1
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Montiel J, García-Soto I, James EK, Reid D, Cárdenas L, Napsucialy-Mendivil S, Ferguson S, Dubrovsky JG, Stougaard J. Aromatic amino acid biosynthesis impacts root hair development and symbiotic associations in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1508-1526. [PMID: 37427869 PMCID: PMC10517252 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Legume roots can be symbiotically colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In Lotus japonicus, the latter occurs intracellularly by the cognate rhizobial partner Mesorhizobium loti or intercellularly with the Agrobacterium pusense strain IRBG74. Although these symbiotic programs show distinctive cellular and transcriptome signatures, some molecular components are shared. In this study, we demonstrate that 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase 1 (DAHPS1), the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of aromatic amino acids (AAAs), plays a critical role in root hair development and for AM and rhizobial symbioses in Lotus. Two homozygous DAHPS1 mutants (dahps1-1 and dahps1-2) showed drastic alterations in root hair morphology, associated with alterations in cell wall dynamics and a progressive disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. The altered root hair structure was prevented by pharmacological and genetic complementation. dahps1-1 and dahps1-2 showed significant reductions in rhizobial infection (intracellular and intercellular) and nodule organogenesis and a delay in AM colonization. RNAseq analysis of dahps1-2 roots suggested that these phenotypes are associated with downregulation of several cell wall-related genes, and with an attenuated signaling response. Interestingly, the dahps1 mutants showed no detectable pleiotropic effects, suggesting a more selective recruitment of this gene in certain biological processes. This work provides robust evidence linking AAA metabolism to root hair development and successful symbiotic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Montiel
- Departamento de Genómica Funcional de Eucariotas. Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Ivette García-Soto
- Departamento de Genómica Funcional de Eucariotas. Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Euan K James
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Selene Napsucialy-Mendivil
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Shaun Ferguson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
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2
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Song W, Hu L, Ma Z, Yang L, Li J. Importance of Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Hormone-Regulated Plant Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126603. [PMID: 35743047 PMCID: PMC9224382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is the most frequent post-translational modification (PTM) that plays important regulatory roles in a wide range of biological processes. Phosphorylation mainly occurs on serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), and tyrosine (Tyr) residues, with the phosphorylated Tyr sites accounting for ~1–2% of all phosphorylated residues. Tyr phosphorylation was initially believed to be less common in plants compared to animals; however, recent investigation indicates otherwise. Although they lack typical protein Tyr kinases, plants possess many dual-specificity protein kinases that were implicated in diverse cellular processes by phosphorylating Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. Analyses of sequenced plant genomes also identified protein Tyr phosphatases and dual-specificity protein phosphatases. Recent studies have revealed important regulatory roles of Tyr phosphorylation in many different aspects of plant growth and development and plant interactions with the environment. This short review summarizes studies that implicated the Tyr phosphorylation in biosynthesis and signaling of plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimeng Song
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhihui Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence:
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Avalbaev A, Yuldashev R, Fedorova K, Petrova N, Fedina E, Gilmanova R, Karimova F, Shakirova F. 24-epibrassinolide-induced growth promotion of wheat seedlings is associated with changes in the proteome and tyrosine phosphoproteome. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:456-463. [PMID: 33369832 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) represent a unique class of steroidal plant hormones that display pronounced growth-promoting activity at very low concentrations. Although many efforts have been made to characterize the molecular basis of BR action, little is known about the mechanisms behind the growth-promoting effect of BRs at protein level. Proteomic analysis of response to the steroid plant hormone 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) in wheat seedling shoots (Triticum aestivum L.) was performed using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and immunoblotting with highly specific antibodies (PY20) to phosphotyrosine. EBR-modulated proteins and phosphotyrosine polypeptides were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The study revealed that EBR-stimulated growth of wheat seedlings was accompanied by changes in the content of multiple proteins as well as in tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous polypeptides. Among them, 22 differentially accumulated proteins and 13 phosphotyrosine proteins were identified. Based on their performed functions, the identified proteins are involved in physiological processes (photosynthesis, growth, energy and amino acid metabolism) closely associated with intensification of plant metabolism. The EBR-induced changes in protein abundance and tyrosine phosphorylation profile may contribute to growth stimulation of wheat seedlings under the action of EBR. The obtained data suggest an important role for EBR in the activation of protein metabolism underlying fundamental physiological processes, including growth promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Avalbaev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - R Yuldashev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - K Fedorova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - N Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - E Fedina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - R Gilmanova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - F Karimova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - F Shakirova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054, Ufa, Russia
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Ambaru B, Gopalsamy A, Tammana TVS, Subramanya HS, Gupta CM. Actin sequestering protein, profilin, regulates intracellular vesicle transport in Leishmania. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 238:111280. [PMID: 32407750 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Profilins are the key regulators of actin dynamics in all eukaryotic cells. However, little information is available on their biochemical properties and functions in kinetoplastids, such as Trypanosoma and Leishmania. We show here that Leishmania parasites express only one homolog of profilin (LdPfn), which catalyzes nucleotide exchange on G-actin and promotes actin polymerization at its low concentrations. However, at high concentrations, it strongly inhibits the polymerization process by sequestering actin monomers. We further demonstrate that LdPfn binds to actin in Leishmania promastigotes, by both immunofluorescence microscopy and IgG affinity chromatography. Further, we reveal that this protein besides binding to poly-null-proline motifs, also binds more efficiently to PI(3,5)P2, which is found on early or late endosomes or lysosomes, than to PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3. Additionally, we show that heterozygous mutants of profilin display significantly slower growth and intracellular vesicle trafficking activity, which is reversed on episomal gene complementation. Together, these findings suggest that profilin regulates intracellular vesicle trafficking in Leishmania perhaps through its binding to polyphosphoinositides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Ambaru
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase-I, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 100, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anupriya Gopalsamy
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase-I, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 100, India
| | - T V Satish Tammana
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase-I, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 100, India
| | - Hosahalli S Subramanya
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase-I, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 100, India
| | - Chhitar M Gupta
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase-I, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 100, India.
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5
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Chen ZH, Chen K, Dai YD, Zheng Y, Wang YB, Yang XN, Yu H, Yang YM, Xu L. Beauveria species diversity in the Gaoligong Mountains of China. Mycol Prog 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-019-01497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Shankar A, Agrawal N, Sharma M, Pandey A, Pandey GK. Role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Plants. Curr Genomics 2015; 16:224-36. [PMID: 26962298 PMCID: PMC4765517 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150424234300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is a crucial regulatory mechanism that controls many biological processes in eukaryotes. In plants, phosphorylation events primarily occur on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues, while in certain cases, it was also discovered on tyrosine (Tyr) residues. In contrary to plants, extensive reports on Tyr phosphorylation regulating a large numbers of biological processes exist in animals. Despite of such prodigious function in animals, Tyr phosphorylation is a least studied mechanism of protein regulation in plants. Recently, various chemical analytical procedures have strengthened the view that Tyr phosphorylation is equally prevalent in plants as in animals. However, regardless of Tyr phosphorylation events occuring in plants, no evidence could be found for the existence of gene encoding for Tyr phosphorylation i.e. the typical Tyr kinases. Various methodologies have suggested that plant responses to stress signals and developmental processes involved modifications in protein Tyr phosphorylation. Correspondingly, various reports have established the role of PTPs (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases) in the dephosphorylation and inactivation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) hence, in the regulation of MAPK signaling cascade. Besides this, many dual specificity protein phosphatases (DSPs) are also known to bind starch and regulate starch metabolism through reversible phosphorylation. Here, we are emphasizing the significant progress on protein Tyr phosphatases to understand the role of these enzymes in the regulation of post-translational modification in plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
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7
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Yu LX, Parthasarathy MV. Molecular and cellular characterization of the tomato pollen profilin, LePro1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86505. [PMID: 24466125 PMCID: PMC3897733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilin is an actin-binding protein involved in the dynamic turnover and restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells. We previously cloned a profilin gene, designated as LePro1 from tomato pollen. To understand its biological role, in the present study, we investigated the temporal and spatial expression of LePro1 during pollen development and found that the transcript was only detected at late stages during microsporogenesis and pollen maturation. Using antisense RNA, we successfully knocked down the expression of LePro1 in tomato plants using stable transformation, and obtained two antisense lines, A2 and A3 showing significant down-regulation of LePro1 in pollen resulting in poor pollen germination and abnormal pollen tube growth. A disorganized F-actin distribution was observed in the antisense pollen. Down-regulation of LePro1 also appeared to affect hydration of pollen deposited on the stigma and arrested pollen tube elongation in the style, thereby affecting fertilization. Our results suggest that LePro1 in conjunction with perhaps other cytoskeletal proteins, plays a regulatory role in the proper organization of F-actin in tomato pollen tubes through promoting actin assembly. Down-regulation of LePro1 leads to interruption of actin assembly and disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton thus arresting pollen tube growth. Based on the present and previous studies, it is likely that a single transcript of profilin gives rise to multiple forms displaying multifunctionality in tomato pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Xi Yu
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Jimenez-Lopez JC, Morales S, Castro AJ, Volkmann D, Rodríguez-García MI, Alché JDD. Characterization of profilin polymorphism in pollen with a focus on multifunctionality. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30878. [PMID: 22348028 PMCID: PMC3279341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilin, a multigene family involved in actin dynamics, is a multiple partners-interacting protein, as regard of the presence of at least of three binding domains encompassing actin, phosphoinositide lipids, and poly-L-proline interacting patches. In addition, pollen profilins are important allergens in several species like Olea europaea L. (Ole e 2), Betula pendula (Bet v 2), Phleum pratense (Phl p 12), Zea mays (Zea m 12) and Corylus avellana (Cor a 2). In spite of the biological and clinical importance of these molecules, variability in pollen profilin sequences has been poorly pointed out up until now. In this work, a relatively high number of pollen profilin sequences have been cloned, with the aim of carrying out an extensive characterization of their polymorphism among 24 olive cultivars and the above mentioned plant species. Our results indicate a high level of variability in the sequences analyzed. Quantitative intra-specific/varietal polymorphism was higher in comparison to inter-specific/cultivars comparisons. Multi-optional posttranslational modifications, e.g. phosphorylation sites, physicochemical properties, and partners-interacting functional residues have been shown to be affected by profilin polymorphism. As a result of this variability, profilins yielded a clear taxonomic separation between the five plant species. Profilin family multifunctionality might be inferred by natural variation through profilin isovariants generated among olive germplasm, as a result of polymorphism. The high variability might result in both differential profilin properties and differences in the regulation of the interaction with natural partners, affecting the mechanisms underlying the transmission of signals throughout signaling pathways in response to different stress environments. Moreover, elucidating the effect of profilin polymorphism in adaptive responses like actin dynamics, and cellular behavior, represents an exciting research goal for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, High Council for Scientific Research, Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Morales
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, High Council for Scientific Research, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, High Council for Scientific Research, Granada, Spain
| | - Dieter Volkmann
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - María I. Rodríguez-García
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, High Council for Scientific Research, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan de D. Alché
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, High Council for Scientific Research, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Argiriou A, Kalivas A, Michailidis G, Tsaftaris A. Characterization of PROFILIN genes from allotetraploid (Gossypium hirsutum) cotton and its diploid progenitors and expression analysis in cotton genotypes differing in fiber characteristics. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3523-32. [PMID: 21725637 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The actin-binding protein profilin (PRF) plays an important role in cell growth and expansion by regulating the organization of the actin filaments. Recent studies have reported association between fiber elongation in cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and PRF expression. In the present study, we cloned four genomic clones from allotetraploid cotton (G. hirsutum) and its putative diploid progenitors (G. arboreum and G. raimondii) designated GhPRF1_A, GhPRF1_D, GaPRF1, and GrPRF1 encoding cotton PRF and characterized their genomic structure, phylogenetic relationships and promoter structure. Sequence analysis of the coding regions of all clones resulted in a single protein product which revealed more than 80% similarity to most plant PRFs and a typical organization with an actin-binding and a polybasic phospholipid binding motif at the carboxy terminus. DNA blot hybridization suggested that PRF gene is present with more than one copy in the allotetraploid species G. hirsutum. Expression analysis performed in various organs of cultivated cotton revealed that the PRF gene was preferentially expressed in cotton fibers. Very low levels of expression were observed in whole flowers, while PRF transcripts were not detected in other organs examined. Furthermore, higher levels of expression were observed at the early stages of cotton fiber development (at 10 days post anthesis), indicative that this gene may play a major role in the early stages of cotton fiber development. Quantitation of the expression by real-time PCR revealed higher expression levels in a G. hirsutum variety with higher fiber percentage compared to a variety with lower percentage. In addition, higher levels of expression were found in cultivated allotetraploid G. barbadense cotton species with higher fiber length in comparison to cultivated allotetraploid G. hirsutum.
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Ghelis T. Signal processing by protein tyrosine phosphorylation in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:942-51. [PMID: 21628997 PMCID: PMC3257767 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.7.15261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification controlling many biological processes. Most phosphorylation occurs on serine and threonine, and to a less extend on tyrosine (Tyr). In animals, Tyr phosphorylation is crucial for the regulation of many responses such as growth or differentiation. Only recently with the development of mass spectrometry, it has been reported that Tyr phosphorylation is as important in plants as in animals. The genes encoding protein Tyr kinases and protein Tyr phosphatases have been identified in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Putative substrates of these enzymes, and thus Tyr-phosphorylated proteins have been reported by proteomic studies based on accurate mass spectrometry analysis of the phosphopeptides and phosphoproteins. Biochemical approaches, pharmacology and genetic manipulations have indicated that responses to stress and developmental processes involve changes in protein Tyr phosphorylation. The aim of this review is to present an update on Tyr phosphorylation in plants in order to better assess the role of this post-translational modification in plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanos Ghelis
- UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, UR5 EAC 7180 CNRS, Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Paris, France.
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11
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12
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Islas-Flores T, Guillén G, Islas-Flores I, Román-Roque CS, Sánchez F, Loza-Tavera H, Bearer EL, Villanueva MA. Germination behavior, biochemical features and sequence analysis of the RACK1/arcA homolog from Phaseolus vulgaris. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 137:264-80. [PMID: 19832940 PMCID: PMC3376080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Partial peptide sequence of a 36 kDa protein from common bean embryo axes showed 100% identity with a reported beta-subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein from soybean. Analysis of the full sequence showed 96.6% identity with the reported soybean G(beta)-subunit, 86% with RACK1B and C from Arabidopsis and 66% with human and mouse RACK1, at the amino acid level. In addition, it showed 85.5, 85 and 83% identities with arcA from Solanum lycopersicum, Arabidopsis (RACK1A) and Nicotiana tabacum, respectively. The amino acid sequence displayed seven WD40 domains and two sites for activated protein kinase C binding. The protein showed a constant expression level but the mRNA had a maximum at 32 h post-imbibition. Western immunoblotting showed the protein in vegetative plant tissues, and in both microsomal and soluble fractions from embryo axes. Synthetic auxin treatment during germination delayed the peak of RACK1 mRNA expression to 48 h but did not affect the protein expression level while the polar auxin transport inhibitor, naphtylphtalamic acid had no effect on either mRNA or protein expression levels. Southern blot and genomic DNA amplification revealed a small gene family with at least one member without introns in the genome. Thus, the RACK1/arcA homolog from common bean has the following features: (1) it is highly conserved; (2) it is both soluble and insoluble within the embryo axis; (3) it is encoded by a small gene family; (4) its mRNA has a peak of expression at the time point of germination stop and (5) its expression is only slightly affected by auxin but unaffected by an auxin transport blocker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Islas-Flores
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de
Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Guillén
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de
Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Centro de Investigacion Científica de Yucatán,
A.C., Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Calle 43
No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán 97200,
Mexico
| | - Carolina San Román-Roque
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de
Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Federico Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de
Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Herminia Loza-Tavera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria,
04510 DF, Mexico
| | - Elaine L. Bearer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University,
Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Marco A. Villanueva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de
Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
- Corresponding author,
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Krishnan K, Moens PDJ. Structure and functions of profilins. Biophys Rev 2009; 1:71-81. [PMID: 28509986 PMCID: PMC5425664 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-009-0010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilins are small actin-binding proteins found in eukaryotes and certain viruses that are involved in cell development, cytokinesis, membrane trafficking, and cell motility. Originally identified as an actin sequestering/binding protein, profilin has been involved in actin polymerization dynamics. It catalyzes the exchange of ADP/ATP in actin and increases the rate of polymerization. Profilins also interact with polyphosphoinositides (PPI) and proline-rich domains containing proteins. Through its interaction with PPIs, profilin has been linked to signaling pathways between the cell membrane and the cytoskeleton, while its role in membrane trafficking has been associated with its interaction with proline-rich domain-containing proteins. Depending on the organism, profilin is present in a various number of isoforms. Four isoforms of profilin have been reported in higher organisms, while only one or two isoforms are expressed in single-cell organisms. The affinity of these isoforms for their ligands varies between isoforms and should therefore modulate their functions. However, the significance and the functions of the different isoforms are not yet fully understood. The structures of many profilin isoforms have been solved both in the presence and the absence of actin and poly-L-proline. These structural studies will greatly improve our understanding of the differences and similarities between the different profilins. Structural stability studies of different profilins are also shedding some light on our understanding of the profilin/ligand interactions. Profilin is a multifaceted protein for which a dramatic increase in potential functions has been found in recent years; as such, it has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Krishnan
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, McClymont Bldg, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Pierre D J Moens
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, McClymont Bldg, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
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de la Fuente van Bentem S, Hirt H. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in plants: More abundant than expected? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:71-6. [PMID: 19162527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2008] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes predominantly occurs on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues, whereas phosphorylation on tyrosine (Tyr) residues is less abundant. Plants lack classic Tyr kinases, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor, that govern Tyr phosphorylation in animals. A long-standing debate questions whether plants have any Tyr-specific kinases and, although several protein kinases with both Ser/Thr and Tyr specificities exist, data supporting the existence of other such kinases are scarce. As we discuss here, mass-spectrometry-based analyses now indicate that Tyr phosphorylation is as extensive in plants as it is in animals. However, careful inspection of available data indicates that these promising mass spectrometry studies have to be interpreted with caution before current ideas on Tyr phosphorylation in plants are revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio de la Fuente van Bentem
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Islas-Flores I, Villanueva MA. Inositol-1 (or 4)-monophosphatase from Glycine max embryo axes is a phosphatase with broad substrate specificity that includes phytate dephosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2007; 1770:543-50. [PMID: 17241743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A phosphate-hydrolyzing activity from Glycine max embryo axes was purified by a series of chromatographic steps and electroelution from activity gels, and demonstrated to be an inositol-1 (or 4)-monophosphatase by partial internal amino acid sequence. This enzyme hydrolyzed ATP, sodium pyrophosphate (NaPPi), inositol hexakisphosphate, and inositol 1-monophosphate, but not p-nitrophenyl phosphate, ADP, AMP or glucose 6-P. Using NaPPi as substrate, the highly purified protein hydrolyzed up to 0.4 mmol phosphate min(-1) mg(-1) protein and had a Km(avg) of 235 microM for NaPPi. Since NaPPi is relatively inexpensive and readily available, we used this as substrate for the subsequent characterization. We observed the following: (a) specific inhibition by Li and NaF but not by butanedione monoxime, or orthovanadate; (b) activation by Cu(2+) and Mg(2+); (c) optimum activity at pH 7.4; and (d) temperature stability after 1-h incubations at 37-80 degrees C, with maximum activity at 37 degrees C. The partially purified protein was detected by in-gel activity assays and the band was electroeluted to yield a highly purified protein. Analysis by SDS-PAGE and native IEF-PAGE yielded a single major polypeptide of 29 kDa and pI approximately 5.9, respectively. In addition, in-gel activity from embryo axes and whole hypocotyls at early germination times revealed one high and one intermediate molecular weight isoform, but only the intermediate one corresponded to IMPase. Throughout the post-imbibition period, the activity of the high molecular weight isoform disappeared and IMPase increased, indicating an increasing expression of the enzyme as germination and growth proceeded. These data indicate that the inositol-1 (or 4)-monophosphatase present in the embryo axis of G. max has a wide phosphate substrate specificity, and may play an important role in phosphate metabolism during the germination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México
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16
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Kim YM, Song EJ, Seo J, Kim HJ, Lee KJ. Proteomic Analysis of Tyrosine Phosphorylations in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor- and Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Signaling Pathway. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:593-601. [PMID: 17269716 DOI: 10.1021/pr060326s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mediates angiogenic signaling by activating tyrosine kinase receptors. Endothelial cells treated with VEGF are known to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activate the MAPK pathway. To identify the target proteins of the VEGF receptor, we treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with VEGF or H2O2, and identified and semiquantified tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, combining 2D-gel electrophoresis, Western analysis using antibody against phospho-tyrosine, and mass spectrometry. We detected 95 proteins that were differentially phosphorylated; some were specifically phosphorylated by VEGF but not by H2O2. 2D-gel electrophoresis revealed that heterogeneous populations of the same protein responded differently to H2O2 and VEGF. Bioinformatic studies examining the nature of the differential phosphorylation in various subpopulations of proteins should provide new insights into VEGF- and H2O2-induced signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mee Kim
- The Center for Cell Signaling & Drug Discovery Research, College of Pharmacy and Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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17
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Zi H, Xiang Y, Li M, Wang T, Ren H. Reversible protein tyrosine phosphorylation affects pollen germination and pollen tube growth via the actin cytoskeleton. PROTOPLASMA 2007; 230:183-91. [PMID: 17458633 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-006-0232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenylarsine oxide (PAO) and genistein are two well-known specific inhibitors of tyrosine phosphatases and kinases, respectively, that have been used in the functional analysis of the status of protein phosphotyrosine in different cell types. Our experiments showed that both PAO and genistein arrested pollen germination and pollen tube growth and led to the malformation of the pollen tubes, although genistein had a lesser effect. The malformations of the pollen tubes caused by PAO and genistein were, however, quite different. In addition, it was found that the rate of pollen germination and tube growth recovered to a certain extent when phalloidin was present during PAO treatment, but not when it was present during genistein treatment. Furthermore, PAO treatment also had a great effect on the dynamic organization of filamentous actin in the pollen grain and pollen tube, while genistein only caused reorganization of actin at the turning point of the pollen tube. Our results suggest that reversible protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a crucial step in pollen germination and pollen tube growth, but that tyrosine kinases and phosphatases may have different effects which may function through the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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18
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Aparicio-Fabre R, Guillén G, Estrada G, Olivares-Grajales J, Gurrola G, Sánchez F. Profilin tyrosine phosphorylation in poly-L-proline-binding regions inhibits binding to phosphoinositide 3-kinase in Phaseolus vulgaris. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 47:491-500. [PMID: 16827923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The profilin family consists of a group of ubiquitous highly conserved 12-15 kDa eukaryotic proteins that bind actin, phosphoinositides, poly-l-proline (PLP) and proteins with proline-rich motifs. Some proteins with proline-rich motifs form complexes that have been implicated in the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and processes such as vesicular trafficking. A major unanswered question in the field is how profilin achieves the required specificity to bind such an array of proteins. It is now becoming clear that profilin isoforms are subject to differential regulation and that they may play distinct roles within the cell. Considerable evidence suggests that these isoforms have different functional roles in the sorting of diverse proteins with proline-rich motifs. All profilins contain highly conserved aromatic residues involved in PLP binding which are presumably implicated in the interaction with proline-rich motif proteins. We have previously shown that profilin is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. Here, we show that profilin can bind directly to Phaseolus vulgaris phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) type III. We demonstrate that a new region around Y72 of profilin, as well as the N- and C-terminal PLP-binding domain, recognizes and binds PLP and PI3K. In vitro binding assays indicate that PI3K type III forms a complex with profilin in a manner that depends on the tyrosine phosphorylation status within the proline-rich-binding domain in profilin. Profilin-PI3K type III interaction suggests that profilin may be involved in membrane trafficking and in linking the endocytic pathway with actin reorganization dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaura Aparicio-Fabre
- Departmento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Institute de Biotechnología, UNAM, México, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca Mor 62210, Mexico
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19
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Fedina EO, Karimova FG, Tarchevsky IA. Effect of brassinolide on tyrosine phosphorylation of pea leaf proteins. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2006; 71:423-9. [PMID: 16615862 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid-induced phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins was studied. Proteins of crude extract of pea leaves were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by Western blotting with monoclonal antibodies PY20 to phosphotyrosine proteins. One- and two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed 7 and 13 tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, respectively. Brassinolide increased the phosphorylation level of most of these proteins. With inhibitors of tyrosine protein phosphatases, such as phenylarsine oxide and orthovanadate, the level of tyrosine phosphorylation of these proteins increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Fedina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
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20
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Blancaflor EB, Wang YS, Motes CM. Organization and function of the actin cytoskeleton in developing root cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2006; 252:219-64. [PMID: 16984819 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)52004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic structure, which mediates various cellular functions in large part through accessory proteins that tilt the balance between monomeric G-actin and filamentous actin (F-actin) or by facilitating interactions between actin and the plasma membrane, microtubules, and other organelles. Roots have become an attractive model to study actin in plant development because of their simple anatomy and accessibility of some root cell types such as root hairs for microscopic analyses. Roots also exhibit a remarkable developmental plasticity and possess a delicate sensory system that is easily manipulated, so that one can design experiments addressing a range of important biological questions. Many facets of root development can be regulated by the diverse actin network found in the various root developmental regions. Various molecules impinge on this actin scaffold to define how a particular root cell type grows or responds to a specific environmental signal. Although advances in genomics are leading the way toward elucidating actin function in roots, more significant strides will be realized when such tools are combined with improved methodologies for accurately depicting how actin is organized in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elison B Blancaflor
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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21
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Jeong YM, Mun JH, Lee I, Woo JC, Hong CB, Kim SG. Distinct roles of the first introns on the expression of Arabidopsis profilin gene family members. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:196-209. [PMID: 16361517 PMCID: PMC1326044 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.071316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Profilin is a small actin-binding protein that regulates cellular dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), five profilins were identified. The vegetative class profilins, PRF1, PRF2, and PRF3, are expressed in vegetative organs. The reproductive class profilins, PRF4 and PRF5, are mainly expressed in pollen. In this study, we examined the role of the first intron in the expression of the Arabidopsis profilin gene family using transgenic plants and a transient expression system. In transgenic plants, we examined PRF2 and PRF5, which represent vegetative and reproductive profilins. The expression of the PRF2 promoter fused with the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene was observed in the vascular bundles, but transgenic plants carrying the PRF2 promoter-GUS with its first intron showed constitutive expression throughout the vegetative tissues. However, the first intron of PRF5 had little effect on the reporter gene expression pattern. Transgenic plants containing PRF5 promoter-GUS fusion with or without its first intron showed reproductive tissue-specific expression. To further investigate the different roles of the first two introns on gene expression, the first introns were exchanged between PRF2 and PRF5. The first intron of PRF5 had no apparent effect on the expression pattern of the PRF2 promoter. But, unlike the intron of PRF5, the first intron of PRF2 greatly affected the reproductive tissue-specific expression of the PRF5 promoter, confirming a different role for these introns. The results of a transient expression assay indicated that the first intron of PRF1 and PRF2 enhances gene expression, whereas PRF4 and PRF5 do not. These results suggest that the first introns of profilin genes are functionally distinctive and the first introns are required for the strong and constitutive gene expression of PRF1 and PRF2 in vegetative tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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22
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Takemoto D, Hardham AR. The cytoskeleton as a regulator and target of biotic interactions in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 136:3864-76. [PMID: 15591444 PMCID: PMC535820 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.052159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Takemoto
- Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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23
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Mohammad A, Miranda-Ríos J, Navarrete GE, Quinto C, Olivares JE, García-Ponce B, Sánchez F. Nodulin 22 from Phaseolus vulgaris protects Escherichia coli cells from oxidative stress. PLANTA 2004; 219:993-1002. [PMID: 15605176 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant genes that are induced during the formation and function of a root nodule are called nodulin genes. Cloning and functional analysis of nodule-specific gene products are of valuable help in establishing the role and requirements of the host plant for the specificity and effectiveness of the symbiosis. A cDNA clone (nod22) was isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) cDNA library derived from Rhizobium-infected roots. Nodulin 22 (Nod22) transcripts are accumulated from early to late stages in root nodule development. RT-PCR in situ studies indicated that Nod22 transcripts are highly accumulated in cortical, vascular bundle and infected cells. The deduced Nod22 protein contains a highly hydrophobic N-terminus, with signal peptide characteristics, and a C-terminal extension with high identity to the alpha-crystallin domains found in alpha-crystallin lens chaperone, and other small heat-shock proteins. These domains have not been previously described in other known nodulins, but have been observed in small heat-shock proteins found in plant tissues exposed to elevated temperature and oxidative stress. Nod22, when it is over-expressed in Escherichia coli, cells confers protection against oxidative stress suggesting its possible role in plant host protection from oxidative toxicity during the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Mohammad
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, 62271 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Abstract
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of a protein often serve as an "on-and-off" switch in the regulation of cellular activities. Recent studies demonstrate the involvement of protein phosphorylation in almost all signaling pathways in plants. A significant portion of the sequenced Arabidopsis genome encodes protein kinases and protein phosphatases that catalyze reversible phosphorylation. For optimal regulation, kinases and phosphatases must strike a balance in any given cell. Only a very small fraction of the thousands of protein kinases and phosphatases in plants has been studied experimentally. Nevertheless, the available results have demonstrated critical functions for these enzymes in plant growth and development. While serine/threonine phosphorylation is widely accepted as a predominant modification of plant proteins, the function of tyrosine phosphorylation, desptie its overwhelming importance in animal systems, had been largely neglected until recently when tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) were characterized from plants. This review focuses on the structure, regulation, and function of protein phosphatases in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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25
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Wasteneys GO, Galway ME. Remodeling the cytoskeleton for growth and form: an overview with some new views. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2003; 54:691-722. [PMID: 14503008 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton coordinates all aspects of growth in plant cells, including exocytosis of membrane and wall components during cell expansion. This review seeks to integrate current information about cytoskeletal components in plants and the role they play in generating cell form. Advances in genome analysis have fundamentally changed the nature of research strategies and generated an explosion of new information on the cytoskeleton-associated proteins, their regulation, and their role in signaling to the cytoskeleton. Some of these proteins appear novel to plants, but many have close homologues in other eukaryotic systems. It is becoming clear that the mechanisms behind cell growth are essentially similar across the growth continuum, which ranges from tip growth to diffuse expansion. Remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton at sites of exocytosis is an especially critical feature of polarized and may also contribute to axial growth. We evaluate the most recent work on the signaling mechanisms that continually remodel the actin cytoskeleton via the activation of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) and consider the role the microtubule cytoskeleton plays in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey O Wasteneys
- Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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26
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Wopfner N, Willeroidee M, Hebenstreit D, van Ree R, Aalbers M, Briza P, Thalhamer J, Ebner C, Richter K, Ferreira F. Molecular and immunological characterization of profilin from mugwort pollen. Biol Chem 2002; 383:1779-89. [PMID: 12530543 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In late summer in Europe, pollen of mugwort is one of the major sources of atopic allergens. No information about the complete molecular structure of any mugwort allergen has been published so far. Here we report the isolation and characterization of mugwort pollen cDNA clones coding for two isoforms of the panallergen profilin. Thirty-six percent of the mugwort-allergic patients tested displayed IgE antibodies against natural and recombinant profilin, and no significant differences were observed in the IgE-binding properties of the isoforms. One profilin isoform was purified to homogeneity and detailed structural analysis indicated that the protein exists in solution as dimers and tetramers stabilized by sulfydryl and/or ionic interactions. Profilin monomers were detectable only after exposure of multimers to harsh denaturing conditions. Dimers and tetramers did not significantly differ in their ability to bind serum IgE from mugwort pollen-allergic patients. However, oligomeric forms might have a higher allergenic potential than monomers because larger molecules would have additional epitopes for IgE-mediated histamine release. Profilin isolated from mugwort pollen also formed multimers. Thus, oligomerization is not an artifact resulting from the recombinant production of the allergen. Inhibition experiments showed extensive IgE cross-reactivity of recombinant mugwort profilin and profilin from various pollen and food extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wopfner
- Institute of Genetics, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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28
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Kandasamy MK, McKinney EC, Meagher RB. Plant profilin isovariants are distinctly regulated in vegetative and reproductive tissues. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2002; 52:22-32. [PMID: 11977080 DOI: 10.1002/cm.10029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Profilin is a low-molecular weight, actin monomer-binding protein that regulates the organization of actin cytoskeleton in eukaryotes, including higher plants. Unlike the simple human or yeast systems, the model plant Arabidopsis has an ancient and highly divergent multi-gene family encoding five distinct profilin isovariants. Here we compare and characterize the regulation of these profilins in different organs and during microspore development using isovariant-specific monoclonal antibodies. We show that PRF1, PRF2, and PRF3 are constitutive, being strongly expressed in all vegetative tissues at various stages of development. These profilin isovariants are also predominant in ovules and microspores at the early stages of microsporogenesis. In contrast, PRF4 and PRF5 are late pollen-specific and are not detectable in other cell types of the plant body including microspores and root hairs. Immunocytochemical studies at the subcellular level reveal that both the constitutive and pollen-specific profilins are abundant in the cytoplasm. In vegetative cell types, such as root apical cells, profilins showed localization to nuclei in addition to the cytoplasmic staining. The functional diversity of profilin isovariants is discussed in light of their spatio-temporal regulation during vegetative development, pollen maturation, and pollen tube growth.
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29
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Kovar DR, Drøbak BK, Collings DA, Staiger CJ. The characterization of ligand-specific maize (Zea mays) profilin mutants. Biochem J 2001; 358:49-57. [PMID: 11485551 PMCID: PMC1222031 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3580049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Profilins are low-molecular-mass (12-15 kDa) cytosolic proteins that are major regulators of actin assembly in all eukaryotic cells. In general, profilins from evolutionarily diverse organisms share the ability to bind to G-actin, poly-(L-proline) (PLP) and proline-rich proteins, and polyphosphoinositides. However, the functional importance of each of these interactions remains unclear and might differ between organisms. We investigated the importance of profilin's interaction with its various ligands in plant cells by characterizing four maize (Zea mays) profilin 5 (ZmPRO5) mutants that had single amino acid substitutions in the presumed sites of ligand interaction. Comparisons in vitro with wild-type ZmPRO5 showed that these mutations altered ligand association specifically. ZmPRO5-Y6F had a 3-fold increased affinity for PLP, ZmPRO5-Y6Q had a 5-fold decreased affinity for PLP, ZmPRO5-D8A had a 2-fold increased affinity for PtdIns(4,5)P(2) and ZmPRO5-K86A had a 35-fold decreased affinity for G-actin. When the profilins were microinjected into Tradescantia stamen hair cells, ZmPRO5-Y6F increased the rate of nuclear displacement in stamen hairs, whereas ZmPRO5-K86A decreased the rate. Mutants with a decreased affinity for PLP (ZmPRO5-Y6Q) or an enhanced affinity for PtdIns(4,5)P(2) (ZmPRO5-D8A) were not significantly different from wild-type ZmPRO5 in affecting nuclear position. These results indicate that plant profilin's association with G-actin is extremely important and further substantiate the simple model that profilin acts primarily as a G-actin-sequestering protein in plant cells. Furthermore, interaction with proline-rich binding partners might also contribute to regulating profilin's effect on actin assembly in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Kovar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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30
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Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is the most common mechanism for cellular regulation in eukaryotic systems. Indeed, approximately 5% of the Arabidopsis genome encodes protein kinases and phosphatases. Among the thousands of such enzymes, only a small fraction has been examined experimentally. Studies have demonstrated that Ser/Thr phosphorylation and dephosphorylation play a key role in the regulation of plant physiology and development. However, function of tyrosine phosphorylation, despite the overwhelming importance in animals, has not been systematically studied in higher plants. As a result, it is still controversial whether tyrosine phosphorylation is important in plant signal transduction. Recently, the first two protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) from a higher plant were characterized. A diverse group of genes encoding putative PTPs have been identified from the Arabidopsis genome sequence databases. Genetic analyses of various PTPs are underway and preliminary results have provided evidence that these PTPs serve critical functions in plant responses to stress signals and in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Julie Ting
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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31
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Osteryoung KW, McAndrew RS. THE PLASTID DIVISION MACHINE. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 52:315-333. [PMID: 11337401 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plastid division is essential for the maintenance of plastid populations in cells undergoing division and for the accumulation of large chloroplast numbers in photosynthetic tissues. Although the mechanisms mediating plastid division are poorly understood, ultrastructural studies imply this process is accomplished by a dynamic macromolecular machine organized into ring structures at the plastid midpoint. A key component of the engine that powers this machine is the motor-like protein FtsZ, a cytoskeletal GTPase of endosymbiotic origin that forms a ring at the plastid division site, similar to the function of its prokaryotic relatives in bacterial cytokinesis. This review considers the phylogenetic distribution and structural properties of two recently identified plant FtsZ protein families in the context of their distinct roles in plastid division and describes current evidence regarding factors that govern their placement at the division site. Because of their evolutionary and mechanistic relationship, the process of bacterial cell division provides a valuable, though incomplete, paradigm for understanding plastid division in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Osteryoung
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; e-mail: ,
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Hwang JU, Lee Y. Abscisic acid-induced actin reorganization in guard cells of dayflower is mediated by cytosolic calcium levels and by protein kinase and protein phosphatase activities. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 125:2120-8. [PMID: 11299391 PMCID: PMC88867 DOI: 10.1104/pp.125.4.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2000] [Revised: 10/24/2000] [Accepted: 11/29/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In guard cells of open stomata under daylight, long actin filaments are arranged at the cortex, radiating out from the stomatal pore. Abscisic acid (ABA), a signal for stomatal closure, induces rapid depolymerization of cortical actin filaments and the slower formation of a new type of actin that is randomly oriented throughout the cell. This change in actin organization has been suggested to be important in signaling pathways involved in stomatal closing movement, since actin antagonists interfere with normal stomatal closing responses to ABA. Here we present evidence that the actin changes induced by ABA in guard cells of dayflower (Commelina communis) are mediated by cytosolic calcium levels and by protein phosphatase and protein kinase activities. Treatment of guard cells with CaCl2 induced changes in actin organization similar to those induced by ABA. Removal of extracellular calcium with EGTA inhibited ABA-induced actin changes. These results suggest that Ca2+ acts as a signal mediator in actin reorganization during guard cell response to ABA. A protein kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, inhibited actin reorganization in guard cells treated with ABA or CaCl2, and also increased the population of cells with long radial cortical actin filaments in untreated control cells. A protein phosphatase inhibitor, calyculin A, induced fragmentation of actin filaments in ABA- or CaCl2-treated cells and in control cells, and inhibited the formation of randomly oriented long actin filaments induced by ABA or CaCl2. These results suggest that protein kinase(s) and phosphatase(s) participate in actin remodeling in guard cells during ABA-induced stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J U Hwang
- Division of Molecular Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Guillén G, López-Sánchez LM, Román-Roque CS, Sánchez F, Villanueva MA. Biochemical characterization of profilin from seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 42:54-62. [PMID: 11158444 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The isoform composition of the 14.4 kDa profilin polypeptide was analyzed in seeds, leaves, flowers, roots and root-nodules from Phaseolus vulgaris L. Isoforms of pIs approximately 4.4-5 were present in all the tissues analyzed. The biochemical features of the protein present in seed tissue were determined. Seed profilin bound to Phenyl-Sepharose under low salt conditions which suggested a hydrophobic interaction; however, it was not associated with microsomal membranes nor it partitioned as a hydrophobic protein in Triton X-114. Fractions eluting from poly-L-proline or Phenyl-Sepharose columns contained well detectable amounts of profilin but no actin, suggesting that most of the protein was not present as profilactin in the seed. However, seed profilin appeared to be in some kind of complex since several molecular weight species were observed on native gels. In addition, profilin was found preferentially in the embryo axis and light microscopic immunolocalization showed a cytoplasmic distribution in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guillén
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, U.N.A.M. Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México
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McCurdy DW, Kovar DR, Staiger CJ. Actin and actin-binding proteins in higher plants. PROTOPLASMA 2001; 215:89-104. [PMID: 11732068 DOI: 10.1007/bf01280306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a complex and dynamic structure that participates in diverse cellular events which contribute to plant morphogenesis and development. Plant actins and associated actin-binding proteins are encoded by large, differentially expressed gene families. The complexity of these gene families is thought to have been conserved to maintain a pool of protein isovariants with unique properties, thus providing a mechanistic basis for the observed diversity of plant actin functions. Plants contain actin-binding proteins which regulate the supramolecular organization and function of the actin cytoskeleton, including monomer-binding proteins (profilin), severing and dynamizing proteins (ADF/cofilin), and side-binding proteins (fimbrin, 135-ABP/villin, 115-ABP). Although significant progress in documenting the biochemical activities of many of these classes of proteins has been made, the precise roles of actin-binding proteins in vivo awaits clarification by detailed mutational analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W McCurdy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Ramachandran S, Christensen HE, Ishimaru Y, Dong CH, Chao-Ming W, Cleary AL, Chua NH. Profilin plays a role in cell elongation, cell shape maintenance, and flowering in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 124:1637-47. [PMID: 11115881 PMCID: PMC59862 DOI: 10.1104/pp.124.4.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2000] [Revised: 06/14/2000] [Accepted: 07/19/2000] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Profilin (PFN) is an ubiquitous, low-M(r), actin-binding protein involved in the organization of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotes including higher plants. PFNs are encoded by a multigene family in Arabidopsis. We have analyzed in vivo functions of Arabidopsis PFN by generating transgenic plants carrying a 35S-PFN-1 or 35S-antisense PFN-1 transgene. Etiolated seedlings underexpressing PFN (PFN-U) displayed an overall dwarf phenotype with short hypocotyls whose lengths were 20% to 25% that of wild type (WT) at low temperatures. Light-grown PFN-U plants were smaller in stature and flowered early. Compared with equivalent cells in WT, most cells in PFN-U hypocotyls and roots were shorter, but more isodiametric, and microscopic observations of etiolated PFN-U hypocotyls revealed a rough epidermal surface. In contrast, light-grown seedlings overexpressing PFN had longer roots and root hair although etiolated seedlings overexpressing PFN were either the same size or slightly longer than WT seedlings. Transgenic seedlings harboring a PFN-1-GUS transgene directed expression in root and root hair and in a ring of cells at the elongating zone of the root tip. As the seedlings matured PFN-1-GUS was mainly expressed in the vascular bundles of cotyledons and leaves. Our results show that Arabidopsis PFNs play a role in cell elongation, cell shape maintenance, polarized growth of root hair, and unexpectedly, in determination of flowering time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramachandran
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Agrobiology, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604
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Abstract
Plants have developed finely tuned, cellular mechanisms to respond to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. In several examples, these responses necessitate rearrangements of the cytoplasm that are coordinated by a network of actin microfilaments and microtubules, dynamic polymers collectively known as the cytoskeleton. This review focuses on five different cellular responses in which the actin cytoskeleton redistributes following extracellular stimulation: pollen tube tip growth and the self-incompatibility response; root hair responses to bacterial nodulation factors; light-mediated plastid positioning; nonhost resistance to fungal attack; and guard cell shape and turgor changes. For each of these systems, there is reasonable knowledge about what signals induce the plant response and the function(s) of the actin rearrangement. This review aims to build beyond a description of cytoskeletal changes and look at specific actin-binding proteins that have been implicated as effectors of each response, as sites of action for second messengers, and as fundamental coordinators of actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392; e-mail:
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Bolle C, Koncz C, Chua NH. PAT1, a new member of the GRAS family, is involved in phytochrome A signal transduction. Genes Dev 2000. [DOI: 10.1101/gad.14.10.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Light signaling via the phytochrome A (phyA) photoreceptor controls basic plant developmental processes including de-etiolation and hypocotyl elongation. We have identified a new Arabidopsismutant, pat (phytochrome Asignal transduction)1-1, which shows strongly reduced responses in continuous far-red light. Physiological and molecular data indicate that this mutant is disrupted at an early step of phyA signal transduction. The PAT1 gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein of 490 amino acids with sequence homologies to the plant-specific GRAS regulatory protein family. In the pat1-1mutant, a T-DNA insertion introduces a premature stop codon, which likely results in the production of a truncated PAT1 protein of 341 amino acids. The semidominant phenotype of this mutant can be recapitulated by overexpression of an appropriately truncatedPAT1 gene in the wild type. The results indicate that the truncated PAT1 protein acts in a dominant-negative fashion to inhibit phyA signaling.
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Abstract
The past year has seen considerable advances in our understanding of signaling in pollen tubes. Evidence suggesting that lipids are involved in pollen tube guidance has opened up new avenues. Major advances have been made in understanding the roles of Rho-like GTPases and protein kinases in regulating pollen tube growth. Light is being shed on how signals may be integrated. It is becoming clear that the role of Ca(2+) in pollen tube growth is perhaps more complex than originally anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Franklin-Tong
- Wolfson Laboratory for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK. V.E.
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