Experimental Neurooncology, University Hospital Jena - Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Rolf Kalff
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Section of Experimental Neurooncology, University Hospital Jena - Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Jan Walter
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Section of Experimental Neurooncology, University Hospital Jena - Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
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3
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Kazantseva M, Eiholzer RA, Mehta S, Taha A, Bowie S, Roth I, Zhou J, Joruiz SM, Royds JA, Hung NA, Slatter TL, Braithwaite AW. Elevation of the TP53 isoform Δ133p53β in glioblastomas: an alternative to mutant p53 in promoting tumor development. J Pathol 2018; 246:77-88. [PMID: 29888503 PMCID: PMC6120556 DOI: 10.1002/path.5111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As tumor protein 53 (p53) isoforms have tumor‐promoting, migration, and inflammatory properties, this study investigated whether p53 isoforms contributed to glioblastoma progression. The expression levels of full‐length TP53α (TAp53α) and six TP53 isoforms were quantitated by RT‐qPCR in 89 glioblastomas and correlated with TP53 mutation status, tumor‐associated macrophage content, and various immune cell markers. Elevated levels of Δ133p53β mRNA characterised glioblastomas with increased CD163‐positive macrophages and wild‐type TP53. In situ‐based analyses found Δ133p53β expression localised to malignant cells in areas with increased hypoxia, and in cells with the monocyte chemoattractant protein C‐C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) expressed. Tumors with increased Δ133p53β had increased numbers of cells positive for macrophage colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) and programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1). In addition, cells expressing a murine ‘mimic’ of Δ133p53 (Δ122p53) were resistant to temozolomide treatment and oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that elevated Δ133p53β is an alternative pathway to TP53 mutation in glioblastoma that aids tumor progression by promoting an immunosuppressive and chemoresistant environment. Adding Δ133p53β to a TP53 signature along with TP53 mutation status will better predict treatment resistance in glioblastoma. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kazantseva
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Ramona A Eiholzer
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sunali Mehta
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Ahmad Taha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern District Heath Board, New Zealand
| | - Sara Bowie
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Imogen Roth
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jean Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Radiology, Southern District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Sebastien M Joruiz
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Janice A Royds
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Noelyn A Hung
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tania L Slatter
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Antony W Braithwaite
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand
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4
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Insights into the Dichotomous Regulation of SOD2 in Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6040086. [PMID: 29099803 PMCID: PMC5745496 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While loss of antioxidant expression and the resultant oxidant-dependent damage to cellular macromolecules is key to tumorigenesis, it has become evident that effective oxidant scavenging is conversely necessary for successful metastatic spread. This dichotomous role of antioxidant enzymes in cancer highlights their context-dependent regulation during different stages of tumor development. A prominent example of an antioxidant enzyme with such a dichotomous role and regulation is the mitochondria-localized manganese superoxide dismutase SOD2 (MnSOD). SOD2 has both tumor suppressive and promoting functions, which are primarily related to its role as a mitochondrial superoxide scavenger and H₂O₂ regulator. However, unlike true tumor suppressor- or onco-genes, the SOD2 gene is not frequently lost, or rarely mutated or amplified in cancer. This allows SOD2 to be either repressed or activated contingent on context-dependent stimuli, leading to its dichotomous function in cancer. Here, we describe some of the mechanisms that underlie SOD2 regulation in tumor cells. While much is known about the transcriptional regulation of the SOD2 gene, including downregulation by epigenetics and activation by stress response transcription factors, further research is required to understand the post-translational modifications that regulate SOD2 activity in cancer cells. Moreover, future work examining the spatio-temporal nature of SOD2 regulation in the context of changing tumor microenvironments is necessary to allows us to better design oxidant- or antioxidant-based therapeutic strategies that target the adaptable antioxidant repertoire of tumor cells.
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Atukeren P, Kemerdere R, Kacira T, Hanimoglu H, Ozlen F, Yavuz B, Tanriverdi T, Gumustas K, Canbaz B. Expressions of some vital molecules: glioblastoma multiforme versus normal tissues. Neurol Res 2013; 32:492-501. [DOI: 10.1179/174313209x459075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Olszewska-Słonina DM, Mątewski D, Czajkowski R, Olszewski KJ, Woźniak A, Odrowąż-Sypniewska G, Lis K, Musiałkiewicz D, Kowaliszyn B. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and paraoxonase activity in blood of patients with osteoarthrosis after endoprosthesis implantation. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:CR498-504. [PMID: 21873946 PMCID: PMC3560525 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in erythrocytes and in blood plasma and the activity of blood paraoxonase (PON1) of patients with osteoarthrosis (OA) submitted to endoprosthesis implantation for evaluating oxidative stress. Material/Methods Study was conducted on 55 patients with OA and on 54 total movement-efficient volunteers. The material for the study was venous blood plasma, serum and erythrocytes. Results Increased concentration of MDAe before surgery was observed in the group of men and in patients with a degenerative process affecting hip joints. After an implantation of endoprosthesis, MDAe decreased to the level observed in the control groups. In the study group MDA concentration in plasma was slightly lower before surgery, and after an operation it reached the value of the parameter of the reference groups. Regardless of sex or age, paraoxonase activity was almost twice as high in almost all subgroups as in the reference group. A positive correlation between PON 1 activity and MDAe concentration was demonstrated both before and after surgery in the group of men. Conclusions The increase of PON1 activity in patients’ serum in relation to the control groups indicates a probable pathogenic role of the increased formation of reactive oxygen species in the course of OA and may suggest acute inflammation of the synovial joint. The high level of PON 1 activity after endoprosthesis implantation indicates that surgical treatment may additionally stimulate ROS generation. MDAe concentration indicate more intensive process of lipid peroxidation in the elderly.
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Hempel N, Carrico PM, Melendez JA. Manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod2) and redox-control of signaling events that drive metastasis. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 11:191-201. [PMID: 21434856 DOI: 10.2174/187152011795255911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod2) has emerged as a key enzyme with a dual role in tumorigenic progression. Early studies were primarily directed at defining the tumor suppressive function of Sod2 based on its low level expression in many tumor types. It is now commonly held that loss of Sod2 expression is likely an early event in tumor progression allowing for further propagation of the tumorigenic phenotype resulting from steady state increases in free radical production. Increases in free radical load have also been linked to defects in mitochondrial function and metastatic disease progression. It was initially believed that Sod2 loss may propagate metastatic disease progression, in reality both epidemiologic and experimental evidence indicate that Sod2 levels increase in many tumor types as they progress from early stage non-invasive disease to late stage metastatic disease. Sod2 overexpression in many instances enhances the metastatic phenotype that is reversed by efficient H(2)O(2) scavenging. This review evaluates the many sequelae associated with increases in Sod2 that impinge on the metastatic phenotype. The ability to use Sod2 to modulate the cellular redox-environment has allowed for the identification of redox-responsive signaling events that drive malignancy, such as invasion, migration and prolonged tumor cell survival. Further studies of these redox-driven events will help in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies to efficiently restrict redox-signaling essential for malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hempel
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
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8
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Yamaguchi S, Bell HS, Shinoda J, Holmes MC, Wharton SB, Whittle IR. Glioma tumourgenicity is decreased by iNOS knockout: experimental studies using the C6 striatal implantation glioma model. Br J Neurosurg 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02688690209168362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Zeng Y, Yang Z, Xu JG, Yang MS, Zeng ZX, You C. Differentially expressed genes from the glioblastoma cell line SHG-44 treated with all-trans retinoic acid in vitro. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 16:285-94. [PMID: 19091570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Morphology, immunocytochemistry, growth curve assay, and flow cytometry were used to investigate the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and differentiation of the astrocytoma cell line SHG-44 from glioblastoma multiforme (World Health Organization grade IV). The differentially expressed genes from RA-treated and normal SHG-44 were identified by cDNA microarray after the cell line SHG-44 was treated with 10muM RA for 3 days. Validation of some differentially expressed genes was performed by Northern Blot analysis. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was markedly increased in RA-treated SHG-44 cells. Other changes included a short shuttle shape, small nucleus, decreased karyoplasm proportion, the formation of increased thin cytoplasmic processes, reduced cell growth and a 15% increase in G0/G1 phase cell populations. In addition, 42 known genes were identified with altered expression in our cDNA microarray. There was stable down-regulation of MDM2 and UGB as well as overexpression of SOD2, CSTB, and G3BP when RA-treated SHG-44 was compared with normal SHG-44. RA simultaneously suppressed the proliferation of SHG-44 cells significantly as well as induced differentiation and altered gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
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10
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Woźniak B, Woźniak A, Kasprzak HA, Drewa G, Mila-Kierzenkowska C, Drewa T, Planutis G. Lipid Peroxidation and Activity of Some Antioxidant Enzymes in Patients with Glioblastoma and Astrocytoma. J Neurooncol 2006; 81:21-6. [PMID: 16773213 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-006-9202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of malondialdehyde-MDA (one of the lipid peroxidation products)-in blood plasma and erythrocytes and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in red blood cells of patients with a primary brain tumour. The study was performed on 24 patients with a brain tumour (9 with glioblastoma and 15 with asrocytoma) treated in the Department and Clinic of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology at Ludwik Rydygier Medical University in Bydgoszcz. The control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers. A statistically significant higher MDA concentration in erythrocytes and blood plasma and a higher activity of SOD or CAT in erythrocytes was shown in patients with a brain tumour as compared to the control group. Neither the histological type of tumour nor surgery has an effect on the tested biochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Woźniak
- Department and Clinic of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Ludwik Rydygier Medical University, Sklodowska-Curie 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Xia S, Rosen EM, Laterra J. Sensitization of Glioma Cells to Fas-Dependent Apoptosis by Chemotherapy-Induced Oxidative Stress. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5248-55. [PMID: 15958570 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A prominent feature of glioblastoma is its resistance to death from Fas pathway activation. In this study, we explored the modulation of Fas-induced glioblastoma death with chemotherapeutic agents. Camptothecin significantly increased the glioblastoma cell death response to Fas receptor activation regardless of p53 status. Sublethal concentrations of camptothecin reduced the IC50 of agonistic anti-Fas antibody (CH-11) 10-fold, from 500 to 50 ng/mL, in human U87 glioblastoma cells (p53 wild-type). Cell viability in response to camptothecin, CH-11 alone, and the combination of camptothecin + CH-11 was found to be 84%, 85%, and 47% (P < 0.001), respectively. A similar pattern of relative cytotoxicity was found in U373 cells (p53 mutant). We further examined the pathways and mechanisms involved in this apparent synergistic cytotoxic response. Cell death was found to be predominantly apoptotic involving both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways as evidenced by annexin V staining, cleavage of caspases (3, 8, and 9), increased caspase activities, Smac release, and cytoprotection by caspase inhibitors. Expression of Fas-associated death domain, and not Fas, Fas ligand, or caspase proteins, increased following cell treatment with camptothecin + CH-11. Camptothecin treatment enhanced c-jun-NH2-kinase activation in response to CH-11, but inhibition of c-jun-NH2-kinase did not prevent cell death induced by the combination treatment. Reactive oxygen species, especially H2O2, were elevated following camptothecin treatment; and H2O2 enhanced cell death induced by CH-11. The antioxidants glutathione and N-acetyl-cysteine prevented cell death induced by camptothecin + CH-11. These findings show that camptothecin synergizes with Fas activation to induce glioblastoma apoptosis via a mechanism involving reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Xia
- The Kennedy-Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Abstract
Understanding apoptosis is often considered a key to understand the genesis of tumors and to devise innovative strategies for their treatment. Similar to other types of cancer, essential pathways regulating apoptosis are also disrupted in malignant gliomas, notably the cell cycle control mechanisms regulated by the p53 and retinoblastoma (RB) proteins and their homologs. Moreover, cultured glioma cells appear not to activate the extrinsic death receptor-dependent apoptotic pathway in response to irradiation or cytotoxic drugs. A preferential expression of antiapoptotic rather than proapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins and high level expression of inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins (IAP) may be responsible for the failure of glioma cells to activate caspases in response to apoptotic stimuli. Although apoptosis does occur spontaneously in malignant gliomas in vivo, there is little evidence that the current modes of non-surgical treatment, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, mediate their effects via induction of apoptosis, with the possible exception of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas which often show striking tumor regression on neuroimaging. Yet, the induction of apoptosis plays a conceptual role in the majority of novel experimental approaches to malignant glioma which are currently evaluated in cell culture and preclinical rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim P Steinbach
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of General Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Ribeiro MDC, Coutinho LMB, Hilbig A. The role of apoptosis, cell proliferation index, bcl-2, and p53 in glioblastoma prognosis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2004; 62:262-70. [PMID: 15235729 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2004000200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common neuroectodermic tumor. It is also the most malignant one. Many genetic changes are found in glioblastomas, among them, the presence of oncoproteins p53 and blc-2, as well as a high mitotic level and the presence of apoptosis. The utility of such findings through immunohistochemistry for the prognosis of patients remains uncertain. Our objectives in this study were to verify the presence of apoptosis, blc-2, p53, and the proliferative index (MIB-1), through immunohistochemistry, in 30 glioblastomas obtained by surgical resection between August 2000 and August 2001, as well as correlations between those immunohistochemical variables and the patient's age and survival time. Correlations between immunohistochemical variables themselves were also examined. For correlation calculations, Pearson's and Spermann's correlations were used and the time of survival was calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: No correlation was found between immunohistochemical variables and survival time. There was also no correlation between those variables and the patients' age. A moderate inverse correlation was found between the apoptotic index (AI) and the mitotic index (MI) (p = 0.058), besides an inverse correlation between blc-2 and MI. CONCLUSION: Our study has not demonstrated any of the examined immunohistochemical findings as having a predictive value in the prognosis of glioblastomas. A reverse correlation was found between AI and MI, which has already been demonstrated by a few studies, as well as an inverse correlation between blc-2 and MI. This finding can demonstrate blc-2 as having a pro-apoptotic role in this group of tumors.
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14
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Ray SK, Patel SJ, Welsh CT, Wilford GG, Hogan EL, Banik NL. Molecular evidence of apoptotic death in malignant brain tumors including glioblastoma multiforme: upregulation of calpain and caspase-3. J Neurosci Res 2002; 69:197-206. [PMID: 12111801 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell death in the core of human brain tumors is triggered by hypoxia and lack of nutrients, but the mode of cell death whether necrosis or apoptosis is not clearly defined. To identify the role of apoptosis in brain tumor cell death, we investigated macromolecular (RNA and protein) synthesis and activity in the central to peripheral region of benign [desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma (DIG) and transitional meningioma (TMG)] and malignant [ependymoma (END), anaplastic astrocytoma (APA), and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)] brain tumors derived from five patients who had not received previously radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Normal brain tissue (NBT) served as control. RT-PCR analysis of tumor tissues covering central to peripheral regions detected mRNA overexpression of pro-apoptotic gene bax in malignant tumors, indicating a commitment to apoptosis. The mRNA expression of calpain (a Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine protease) and calpastatin (endogenous calpain inhibitor) was altered resulting in an elevated calpain/calpastatin ratio. Calpain content and activity were increased, suggesting a role for calpain in cell death. In the mitochondria-dependent death pathway, caspase-9 and caspase-3 were also overexpressed in tumors. The increased caspase-3 activity cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Agarose gel electrophoresis detected a mixture of random and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in malignant brain tumors. Overexpression of pro-apoptotic bax, upregulation of calpain and caspase-3, and occurrence of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation are now presented indicating that one mechanism of cell death in malignant brain tumors is apoptosis, and that enhancement of this process therapeutically may promote decreased tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Ray
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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15
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Steinbach JP, Weller M. Mechanisms of apoptosis in central nervous system tumors: application to theory. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2002; 2:246-53. [PMID: 11937003 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-002-0083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a key concept for the successful therapy of brain tumors. This review focuses on the mechanisms of apoptosis occurring spontaneously in malignant gliomas, discusses the different methods employed to assess apoptosis in vivo and in vitro, and considers the value of quantifying apoptosis in surgical biopsies for diagnosis and prognosis. Further, novel strategies to induce apoptosis in human malignant glioma cells are reviewed, including experimental therapy with death ligands, methods for sensitizing glioma cells to the induction of apoptosis, p53 gene transfer, and approaches to target the expression of therapeutic genes selectively to tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim P Steinbach
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Medical School, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Tews DS, Nissen A, Külgen C, Gaumann AK. Drug resistance-associated factors in primary and secondary glioblastomas and their precursor tumors. J Neurooncol 2000; 50:227-37. [PMID: 11263502 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006491405010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are largely resistant to current chemotherapeutic strategies often displaying a multidrug-resistant phenotype. Mechanisms involved in drug resistance are reduced cellular drug accumulation through membrane efflux pumps, drug detoxification as well as alterations in drug target specificity. In 27 primary and 17 secondary glioblastomas and their astrocytic precursor tumors, we studied the immunohistochemical expression profile of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), lung resistance-related protein (LRP), metallothionein, and topoisomerase II alpha. Glial tumor cells in all glioblastomas showed constant up-regulation of LRP, MRP, and topoisomerase II alpha. P-gp was found in 90% of the primary and 60% of the secondary glioblastomas. In precursor tumors, these drug resistance-related factors were expressed in varying proportions. Metallothionein, also found in normal and activated astrocytes, was retained in all neoplastic phenotypes. Furthermore, metallothionein, P-gp, LRP, and topoisomerase II alpha were strongly expressed by normal and neoplastic vessels which may confer to impaired penetration of therapeutic agents through the blood-brain and blood-tumor barrier. However, the expression profiles of drug resistance-related proteins neither differed between primary and secondary glioblastomas nor revealed any correlation to precursor or recurrent tumors. Nevertheless, inhibition of these factors may be promising approaches to the management of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Tews
- Division of Neuropathology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
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Fels C, Schäfer C, Hüppe B, Bahn H, Heidecke V, Kramm CM, Lautenschläger C, Rainov NG. Bcl-2 expression in higher-grade human glioma: a clinical and experimental study. J Neurooncol 2000; 48:207-16. [PMID: 11100818 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006484801654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 protein plays an important role in inhibiting apoptosis and protecting normal and neoplastic cells from toxicity. Bcl-2 overexpression in malignant tumors, on the other hand, may cause resistance against adjuvant treatment. Since there are subpopulations of patients with glioma that differ considerably in their treatment benefit, it is important to identify prognostic factors for outcome and to tailor adjuvant protocols in accordance with specific biological features of the respective tumor. The present study aimed at investigating the role of bcl-2 expression in higher-grade glioma (WHO grade III and IV). Bcl-2 expression was correlated with clinical and paraclinical parameters, and evaluated in univariate and multivariate statistical models. In addition, bcl-2-overexpressing human glioma cells in culture were used for modeling the in vivo findings and for investigating the importance of bcl-2 for tumor resistance against cytotoxic treatment. A group of 86 patients with higher-grade glioma were investigated. Anaplastic astrocytoma (AA; WHO G III, n = 29) showed bcl-2 expression in 48% of the cases, and immunohistochemical positivity was associated with a significantly shorter survival time (p = 0.0068). In glioblastoma patients (GBM; WHO G IV, n = 57), 51% of tumors were bcl-2 positive, but bcl-2 expression did not correlate significantly with survival (p = 0.39). In a Cox proportional hazards regression model, bcl-2 positivity was confirmed as a negative prognostic parameter in AA, but not in GBM. Bcl-2 overexpressing and control human glioma cell clones (T98MG line) were treated in culture with the cytotoxic drugs carmustine (BCNU), paclitaxel, vincristine, and doxorubicin. In addition, bcl-2-overexpressing and control cells were infected with a retrovirus carrying the herpes-simplex-virus thymidine kinase gene (HSV-tk), and then treated with ganciclovir (GCV). Bcl-2 overexpression significantly increased tumor cell resistance against all of the above cytotoxic drugs, and also against HSV-TK/GCV mediated gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fels
- Department of Neurosurgery, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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