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Tsankov BK, Luchak A, Carr C, Philpott DJ. The effects of NOD-like receptors on adaptive immune responses. Biomed J 2024; 47:100637. [PMID: 37541620 PMCID: PMC10796267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that cues from the innate immune system orchestrate downstream adaptive immune responses. Although previous work has focused on the roles of Toll-like receptors in this regard, relatively little is known about how Nod-like receptors instruct adaptive immunity. Here we review the functions of different members of the Nod-like receptor family in orchestrating effector and anamnestic adaptive immune responses. In particular, we address the ways in which inflammasome and non-inflammasome members of this family affect adaptive immunity under various infectious and environmental contexts. Furthermore, we identify several key mechanistic questions that studies in this field have left unaddressed. Our aim is to provide a framework through which immunologists in the adaptive immune field may view their questions through an innate-immune lens and vice-versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan K Tsankov
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Luchak
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Carr
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Niu L, Luo G, Liang R, Qiu C, Yang J, Xie L, Zhang K, Tian Y, Wang D, Song S, Takiff HE, Wong KW, Fan X, Gao Q, Yan B. Negative Regulator Nlrc3-like Maintain the Balanced Innate Immune Response During Mycobacterial Infection in Zebrafish. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893611. [PMID: 35693809 PMCID: PMC9174460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) have been shown to be involved in infection and autoinflammatory disease. Previously, we identified a zebrafish NLR, nlrc3-like, required for macrophage homeostasis in the brain under physiological conditions. Here, we found that a deficiency of nlrc3-like leads to decreased bacterial burden at a very early stage of Mycobacterium marinum infection, along with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as il-1β and tnf-α. Interestingly, myeloid-lineage specific overexpression of nlrc3-like achieved the opposite effects, suggesting that the impact of nlrc3-like on the host anti-mycobacterial response is mainly due to its expression in the innate immune system. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and subsequent gene expression analysis demonstrated that inflammasome activation-related genes were upregulated in the infected macrophages of nlrc3-like deficient embryos. By disrupting asc, encoding apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, a key component for inflammasome activation, the bacterial burden increased in asc and nlrc3-like double deficient embryos compared with nlrc3-like single deficient embryos, implying the involvement of inflammasome activation in infection control. We also found extensive neutrophil infiltration in the nlrc3-like deficient larvae during infection, which was associated with comparable bacterial burden but increased tissue damage and death at a later stage that could be alleviated by administration of dexamethasone. Our findings uncovered an important role of nlrc3-like in the negative regulation of macrophage inflammasome activation and neutrophil infiltration during mycobacterial infection. This highlights the importance of a balanced innate immune response during mycobacterial infection and provides a potential molecular basis to explain how anti-inflammatory drugs can improve treatment outcomes in TB patients whose infection is accompanied by a hyperinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfei Niu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Geyang Luo
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology [Ministry of Education (MOE)/National Health Commission (NHC)/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)], School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenli Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwei Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Lingling Xie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaile Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Decheng Wang
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Shu Song
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Howard E. Takiff
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Nanshan Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, CMBC, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ka-Wing Wong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology [Ministry of Education (MOE)/National Health Commission (NHC)/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)], School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Yan, ; Qian Gao,
| | - Bo Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Yan, ; Qian Gao,
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3
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SHI M, YIN P, GUO X, LI Q, SUN L, CAO X. Baicalein regulates NEDD4L-mediated TLR2 ubiquitination to relieve Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced pneumonia in mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.54321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min SHI
- Xi'an Peihua University Medical School, China
| | | | | | - Qian LI
- Xi'an Peihua University Medical School, China
| | - Lin SUN
- Xi'an Peihua University Medical School, China
| | - Xiaohua CAO
- People's Hospital of Yanliang District, China
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4
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Daza-Cajigal V, Albuquerque AS, Young DF, Ciancanelli MJ, Moulding D, Angulo I, Jeanne-Julien V, Rosain J, Minskaia E, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S, Bustamante J, Randall RE, McHugh TD, Thrasher AJ, Burns SO. Partial human Janus kinase 1 deficiency predominantly impairs responses to interferon gamma and intracellular control of mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2022; 13:888427. [PMID: 36159783 PMCID: PMC9501714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.888427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Janus kinase-1 (JAK1) tyrosine kinase mediates signaling from multiple cytokine receptors, including interferon alpha/beta and gamma (IFN-α/β and IFN-γ), which are important for viral and mycobacterial protection respectively. We previously reported autosomal recessive (AR) hypomorphic JAK1 mutations in a patient with recurrent atypical mycobacterial infections and relatively minor viral infections. This study tests the impact of partial JAK1 deficiency on cellular responses to IFNs and pathogen control. Methods We investigated the role of partial JAK1 deficiency using patient cells and cell models generated with lentiviral vectors expressing shRNA. Results Partial JAK1 deficiency impairs IFN-γ-dependent responses in multiple cell types including THP-1 macrophages, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-transformed B cells and primary dermal fibroblasts. In THP-1 myeloid cells, partial JAK1 deficiency reduced phagosome acidification and apoptosis and resulted in defective control of mycobacterial infection with enhanced intracellular survival. Although both EBV-B cells and primary dermal fibroblasts with partial JAK1 deficiency demonstrate reduced IFN-α responses, control of viral infection was impaired only in patient EBV-B cells and surprisingly intact in patient primary dermal fibroblasts. Conclusion Our data suggests that partial JAK1 deficiency predominantly affects susceptibility to mycobacterial infection through impact on the IFN-γ responsive pathway in myeloid cells. Susceptibility to viral infections as a result of reduced IFN-α responses is variable depending on cell type. Description of additional patients with inherited JAK1 deficiency will further clarify the spectrum of bacterial and viral susceptibility in this condition. Our results have broader relevance for anticipating infectious complications from the increasing use of selective JAK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Daza-Cajigal
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Immunology, Royal Free London National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma, Spain.,Research Unit, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Adriana S Albuquerque
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dan F Young
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dale Moulding
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Angulo
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Valentine Jeanne-Julien
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Ekaterina Minskaia
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Study Center of Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Richard E Randall
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- Research Department of Infection, University College London Centre for Clinical Microbiology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Immunology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Immunology, Royal Free London National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Valdivia E, Bertolin M, Breda C, Carvalho Oliveira M, Salz AK, Hofmann N, Börgel M, Blasczyk R, Ferrari S, Figueiredo C. Genetic Modification of Limbal Stem Cells to Decrease Allogeneic Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747357. [PMID: 34956181 PMCID: PMC8696204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbal stem cell (LSC) transplantation is the only efficient treatment for patients affected by LSC deficiency (LSCD). Allogeneic LSC transplantation is one of the most successful alternative for patients with bilateral LSCD. Nevertheless, the high variability of the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) remains a relevant obstacle to long-term allogeneic graft survival. This study characterized the immunologic properties of LSCs and proposed a genetic engineering strategy to reduce the immunogenicity of LSCs and of their derivatives. Hence, LSC HLA expression was silenced using lentiviral vectors encoding for short hairpin (sh) RNAs targeting β2-microglobulin (β2M) or class II major histocompatibility complex transactivator (CIITA) to silence HLA class I and II respectively. Beside the constitutive expression of HLA class I, LSCs showed the capability to upregulate HLA class II expression under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, LSCs demonstrated the capability to induce T-cell mediated immune responses. LSCs phenotypical and functional characteristics are not disturbed after genetic modification. However, HLA silenced LSC showed to prevent T cell activation, proliferation and cytotoxicity in comparison to fully HLA-expressing LSCs. Additionally; HLA-silenced LSCs were protected against antibody-mediated cellular-dependent cytotoxicity. Our data is a proof-of-concept of the feasibility to generate low immunogenic human LSCs without affecting their typical features. The use of low immunogenic LSCs may support for long-term survival of LSCs and their derivatives after allogeneic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Valdivia
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Breda
- Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto, Venice, Italy
| | | | | | - Nicola Hofmann
- German Society for Tissue Transplantation (DGFG), Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Börgel
- German Society for Tissue Transplantation (DGFG), Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover, Germany
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6
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Goenka A, Prise IE, Connolly E, Fernandez-Soto P, Morgan D, Cavet JS, Grainger JR, Nichani J, Arkwright PD, Hussell T. Infant Alveolar Macrophages Are Unable to Effectively Contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:486. [PMID: 32265931 PMCID: PMC7107672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants are more likely to develop lethal disseminated forms of tuberculosis compared with older children and adults. The reasons for this are currently unknown. In this study we test the hypothesis that antimycobacterial function is impaired in infant alveolar macrophages (AMϕs) compared with those of adults. We develop a method of obtaining AMϕs from healthy infants using rigid bronchoscopy and incubate the AMϕs with live virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Infant AMϕs are less able to restrict Mtb replication compared with adult AMϕs, despite having similar phagocytic capacity and immunophenotype. RNA-Seq showed that infant AMϕs exhibit lower expression of genes involved in mycobactericidal activity and IFNγ-induction pathways. Infant AMϕs also exhibit lower expression of genes encoding mononuclear cell chemokines such as CXCL9. Our data indicates that failure of AMϕs to contain Mtb and recruit additional mononuclear cells to the site of infection helps to explain the more fulminant course of tuberculosis in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Goenka
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian E. Prise
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Connolly
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Fernandez-Soto
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Morgan
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S. Cavet
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Grainger
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jaya Nichani
- Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D. Arkwright
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Hussell
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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7
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Rougeot J, Torraca V, Zakrzewska A, Kanwal Z, Jansen HJ, Sommer F, Spaink HP, Meijer AH. RNAseq Profiling of Leukocyte Populations in Zebrafish Larvae Reveals a cxcl11 Chemokine Gene as a Marker of Macrophage Polarization During Mycobacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:832. [PMID: 31110502 PMCID: PMC6499218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytic cells from the innate immune system, which forms the first line of host defense against invading pathogens. These highly dynamic immune cells can adopt specific functional phenotypes, with the pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 polarization states as the two extremes. Recently, the process of macrophage polarization during inflammation has been visualized by real time imaging in larvae of the zebrafish. This model organism has also become widely used to study macrophage responses to microbial pathogens. To support the increasing use of zebrafish in macrophage biology, we set out to determine the complete transcriptome of zebrafish larval macrophages. We studied the specificity of the macrophage signature compared with other larval immune cells and the macrophage-specific expression changes upon infection. We made use of the well-established mpeg1, mpx, and lck fluorescent reporter lines to sort and sequence the transcriptome of larval macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphoid progenitor cells, respectively. Our results provide a complete dataset of genes expressed in these different immune cell types and highlight their similarities and differences. Major differences between the macrophage and neutrophil signatures were found within the families of proteinases. Furthermore, expression of genes involved in antigen presentation and processing was specifically detected in macrophages, while lymphoid progenitors showed expression of genes involved in macrophage activation. Comparison with datasets of in vitro polarized human macrophages revealed that zebrafish macrophages express a strongly homologous gene set, comprising both M1 and M2 markers. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of low numbers of macrophages infected by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium marinum revealed that infected macrophages change their transcriptomic response by downregulation of M2-associated genes and overexpression of specific M1-associated genes. Among the infection-induced genes, a homolog of the human CXCL11 chemokine gene, cxcl11aa, stood out as the most strongly overexpressed M1 marker. Upregulation of cxcl11aa in Mycobacterium-infected macrophages was found to require the function of Myd88, a critical adaptor molecule in the Toll-like and interleukin 1 receptor pathways that are central to pathogen recognition and activation of the innate immune response. Altogether, our data provide a valuable data mining resource to support infection and inflammation research in the zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Rougeot
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ania Zakrzewska
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Zakia Kanwal
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Frida Sommer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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8
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Peddireddy V, Doddam SN, Ahmed N. Mycobacterial Dormancy Systems and Host Responses in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:84. [PMID: 28261197 PMCID: PMC5309233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), claims more than 1.5 million lives worldwide annually. Despite promulgation of multipronged strategies to prevent and control TB, there is no significant downfall occurring in the number of new cases, and adding to this is the relapse of the disease due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the ability of Mtb to remain dormant after primary infection. The pathology of Mtb is complex and largely attributed to immune-evading strategies that this pathogen adopts to establish primary infection, its persistence in the host, and reactivation of pathogenicity under favorable conditions. In this review, we present various biochemical, immunological, and genetic strategies unleashed by Mtb inside the host for its survival. The bacterium enables itself to establish a niche by evading immune recognition via resorting to masking, establishment of dormancy by manipulating immune receptor responses, altering innate immune cell fate, enhancing granuloma formation, and developing antibiotic tolerance. Besides these, the regulatory entities, such as DosR and its regulon, encompassing various putative effector proteins play a vital role in maintaining the dormant nature of this pathogen. Further, reactivation of Mtb allows relapse of the disease and is favored by the genes of the Rtf family and the conditions that suppress the immune system of the host. Identification of target genes and characterizing the function of their respective antigens involved in primary infection, dormancy, and reactivation would likely provide vital clues to design novel drugs and/or vaccines for the control of dormant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyullatha Peddireddy
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Sankara Narayana Doddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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9
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Suppression of autophagy and antigen presentation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE_PGRS47. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16133. [PMID: 27562263 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen presentation is believed to be among the major mechanisms used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis to escape protective host immune responses. Through a genome-wide screen for the genetic loci of M. tuberculosis that inhibit MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation by mycobacteria-infected dendritic cells, we identified the PE_PGRS47 protein as one of the responsible factors. Targeted disruption of the PE_PGRS47 (Rv2741) gene led to attenuated growth of M. tuberculosis in vitro and in vivo, and a PE_PGRS47 mutant showed enhanced MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation during in vivo infection of mice. Analysis of the effects of deletion or over-expression of PE_PGRS47 implicated this protein in the inhibition of autophagy in infected host phagocytes. Our findings identify PE_PGRS47 as a functionally relevant, non-redundant bacterial factor in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity by M. tuberculosis, suggesting strategies for improving antigen presentation and the generation of protective immunity during vaccination or infection.
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10
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Saraav I, Singh S, Sharma S. Outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Toll-like receptor interaction: immune response or immune evasion? Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:741-6. [PMID: 24983458 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is an intracellular bacterium capable of surviving and persisting within host mononuclear cells. The host response against tubercle bacilli is dominated by fine-tuned interaction of innate and adaptive immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the formation of this immune response by facilitating in elaboration of protective T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines and microbicidal molecules, but the intracellular persistence of M. tuberculosis in the phagosome and processing and presentation of TLR ligands by host antigen-presenting cell leads to continuous and chronic TLR2 signaling. The prolonged stimulation of TLR ultimately results in elaboration of immunosuppressive cytokines and downregulation of antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and therefore becomes beneficial for M. tuberculosis, resulting in its continued survival inside macrophages. An understanding of the host-pathogen interaction in tuberculosis is important to delineate the mechanisms that can modulate the immune response toward protection. This review focuses on the role of TLRs in immune response and immune evasion and how M. tuberculosis maintains its dominance over the host during infection. A precise understanding of the TLRs and M. tuberculosis interaction will undoubtedly lead to the development of novel therapies to combat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iti Saraav
- DS Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Swati Singh
- DS Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- DS Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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11
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Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Deficiency Complicated by Mycobacterium avium Complex in a Boy of Mixed Ethnicity. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34:677-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Salem S, Gros P. Genetic Determinants of Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Infections: IRF8, A New Kid on the Block. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:45-80. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Xu Y, Luchsinger L, Lucey EC, Smith BD. The effect of class II transactivator mutations on bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:898-905. [PMID: 20705943 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0416oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ expression increases during the inflammatory response after bleomycin injury in mice. IFN-γ deficiency attenuates lung inflammation and fibrosis. Because IFN-γ stimulates class II transactivator (CIITA) expression, which activates major histocompatibility class (MHC) II and represses collagen expression, it was hypothesized that CIITA mediates IFN-γ action after bleomycin injury. To test this hypothesis, two CIITA mouse lines, one carrying a mutation of the leucine-rich region of CIITA (CIITA C-/-) and one with a deletion extending into the GTP-binding domain (CIITA G-/-), were used. IFN-γ treatment of lung cells isolated from both strains of mice induced mutant CIITA expression, which did not activate MHC II transcription. Collagen expression was similar in both mutant mouse strains and comparable to C57BL/6 (wild-type) mice. When mice were exposed to intratracheal bleomycin, both strains of CIITA mutant mice retained body weight and altered inflammation at 14 days after bleomycin injury compared with bleomycin-treated wild-type mice. However, there was no difference in fibrosis as judged by histology, mRNA, and protein expression of lungs. Bronchoalveolar lavage cells from CIITA C-/- and C57BL/6 lungs were examined at 3, 7, and 14 days after bleomycin injury. CD4 mRNA expression in bronchoalveolar lavage cells was down-regulated, whereas IL-4 and IL-10 expression was up-regulated, in CIITA C-/- mice, indicating a diminished, skewed Th2 response. The expression of IFN-γ was the same in all mice tested. Combined, our data suggest that CIITA mutations altered the immune response without affecting fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Regulation of antigen presentation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a role for Toll-like receptors. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:296-307. [PMID: 20234378 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis survives in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and dendritic cells. APCs present antigens in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules to stimulate CD4(+) T cells, and this process is essential to contain M. tuberculosis infection. Immune evasion allows M. tuberculosis to establish persistent or latent infection in macrophages and results in Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent inhibition of MHC class II transactivator expression, MHC class II molecule expression and antigen presentation. This reduction of antigen presentation might reflect a general mechanism of negative-feedback regulation that prevents excessive T cell-mediated inflammation and that M. tuberculosis has subverted to create a niche for survival in infected macrophages and evasion of recognition by CD4(+) T cells.
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Geddes K, Magalhães JG, Girardin SE. Unleashing the therapeutic potential of NOD-like receptors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:465-79. [PMID: 19483708 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are a family of intracellular sensors that have key roles in innate immunity and inflammation. Whereas some NLRs - including NOD1, NOD2, NAIP (NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein) and NLRC4 - detect conserved bacterial molecular signatures within the host cytosol, other members of this family sense 'danger signals', that is, xenocompounds or molecules that when recognized alert the immune system of hazardous environments, perhaps independently of a microbial trigger. In the past few years, remarkable progress has been made towards deciphering the role and the biology of NLRs, which has shown that these innate immune sensors have pivotal roles in providing immunity to infection, adjuvanticity and inflammation. Furthermore, several inflammatory disorders have been associated with mutations in human NLRgenes. Here, we discuss the effect that research on NLRs will have on vaccination, treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders and acute bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Geddes
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nepal RM, Vesosky B, Turner J, Bryant P. DM, but not cathepsin L, is required to control an aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1011-8. [PMID: 18591414 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1207852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation by class II MHC molecules in the uninfected host is a multi-step process involving key functions provided by specific cathepsins (Cat) and the peptide editor DM. Herein, we examined the requirement for each of these components in mice to control a low-dose aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Mice lacking Cat B, -L, or -S were similar to wild-type in their ability to control the growth and dissemination of MTB. In contrast, DM(-/-) mice failed to limit MTB growth and showed approximately 100-fold higher bacterial burden in the lung and spleen (5-6 weeks postinfection) as compared with wild-type and Cat-deficient mice. Histopathology revealed impaired cellular recruitment and altered granuloma formation in the lungs of MTB-infected DM(-/-) mice. Moreover, despite impaired thymic selection in Cat L(-/-) and DM(-/-) mice, MTB-specific CD4(+) T cells were elicited only in the former. The lower numbers of MTB-specific CD4(+) T cells available in Cat L(-/-) mice as compared with wild-type animals were sufficient to control MTB growth and dissemination. In addition, DM(-/-) macrophages infected with MTB in vitro were unable to stimulate pathogen-specific T cells. The data indicate that the majority of antigens derived from MTB are loaded onto nascent class II MHC molecules via the classical DM-dependent pathway.
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Naranjo V, Villar M, Martín-Hernando MP, Vidal D, Höfle U, Gortazar C, Kocan KM, Vázquez J, de la Fuente J. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of differential stress/inflammatory responses in mandibular lymph nodes and oropharyngeal tonsils of European wild boars naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Proteomics 2007; 7:220-31. [PMID: 17163576 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Differential stress/inflammatory responses were characterized at the mRNA and protein levels in mandibular lymph nodes (MLN) and oropharyngeal tonsils of European wild boars (Sus scrofa), naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Suppression-subtractive hybridization combined with immunohistochemistry and/or quantitative real-time RT-PCR were used to identify and characterize abundant stress/inflammatory gene sequences differentially expressed in tuberculous (TB+) wild boars. Genes identified in MLN and tonsils corresponded to serum amyloid A, arginase I, osteopontin, lysozyme, annexin I, and heat shock proteins, respectively. Global protein patterns in MLN and tonsils were compared between TB+ and nontuberculous (TB-) boars by 2-DE and MALDI-TOF MS. Five proteins, including stress/inflammatory proteins annexin V, serum albumin, and apolipoprotein A1 were found at lower levels in MLN of TB+ boars. Manganese superoxide dismutase was found up-regulated in MLN of TB+ boars. Five proteins, including creatine kinase and MHC class II antigens were found up-regulated in tonsils of TB+ boars. These results demonstrated differential stress/inflammatory responses in wild boars naturally infected with M. bovis and suggest possible markers of tuberculosis in this species that may prove useful for future studies of host-pathogen interactions and for diagnostics and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Naranjo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
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Kurtz S, McKinnon KP, Runge MS, Ting JPY, Braunstein M. The SecA2 secretion factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes growth in macrophages and inhibits the host immune response. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6855-64. [PMID: 17030572 PMCID: PMC1698048 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01022-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SecA protein is present in all bacteria, and it is a central component of the general Sec-dependent protein export pathway. An unusual property of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the presence of two SecA proteins: SecA1, the essential "housekeeping" SecA, and SecA2, the accessory secretion factor. Here, we report that a DeltasecA2 mutant of M. tuberculosis was defective for growth in the early stages of low-dose aerosol infection of C57BL/6 mice, a time during which the bacillus is primarily replicating in macrophages. Consistent with this in vivo phenotype, we found that the DeltasecA2 mutant was defective for growth in macrophages from C57BL/6 mice. The DeltasecA2 mutant was also attenuated for growth in macrophages from phox(-/-) mice and from NOS2(-/-) mice. These mice are defective in the reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI)-generating phagocyte oxidase and the reactive nitrogen intermediate (RNI)-generating inducible nitric oxide synthase, respectively. This indicated a role for SecA2 in the intracellular growth of M. tuberculosis that is independent of protecting against these ROIs or RNIs. Macrophages infected with the DeltasecA2 mutant produced higher levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, RNI, and gamma interferon-induced major histocompatibility complex class II. This demonstrated a function for M. tuberculosis SecA2 in suppressing macrophage immune responses, which could explain the role of SecA2 in intracellular growth. Our results provide another example of a relationship between M. tuberculosis virulence and inhibition of the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Kurtz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, C.B. 7290, University of North Carolina, Rm. 804 Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
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Abstract
In the battle against infections with mycobacteria, the body employs components of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate the activation of cells of the innate immune system leading to dynamic functions including direct anti-microbial activity, induction of cytokine secretion, triggering dendritic cell maturation, and triggering apoptosis. Furthermore, TLR activation is capable of modulating the adaptive immune response with a bias towards a Th1 T-cell response. However, the activation of TLRs by mycobacteria may also provide a means of immune evasion. Therefore, the modulation of TLR activation can influence the ability to properly destroy invading pathogens such as mycobacteria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/physiology
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/physiology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/chemistry
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Models, Immunological
- Mycobacterium Infections/immunology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Skin/chemistry
- Skin/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/physiology
- Toll-Like Receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan R Krutzik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Dermatology, 52-121 CHS, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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