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Choopa CN, Muleya W, Fandamu P, Mukolwe LD, Sibeko-Matjila KP. p67 gene alleles sequence analysis reveals Theileria parva parasites associated with East Coast fever and Corridor disease in buffalo from Zambia. Vet Parasitol 2024; 330:110240. [PMID: 38959671 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Theileriosis caused by Theileria parva infections is responsible for high cattle mortalities in Zambia. Although infected buffalo are a risk to cattle, the characterization of T. parva parasites occurring in this host in Zambia has not been reported. Furthermore, considering the advances in the development of a p67 subunit vaccine, the knowledge of p67 genetic and antigenic diversity in both cattle and buffalo associated T. parva is crucial. Therefore, blood samples from buffalo (n=43) from Central, Eastern and Southern provinces, and cattle (n=834) from Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Lusaka, and Southern provinces, were tested for T. parva infection and the parasites characterized by sequencing the gene encoding the p67 antigen. About 76.7 % of buffalo and 19.3 % of cattle samples were PCR positive for T. parva. Three of the four known p67 allele types (1, 2 and 3) were identified in parasites from buffalo, of which two (allele types 2 and 3) are associated with T. parva parasites responsible for Corridor disease. Only allele type 1, associated with East Coast fever, was identified from cattle samples, consistent with previous reports from Zambia. Phylogenetic analysis revealed segregation between allele type 1 sequences from cattle and buffalo samples as they grouped separately within the same sub-clade. The high occurrence of T. parva infection in buffalo samples investigated demonstrates the risk of Corridor disease infection, or even outbreaks, should naïve cattle co-graze with infected buffalo in the presence of the tick vector. In view of a subunit vaccine, the antigenic diversity in buffalo associated T. parva should be considered to ensure broad protection. The current disease control measures in Zambia may require re-evaluation to ensure that cattle are protected against buffalo-derived T. parva infections. Parasite stocks used in 'infection and treatment' immunization in Zambia, have not been evaluated for protection against buffalo-derived T. parva parasites currently circulating in the buffalo population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimvwele N Choopa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; Central Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Walter Muleya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Paul Fandamu
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 50060, Zambia
| | - Lubembe D Mukolwe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Kgomotso P Sibeko-Matjila
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa.
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Mahmoud HYAH, Tanaka T, Ali AO, Emeish WFA. Molecular detection and characterization of Anaplasma ovis, Theileria ovis, and Theileria lestoquardi in sheep and goats in Luxor, Egypt. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:260. [PMID: 38886742 PMCID: PMC11181633 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne diseases cause economically significant losses to animal production globally, and anaplasmosis and theileriosis are associated with the greatest losses. However, the spread of the relevant pathogens in flocks of domesticated animals in southern Egypt is little understood. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to determine the prevalences of Anaplasma ovis, Theileria ovis, and Theileria lestoquardi in southern Egyptian sheep and goats through blood tests, and to make a molecular characterization of the A. ovis detected in sheep targeting a specific gene. RESULTS We collected blood samples collected from 300 sheep and goats (n=150 /species) in Luxor Province in southern Egypt, and analyzed them for the presence of A. ovis, T. ovis and T. lestoquardi with screening by conventional and nested PCR targeting the msp4 and msp5, 18S rRNA, and merozoite surface protein genes. For A. ovis 140/300 samples (46.66%) were positive overall, with 90/150 (60%) and 50/150 (33.33%) positive samples in sheep and goats, respectively. Two major surface protein genes of A. ovis, msp4 and msp5, were sequenced using DNA extracted from sheep and goat blood samples, for phylogenetic analysis and genotyping. The msp4 gene sequence revealed no significant genetic diversity, to contrast to data on A. ovis strains from other countries. For T. lestoquardi, 8/150 (5.33%) samples were positive in sheep, but no samples were positive in goats (0%). For T. ovis, 32/150 (21.33%) samples were positive in sheep, but no samples were positive in goats (0%). Sequencing targeting the merozoite surface protein gene for T. lestoquardi and the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene for T. ovis revealed no significant genetic diversity in the study, another contrast to data on A. ovis strains from other countries. CONCLUSION This study provides valuable data on phylogenetic and molecular classifications of A. ovis, T. ovis and T. lestoquardi found in southern Egyptian sheep and goats. It also represents the first report on detection and molecular characterization of T. lestoquardi in southern Egyptian sheep based on the specific merozoite surface protein gene, thus providing valuable data for molecular characterization of this pathogen in southern Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Y A H Mahmoud
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Alsagher O Ali
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Walaa F A Emeish
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
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James ER, Church LWP, Hoffman SL, Richie TL, Robertson BD, Hickey PW, Schwartz DJ, Logan PT, Asare TD, Jones ML, Bay JL, Roschel AK, Pfeiffer JL, Acosta RW, Schiavi E, Acosta AM, Noble M, Henkel T, Young C. Piloting delivery of PfSPZ vaccines for malaria through a cryogenic vaccine cold chain to travel and military medicine clinics. J Travel Med 2024; 31:taae007. [PMID: 38206875 PMCID: PMC10998499 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PfSPZ vaccines comprising Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (SPZ) have demonstrated > 90% protection against variant Pf malaria infections for at least 12 weeks; they are the only vaccines with the level of efficacy necessary to protect travellers. PfSPZ are eukaryotic cells stabilized by cryopreservation and distributed using a cryogenic (below -150 °C) cold chain. The Ebola vaccine and mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 pioneered uptake of vaccines requiring non-standard ultra-low temperature cold chains. The cryogenic cold chain using liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapour phase (LNVP) cryoshippers, is simpler, more efficient than -80, -20 or 2-8 °C cold chains, and does not use electricity. This study was conducted to evaluate implementation and integration of a cryogenically distributed vaccine at travel and military immunization clinics. METHODS We conducted sequential 28-day studies evaluating vaccine shipping, storage, maintenance and accession at two US military and two civilian travel health/immunization clinics. In each clinic, personnel were trained in equipment use, procurement and handling of LN2, temperature monitoring and inventory record keeping by in-person or video instruction. RESULTS Sites required 2-4 h/person for two persons to assimilate and develop the expertise to manage vaccine storage and LNVP operations. LN2 for recharging cryoshippers was delivered every 1-2 weeks. Vaccine ordering, receipt, storage and inventory control was conducted effectively. Simulated single dose vaccine cryovial retrieval and thawing were performed successfully in different travel clinic settings. Continuous temperature monitoring at each site was maintained with only one short excursion above -150 °C (-145 °C) through shipping, use and reverse logistics. Staff, during and at study conclusion, provided feedback that has been incorporated into our models for cold chain logistics. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrated that the training in delivery, storage, administration and integration of PfSPZ vaccines can be successfully managed in different immunization clinic settings for travellers and military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brian D Robertson
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Patrick W Hickey
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - David J Schwartz
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Patrick T Logan
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Theresa D Asare
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Macie L Jones
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Jeannie L Bay
- Joint Base Lewis-McChord/Madigan Army Medical Center, Lewis-McChord, WA 98431, USA
| | - Austin K Roschel
- Joint Base Lewis-McChord/Madigan Army Medical Center, Lewis-McChord, WA 98431, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Noble
- Passport Health Silver Spring Travel Clinic, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Thomas Henkel
- Passport Health Silver Spring Travel Clinic, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Cebrina Young
- Passport Health Silver Spring Travel Clinic, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
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Assessment of the Impact of Early Diagnosis and Early Treatment in the Integrated Control of East Coast Fever (ECF) Involving Acquired Immunity Induced by Natural Infection in Ankole Cattle. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010115. [PMID: 36678463 PMCID: PMC9864176 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrated control of East Coast fever (ECF) by early diagnosis and treatment involving acquired immunity induced by natural infection in Ankole cattle was assessed. A longitudinal study was carried out in Kiruhura district, southwestern Uganda for six months on 244 Ankole breed of cattle from 18 herds under natural tick challenge and relaxed tick control measures. Calves aged three to six months old were recruited and monitored daily by farmers for detection of ECF clinical symptoms. The reported sick animals were treated using Buparvaquone and treatment outcome determined. Monthly follow-ups and blood collections were done to monitor ECF status. Blood was analyzed for Theileria parva parasites by microscopy, DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The overall prevalence of ECF clinical disease within six months period was 30.3% (74). The major symptoms of early clinical ECF disease were fever and enlarged parotid or prescapular lymph nodes. Clinical cases were categorized as mild, 24% (18) or moderate, 76% (56). There was an overall recovery rate of 100% (74) of the ECF cases whereby 94.6% (70) recovered promptly and 5.4% (4) recovered slowly. Based on blood analysis, prevalence of ECF at baseline was 3.7% (9) by microscopy, 31.1% (76) by PCR and 38.1% (93) by ELISA. A significant increase (p < 0.05) was shown by the increased number of calves with T. parva specific antibodies in the sera from 38.1% at baseline to 68.8% after six months. High antibody levels (positive percentage ≥ 50%) were detected in all ECF-treated and recovered calves at the end of six months. The acquired immunity to ECF was high in treated and recovered cattle, indicating that natural exposure to infection, accurate early diagnosis and effective treatment enhance development of immune-protection in indigenous cattle in an endemic area. The prominent early clinical symptoms for ECF could be exploited in the development of decision support tools for chemotherapy and other integrated control measures.
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The Piroplasmida Babesia, Cytauxzoon, and Theileria in farm and companion animals: species compilation, molecular phylogeny, and evolutionary insights. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1207-1245. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Al-Hamidhi S, Elshafie EI, Yaghfoori S, Morrison WI, Johnson EH, Babiker HA. A comparative study of single Theileria lestoquardi and mixed infections with Theileria ovis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:370. [PMID: 34284816 PMCID: PMC8290529 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological surveys in Oman have revealed a high prevalence of the co-occurrence of the pathogenic Theileria lestoquardi and the non-pathogenic Theileria ovis among sheep in the Barka region, Oman. Our most recent data illustrated an interaction and reduced mortality risk in animals co-infected with T. lestoquardi and T. ovis, suggesting that the latter confers protection against pathogenicity of T. lestoquardi. The present study extends the above findings and examines disease outcomes; clinical markers, hematological parameters, and parasite density in mixed and single T. lestoquardi infections. Methods A total of 390 blood samples were collected from 16 sheep pens located in Barka, Oman between July and November 2019. Theileria spp. were detected and quantified using qPCR assay targeting 18S rRNA, and the extent of genetic diversity was estimated by a panel of T. lestoquardi specific micro- and mini-satellites. The association of some disease markers with the presence of Theileria spp. and genetic diversity was tested. Results Theileria spp. were detected in 75 (19.2%) sheep; of these 65 (86.7%) had mixed infections (T. lestoquardi plus T. ovis), 8 (10.6%) were infected with T. lestoquardi alone, and 2 (2.7%) with only T. ovis. Exotic breeds had a higher risk for Theileria spp. infection. The density (18S rRNA gene copies) of both parasites was higher in single infection against mixed infection, and there was a relatively lower density of T. lestoquardi in mixed infections. However, there was no difference in hematological indices between single T. lestoquardi and mixed infections. High genetic diversity was observed among T. lestoquardi in Barka, with no differences of T. lestoquardi in single and mixed infections. The extent of diversity seen in Barka was higher (He = 0.772) than that reported in Oman in 2019 (He = 0.582), with distinct T. lestoquardi genotypes. Conclusion The lower density of T. lestoquardi as mixed infection with T. ovis compared to single infection supports the hypothesis that T. ovis confers protection against lethal T. lestoquardi infection. However, there were no differences in disease correlations (clinical markers, hematological parameters, and density of parasites) or the extent of diversity of T. lestoquardi between the two types of infection. The presence of distinct T. lestoquardi genotypes in Barka, compared to that reported earlier in Oman, likely reflects movement of carrier animals and highlights the need for further analysis of the parasite populations to inform novel approaches for controlling malignant ovine theileriosis. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Salama Al-Hamidhi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, AlKhoud 123, PO Box 35, Muscat, Oman
| | - Elshafie I Elshafie
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Central Veterinary Research Laboratories, Al Amarat, P.O. Box 8067, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - W Ivan Morrison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eugene H Johnson
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hamza A Babiker
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, AlKhoud 123, PO Box 35, Muscat, Oman. .,Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Maboko BB, Sibeko-Matjila KP, Pierneef R, Chan WY, Josemans A, Marumo RD, Mbizeni S, Latif AA, Mans BJ. South African Buffalo-Derived Theileria parva Is Distinct From Other Buffalo and Cattle-Derived T. parva. Front Genet 2021; 12:666096. [PMID: 34249088 PMCID: PMC8269612 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.666096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria parva is a protozoan parasite transmitted by the brown-eared ticks, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis. Buffaloes are the parasite's ancestral host, with cattle being the most recent host. The parasite has two transmission modes namely, cattle-cattle and buffalo-cattle transmission. Cattle-cattle T. parva transmission causes East Coast fever (ECF) and January disease syndromes. Buffalo to cattle transmission causes Corridor disease. Knowledge on the genetic diversity of South African T. parva populations will assist in determining its origin, evolution and identify any cattle-cattle transmitted strains. To achieve this, genomic DNA of blood and in vitro culture material infected with South African isolates (8160, 8301, 8200, 9620, 9656, 9679, Johnston, KNP2, HL3, KNP102, 9574, and 9581) were extracted and paired-end whole genome sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 2500 was performed. East and southern African sample data (Chitongo Z2, Katete B2, Kiambu Z464/C12, Mandali Z22H10, Entebbe, Nyakizu, Katumba, Buffalo LAWR, and Buffalo Z5E5) was also added for comparative purposes. Data was analyzed using BWA and SAMtools variant calling with the T. parva Muguga genome sequence used as a reference. Buffalo-derived strains had higher genetic diversity, with twice the number of variants compared to cattle-derived strains, confirming that buffaloes are ancestral reservoir hosts of T. parva. Host specific SNPs, however, could not be identified among the selected 74 gene sequences. Phylogenetically, strains tended to cluster by host with South African buffalo-derived strains clustering with buffalo-derived strains. Among the buffalo-derived strains, South African strains were genetically divergent from other buffalo-derived strains indicating possible geographic sub-structuring. Geographic sub- structuring was also observed within South Africa strains. The knowledge generated from this study indicates that to date, ECF is not circulating in buffalo from South Africa. It also shows that T. parva has historically been present in buffalo from South Africa before the introduction of ECF and was not introduced into buffalo during the ECF epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo B Maboko
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Rian Pierneef
- Agricultural Research Council, Biotechnology Platform, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wai Y Chan
- Agricultural Research Council, Biotechnology Platform, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Antoinette Josemans
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ratselane D Marumo
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sikhumbuzo Mbizeni
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Abdalla A Latif
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ben J Mans
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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Maboko BB, Featherston J, Sibeko-Matjila KP, Mans BJ. Whole genome sequencing of Theileria parva using target capture. Genomics 2020; 113:429-438. [PMID: 33370583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Protozoan parasite isolation and purification are laborious and time-consuming processes required for high quality genomic DNA used in whole genome sequencing. The objective of this study was to capture whole Theileria parva genomes directly from cell cultures and blood samples using RNA baits. Cell culture material was bait captured or sequenced directly, while blood samples were all captured. Baits had variable success in capturing T. parva genomes from blood samples but were successful in cell cultures. Genome mapping uncovered extensive host contamination in blood samples compared to cell cultures. Captured cell cultures had over 81 fold coverage for the reference genome compared to 0-33 fold for blood samples. Results indicate that baits are specific to T. parva, are a good alternative to conventional methods and thus ideal for genomic studies. This study also reports the first whole genome sequencing of South African T. parva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo B Maboko
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110 Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Vector and Vector-borne Disease Research Programme, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Featherston
- Agricultural Research Council, Biotechnology Platform, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kgomotso P Sibeko-Matjila
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Vector and Vector-borne Disease Research Programme, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ben J Mans
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110 Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Vector and Vector-borne Disease Research Programme, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 Pretoria, South Africa; School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1709, South Africa.
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Bisusa MA, Bizire ME, Muntuokuwindi BD, Nijimbere G, Musimwa KR, Kambale VGC. Identification of Ixodidae ticks from cattle imported into the South Kivu province, east of the Democratic Republic of Congo. RUDN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND ANIMAL INDUSTRIES 2020. [DOI: 10.22363/2312-797x-2020-15-3-308-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey has been conducted in Bukavu on bovines imported in Democratic Republic of Congo from Rwanda to the public slaughterhouse of Bukavu, with the aim of identifying the Ixodidae ticks on their body. Thus, 1024 ticks have been collected on 300 cows for the entomological identification. Four species have been identified whose Boophilus decoloratus (44.4 %), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (43.9 %), Amblyomma variegatum (11 %) and Ixodes thomasai (2 %). This last species being a new among those recognized in South Kivu. A charge to ticks of 6.5 has been observed at those bovines and the infestation rate has been significantly different in the 4 races, the Friesland (41.1 %) and Ankolé presented the superior values. The importation of cows in this part of the country from Rwanda is a real factor which conducts to the introduction of ticks and also diseases in Democratic Republic of Congo. Then being measures of heath control in the border must be sustained and reinforced for minimizing real risks.
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Squarre D, Nakamura Y, Hayashida K, Kawai N, Chambaro H, Namangala B, Sugimoto C, Yamagishi J. Investigation of the piroplasm diversity circulating in wildlife and cattle of the greater Kafue ecosystem, Zambia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:599. [PMID: 33256809 PMCID: PMC7708252 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Piroplasms are vector-borne intracellular hemoprotozoan parasites that infect wildlife and livestock. Wildlife species are reservoir hosts to a diversity of piroplasms and play an important role in the circulation, maintenance and evolution of these parasites. The potential for likely spillover of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic piroplasm parasites from wildlife to livestock is underlined when a common ecological niche is shared in the presence of a competent vector. Method To investigate piroplasm diversity in wildlife and the cattle population of the greater Kafue ecosystem, we utilized PCR to amplify the 18S rRNA V4 hyper-variable region and meta-barcoding strategy using the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform and amplicon sequence variant (ASV)-based bioinformatics pipeline to generate high-resolution data that discriminate sequences down to a single nucleotide difference. Results A parasite community of 45 ASVs corresponding to 23 species consisting of 4 genera of Babesia, Theileria, Hepatozoon and Colpodella, were identified in wildlife and the cattle population from the study area. Theileria species were detected in buffalo, impala, hartebeest, sable antelope, sitatunga, wild dog and cattle. In contrast, Babesia species were only observed in cattle and wild dog. Our results demonstrate possible spillover of these hemoprotozoan parasites from wildlife, especially buffalo, to the cattle population in the wildlife-livestock interface. Conclusion We demonstrated that the deep amplicon sequencing of the 18S rRNA V4 hyper-variable region for wildlife was informative. Our results illustrated the diversity of piroplasma and the specificity of their hosts. They led us to speculate a possible ecological cycle including transmission from wildlife to domestic animals in the greater Kafue ecosystem. Thus, this approach may contribute to the establishment of appropriate disease control strategies in wildlife-livestock interface areas.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- David Squarre
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Wildlife Veterinary Unit, Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Chilanga, Zambia.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yukiko Nakamura
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoko Kawai
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Herman Chambaro
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Chilanga, Zambia
| | - Boniface Namangala
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. .,International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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11
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An alternative cold chain for storing and transporting East Coast fever vaccine. Vet Parasitol 2020; 288:109304. [PMID: 33161281 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF) is an often fatal, economically important cattle disease that predominantly affects eastern, central, and southern Africa. ECF is controlled through vaccination by means of simultaneous injection of oxytetracycline and cryogenically preserved stabilate containing live, disease-causing parasites. Storage and transportation of the stabilate requires liquid nitrogen, a commodity that is commonly unreliable in low-resource settings. Here we show that storage of conventionally prepared stabilate at -80 °C for up to 30 days does not significantly affect its ability to infect cultured peripheral blood mononucleated cells or live cattle, suggesting an alternative cold chain that maintains these temperatures could be used to effectively manage ECF.
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Staffa P, Nyangiwe N, Msalya G, Nagagi YP, Nchu F. The effect of Beauveria bassiana inoculation on plant growth, volatile constituents, and tick ( Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) repellency of acetone extracts of Tulbaghia violacea. Vet World 2020; 13:1159-1166. [PMID: 32801568 PMCID: PMC7396350 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1159-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales) inoculum on plant growth, volatile constituents, and tick repellency of the extracts of Tulbaghia violacea (Amaryllidaceae). Materials and Methods Eight-week-old potted seedlings of T. violacea were each inoculated with conidia of B. bassiana (strain SM3) suspended at a concentration of 1×106 conidia mL-1. Tissue colonization by fungal conidia was assessed after 3 weeks. Plant growth, volatile constituents, and tick repellency were assessed after 12 weeks post-treatment. Results B. bassiana conidia successfully colonized leaf and root tissues of T. violacea. The growth of fungal hyphae out of the leaf and root sections occurred in 75% and 91.6% of plants, respectively. Inoculation of the plants with B. bassiana significantly (p<0.05) influenced root length and plant height but did not have substantial effects on weights and leaf number of T. violacea. While the fungus did not have significant effects on overall number of the volatile chemical constituents, significant variations in the quantity (area ratio) were observed in at least four compounds that were detected. In the tick repellency bioassay, high concentration (20 w/v%) of acetone extract from fungus-exposed plants produced the least repellent effect on Rhipicephalus appendiculatus larvae (Ixodidae), while at lower concentrations (5 w/v% and 10 w/v%) of acetone extracts of T. violacea, tick repellent activity of the extract of the fungus treatment was significantly improved and was comparable to commercial N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide and the other treatments. Conclusion Experimental fungal inoculation positively influenced plant growth in height and root length and tick (R. appendiculatus) repellency of acetone extracts of T. violacea at a concentration of 10 w/v% compared to the control treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pumla Staffa
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, Symphony Way, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Nkululeko Nyangiwe
- Department of Agriculture, Dohne Agricultural Development Institute, Private Bag X15, Stutterheim, 4930, South Africa
| | - George Msalya
- Department of Animal, Aquaculture and Range Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Yakob Petro Nagagi
- Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control Division, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P. O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Felix Nchu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, Symphony Way, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
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Mofokeng LS, Taioe OM, Smit NJ, Thekisoe OMM. Parasites of veterinary importance from domestic animals in uMkhanyakude district of KwaZulu-Natal province. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2020; 91:e1-e11. [PMID: 32787418 PMCID: PMC7433224 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v91i0.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and phylogenetic relationship of protozoan parasites and Ehrlichia infecting domestic animals from three municipalities in uMkhanyakude district of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. A total of 208 blood samples collected from clinically healthy cattle, sheep, goats and dogs from uMkhanyakude district were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, using either genus or species-specific primers to determine the occurrence and phylogenetic relationship of various protozoan parasites and Ehrlichia of veterinary importance. A total of 5/109 (4.6%) cattle were PCR-positive for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii, 33/109 (30.3%) for Babesia bovis, 24/109 (22.02%) for Babesia bigemina and 20/109 (18.3%) for Trypanosoma sp., while 3/10 (30%) of sheep were PCR-positive for Theileria ovis and none of the goats were positive for any of the detected pathogens. The co-infection of 4/109 (3.7%) B. bovis and B. bigemina was detected in cattle. Only Ehrlichia canis was detected in dogs with infection rate of 20/48 (41.7%). Sequences of PCR-positive isolates (B. bovis, B. bigemina, E. canis, T. ovis and T. gondii) showed that they were closely related to their relevant species from various countries. These findings have expanded our knowledge about the prevalence and phylogenetic similarity between protozoan parasites and Ehrlichia isolates of South African origin. To date, this is the first study in South Africa to detect T. gondii infections from cattle blood using PCR.
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Mukolwe LD, Odongo DO, Byaruhanga C, Snyman LP, Sibeko-Matjila KP. Analysis of p67 allelic sequences reveals a subtype of allele type 1 unique to buffalo-derived Theileria parva parasites from southern Africa. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231434. [PMID: 32598384 PMCID: PMC7323972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF) and Corridor disease (CD) caused by cattle- and buffalo-derived T. parva respectively are the most economically important tick-borne diseases of cattle in the affected African countries. The p67 gene has been evaluated as a recombinant subunit vaccine against ECF, and for discrimination of T. parva parasites causing ECF and Corridor disease. The p67 allele type 1 was first identified in cattle-derived T. parva parasites from East Africa, where parasites possessing this allele type have been associated with ECF. Subsequent characterization of buffalo-derived T. parva parasites from South Africa where ECF was eradicated, revealed the presence of a similar allele type, raising concerns as to whether or not allele type 1 from parasites from the two regions is identical. A 900 bp central fragment of the gene encoding p67 was PCR amplified from T. parva DNA extracted from blood collected from cattle and buffalo in South Africa, Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, followed by DNA sequence analysis. Four p67 allele types previously described were identified. A subtype of p67 allele type 1 was identified in parasites from clinical cases of CD and buffalo from southern Africa. Notably, p67 allele type 1 sequences from parasites associated with ECF in East Africa and CD in Kenya were identical. Analysis of two p67 B-cell epitopes (TpM12 and AR22.7) revealed amino acid substitutions in allele type 1 from buffalo-derived T. parva parasites from southern Africa. However, both epitopes were conserved in allele type 1 from cattle- and buffalo-derived T. parva parasites from East Africa. These findings reveal detection of a subtype of p67 allele type 1 associated with T. parva parasites transmissible from buffalo to cattle in southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubembe D. Mukolwe
- Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - David O. Odongo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Byaruhanga
- Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- National Agricultural Research Organization, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Louwtjie P. Snyman
- Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Durban Natural Science Museum, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kgomotso P. Sibeko-Matjila
- Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Latif AA, Troskie PC, Peba SB, Maboko BB, Pienaar R, Mans BJ. Corridor disease (buffalo-associated Theileria parva) outbreak in cattle introduced onto a game ranch and investigations into their carrier-state. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 18:100331. [PMID: 31796192 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection in cattle) was eradicated from South Africa in the mid-1900. However, another form named Corridor disease (CD), associated with T. parva carrier buffaloes exists and outbreaks have increased in endemic areas. The occurrence of a CD carrier state in cattle under field situations has not been demonstrated but remains a subject of controversy. The current study investigated the T. parva carrier state following a severe outbreak in cattle introduced onto a game ranch. Monitoring of the outbreak included clinical signs, mortality, microscopy, serology, real-time PCR and xenodiagnoses. The herd of cattle received block treatment using oxytetracyclines (OTC) by the farmer during the outbreak. Cattle were sampled early during the outbreak and twice within the following 75 days. All buffaloes were tested for a T. parva carrier state. Two batches of questing adult R. appendiculatus were collected at the time of disease occurrence and a year later. These ticks were fed on susceptible cattle under controlled conditions and monitored for disease transmission. Ticks infected with a buffalo-derived stock of T. parva were fed on one bovine under controlled conditions and simultaneously injected with OTC, simulating the infection and treatment method of vaccination and was used as a positive control. Clean R. appendiculatus nymphs were fed on four recovered PCR positive cattle from the outbreak and on the positive control animal. The adult ticks were tested for infectivity by xenodiagnoses on susceptible bovines. For the initial outbreak the CD prevalence was 62.3% with a mortality rate of 29.5%. However, the outbreak was contained by block OTC treatment of the herd since only 3.4% cattle subsequently died until the end of the investigations. Adult ticks fed on one field bovine and the laboratory established T. parva carrier both transmitted fatal infections to susceptible cattle. Ticks fed on two field cattle transmitted T. taurotragi and one failed to transmit any infection. Questing adult R. appendiculatus collected during the outbreak transmitted fatal CD to two bovines while ticks collected a year later transmitted T. taurotragi. These findings demonstrated the effectiveness of disease control either by cattle treatment using OTC simulating the ITM or by intensive cattle dipping following the outbreak or by both interventions. The potential risk of creating carrier cattle by OTC treatment during CD outbreaks should be considered, supporting the continued control measures of segregation of cattle and buffalo herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla A Latif
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, Westville, South Africa.
| | - P Christo Troskie
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Seeland B Peba
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Boitumelo B Maboko
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Ronel Pienaar
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Ben J Mans
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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16
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Nyagwange J, Nene V, Mwalimu S, Henson S, Steinaa L, Nzau B, Tijhaar E, Pelle R. Antibodies to in silico selected GPI-anchored Theileria parva proteins neutralize sporozoite infection in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 199:8-14. [PMID: 29678234 PMCID: PMC5956992 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF) caused by Theileria parva kills cattle in East, Central and Southern Africa leading to significant economic losses. Vaccination is used as a control strategy against ECF and is presently dependent on deliberate infection with live sporozoites and simultaneous treatment with a long-acting oxytetracycline. Although effective, this method has serious limitations; the immunity is parasite strain specific and immunized cattle can become life-long asymptomatic carriers of the parasite, posing risk for the spread of the disease. In efforts to develop a subunit vaccine, the role of antibodies in the neutralization of T. parva sporozoites infection of host cells has been investigated and a circumsporozoite protein, p67, is able to induce such neutralizing antibodies. However, the p67 protein only protects a proportion of immunized cattle against T. parva challenge and such protection might be improved by inclusion of additional parasite antigens that neutralize sporozoite infection. In an attempt to identify such antigens, we searched the re-annotated T. parva genome for genes predicted to contain GPI anchor signals, since they are likely to be located on the cell surface, and expressed fragments of six of the selected genes in E. coli. The recombinant proteins were used to raise antisera in mice. Antisera to two proteins, TpMuguga_01g00876 and TpMuguga_01g00939, neutralized sporozoite infectivity to a high degree, while antisera to two additional proteins, TpMuguga_01g00095 and TpMuguga_04g00437, exhibited moderate neutralizing capacity. We conclude that these four antigens are potential vaccine candidates, which should be evaluated further in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nyagwange
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwalimu
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sonal Henson
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benjamin Nzau
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edwin Tijhaar
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
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17
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Prevalence and risk factors associated with Theileria parva infection in cattle in three regions of Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1613-1621. [PMID: 28752214 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ticks and tickborne diseases (TBDs) are serious constraints to cattle production in Tanzania and other tropical and subtropical countries. Among the TBDs, East Coast fever (ECF) is the most important as it causes significant economic losses to the cattle industry in Tanzania. However, control of ECF in Tanzania has continued to be a challenge due to inadequate epidemiological information. The main objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological situation of Theileria parva infections in cattle kept under pastoral and agro-pastoral farming systems in Mara, Singida, and Mbeya regions of Tanzania. Blood samples were collected from 648 cattle in the three regions. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using T. parva-specific primers targeting the 104-kD antigen (P104) gene. In addition, information was collected on the possible risk factors of T. parva infection (animal age, region, animal sex, tick burden, tick control method, and frequency of acaricide application). The prevalence of T. parva across the three regions was 14.2%. There was variation in prevalence among the three regions with Mara (21.8%) having a significantly higher (p = 0.001) prevalence than the other regions. Moreover, Mbeya exhibited relatively lower prevalence (7.4%) compared to the other regions. Factors found to be significantly associated with an animal being PCR positive for T. parva were region (p = 0.001) and tick burden (p = 0.003). Other factors were not found to be significant predictors of being PCR positive for T. parva. The present study showed high variation in tick burden and T. parva prevalence across the regions. Therefore, different strategic planning and cost-effective control measures for ticks and T. parva infection should be implemented region by region in order to reduce losses caused by ticks and ECF in the study area.
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Abstract
This study reports an outbreak of oriental theileriosis in dairy cattle imported to Vietnam from Australia. Following clinical and pathological diagnoses, a total of 112 cattle blood samples were divided into three groups and tested using multiplexed tandem PCR. Group 1 were from aborted heifers in Vietnam; group 2 were from cattle before shipment from group 1 cattle and group 3 were from the same batch of cattle but transported to Taiwan. Theileria orientalis DNA was detected in 72·3% cattle. The prevalences of T. orientalis in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 77·6, 86·9 and 57·5%, respectively, and the difference in prevalence was significant between groups 1 and 3 (P < 0·0001). The infection intensities of genotypes chitose and ikeda of T. orientalis were higher in groups 1 (57 721 and 33 709, respectively) and 3 (5897 and 61 766, respectively) than those in group 2 (2071 and 6331, respectively). Phylogenetic analyses of the major piroplasm surface protein sequences revealed that genotypes chitose and ikeda determined herein were closely related to those previously reported from Australia. This first report of an outbreak of oriental theileriosis in imported cattle emphasizes improved measures for the export and import of cattle infected with T. orientalis.
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Perry BD. The control of East Coast fever of cattle by live parasite vaccination: A science-to-impact narrative. One Health 2016; 2:103-114. [PMID: 28616483 PMCID: PMC5441314 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in determining the impact of vaccine technologies developed using public funding targeted at international development, and understanding the factors and ingredients which contribute to the success and impacts of such vaccines. This paper chronicles the development of a live vaccine against East Coast fever, a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by Theileria parva. The paper describes the technological innovation, commonly known as infection-and-treatment, which was developed some 40 years ago, explores the institutional settings in which the vaccine was developed and refined, and discusses the political dynamics of both during the decades from first development to field deployment and impacts. The paper also analyses the direct and indirect indicators of success of ITM and the many qualifiers of these, the impacts that the emerging technology has had, both in positive and negative terms, and maps the key contributors and milestones on the research-to-impact pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Perry
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
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Gebrekidan H, Abbas T, Wajid M, Ali A, Gasser RB, Jabbar A. Molecular characterisation of Theileria orientalis in imported and native bovines from Pakistan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 47:19-25. [PMID: 27838527 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological aspects of Theileria orientalis in Pakistan are unknown; therefore, investigations using sensitive and precise molecular techniques are required. This study reports the first molecular characterisation of T. orientalis detected from imported (Bos taurus) and native cattle (Bos indicus×Bos taurus) and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) selected from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan. DNA samples from blood (n=246) were extracted and tested using conventional PCR utilising the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene and multiplexed tandem PCR (MT-PCR). Theileria orientalis DNA was detected (15%; 22/147) only in imported cattle by conventional PCR, whereas 24.5% (36/147), 6% (3/50) and 6.1% (3/49) of the imported cattle and native Pakistani cattle and buffaloes, respectively were test-positive for T. orientalis using MT-PCR. Using MT-PCR, the prevalence of T. orientalis was significantly higher (P<0.0001) in imported cattle compared to that of detected in native Pakistani bovines. The prevalence of T. orientalis and DNA copies of chitose and ikeda were significantly higher (P<0.05) in imported cattle than those detected in native Pakistani bovines. DNA sequencing of amplicons of the conventional PCR revealed the presence of buffeli, chitose and ikeda genotypes of T. orientalis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the MPSP sequences of buffeli, chitose and ikeda from imported cattle were closely related to those sequences reported previously from Australia and other regions. This study provides the first survey of T. orientalis infection in imported and native bovines in Pakistan, and highlights the need for future studies to understand the spread of transboundary animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagos Gebrekidan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tariq Abbas
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wajid
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Ali
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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de Castro MH, de Klerk D, Pienaar R, Latif AA, Rees DJG, Mans BJ. De novo assembly and annotation of the salivary gland transcriptome of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus male and female ticks during blood feeding. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:536-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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The biology of Theileria parva and control of East Coast fever – Current status and future trends. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:549-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Eygelaar D, Jori F, Mokopasetso M, Sibeko KP, Collins NE, Vorster I, Troskie M, Oosthuizen MC. Tick-borne haemoparasites in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) from two wildlife areas in Northern Botswana. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:26. [PMID: 25589064 PMCID: PMC4302575 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is a host for many pathogens known to cause economically important diseases and is often considered an important reservoir for livestock diseases. Theileriosis, heartwater, babesiosis and anaplasmosis are considered the most important tick-borne diseases of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa, resulting in extensive economic losses to livestock farmers in endemic areas. Information on the distribution of tick-borne diseases and ticks is scarce in Northern Botswana. Nevertheless, this data is necessary for targeting surveillance and control measures in livestock production at national level. METHODS In order to address this gap, we analyzed 120 blood samples from buffalo herds for the presence of common tick-borne haemoparasites causing disease in livestock, collected in two of the main wildlife areas of Northern Botswana: the Chobe National Park (CNP, n=64) and the Okavango Delta (OD, n=56). RESULTS Analysis of the reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization assay results revealed the presence of Theileria, Babesia, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species, either as single or mixed infections. Among the Theileria spp. present, T. parva (60%) and T. mutans (37%) were the most prevalent. Other species of interest were Anaplasma marginale subsp. centrale (30%), A. marginale (20%), Babesia occultans (23%) and Ehrlichia ruminantium (6%). The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) indicated 74% of samples to be positive for the presence of T. parva antibodies. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) detected the highest level of animals infected with T. parva (81% of the samples). The level of agreement between the tests for detection of T. parva positive animals was higher between qPCR and IFAT (kappa=0.56), than between qPCR and RLB (kappa=0.26) or the latter and IFAT (kappa=0.15). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of tick-borne haemoparasites in African buffalo from northern Botswana, where animals from the CNP showed higher levels of infection than those from OD. Considering the absence of fences separating wildlife and livestock in the CNP and the higher levels of some parasite species in buffalo from that area, surveillance of tick-borne diseases in livestock at the interface in the CNP should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewald Eygelaar
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Ferran Jori
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
- UPR AGIRs, CIRAD, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, 34398, France.
- Department of Animal Science and Production, Botswana College of Agriculture, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Mokganedi Mokopasetso
- FAO-ECTAD Office for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana.
- Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gabarone, Botswana.
| | - Kgomotso P Sibeko
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Nicola E Collins
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Ilse Vorster
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Milana Troskie
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Marinda C Oosthuizen
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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Sivakumar T, Hayashida K, Sugimoto C, Yokoyama N. Evolution and genetic diversity of Theileria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:250-63. [PMID: 25102031 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Theileria parasites infect a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants worldwide, causing diseases with varying degrees of severity. A broad classification, based on the parasite's ability to transform the leukocytes of host animals, divides Theileria into two groups, consisting of transforming and non-transforming species. The evolution of transforming Theileria has been accompanied by drastic changes in its genetic makeup, such as acquisition or expansion of gene families, which are thought to play critical roles in the transformation of host cells. Genetic variation among Theileria parasites is sometimes linked with host specificity and virulence in the parasites. Immunity against Theileria parasites primarily involves cell-mediated immune responses in the host. Immunodominance and major histocompatibility complex class I phenotype-specificity result in a host immunity that is tightly focused and strain-specific. Immune escape in Theileria is facilitated by genetic diversity in its antigenic determinants, which potentially results in a loss of T cell receptor recognition in its host. In the recent past, several reviews have focused on genetic diversity in the transforming species, Theileriaparva and Theileriaannulata. In contrast, genetic diversity in Theileriaorientalis, a benign non-transforming parasite, which occasionally causes disease outbreaks in cattle, has not been extensively examined. In this review, therefore, we provide an outline of the evolution of Theileria, which includes T. orientalis, and discuss the possible mechanisms generating genetic diversity among parasite populations. Additionally, we discuss the potential implications of a genetically diverse parasite population in the context of Theileria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Veterinary Research Institute, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Abbas RZ, Zaman MA, Colwell DD, Gilleard J, Iqbal Z. Acaricide resistance in cattle ticks and approaches to its management: The state of play. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:6-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Successful vaccines for naturally occurring protozoal diseases of animals should guide human vaccine research. A review of protozoal vaccines and their designs. Parasitology 2014; 141:624-40. [PMID: 24476952 PMCID: PMC3961066 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013002060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Effective vaccines are available for many protozoal diseases of animals, including vaccines for zoonotic pathogens and for several species of vector-transmitted apicomplexan haemoparasites. In comparison with human diseases, vaccine development for animals has practical advantages such as the ability to perform experiments in the natural host, the option to manufacture some vaccines in vivo, and lower safety requirements. Although it is proper for human vaccines to be held to higher standards, the enduring lack of vaccines for human protozoal diseases is difficult to reconcile with the comparatively immense amount of research funding. Common tactical problems of human protozoal vaccine research include reliance upon adapted rather than natural animal disease models, and an overwhelming emphasis on novel approaches that are usually attempted in replacement of rather than for improvement upon the types of designs used in effective veterinary vaccines. Currently, all effective protozoal vaccines for animals are predicated upon the ability to grow protozoal organisms. Because human protozoal vaccines need to be as effective as animal vaccines, researchers should benefit from a comparison of existing veterinary products and leading experimental vaccine designs. With this in mind, protozoal vaccines are here reviewed.
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Walker JG, Klein EY, Levin SA. Disease at the wildlife-livestock interface: Acaricide use on domestic cattle does not prevent transmission of a tick-borne pathogen with multiple hosts. Vet Parasitol 2014; 199:206-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chaisi ME, Janssens ME, Vermeiren L, Oosthuizen MC, Collins NE, Geysen D. Evaluation of a real-time PCR test for the detection and discrimination of theileria species in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). PLoS One 2013; 8:e75827. [PMID: 24146782 PMCID: PMC3798391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay based on the cox III gene was evaluated for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of Theileria species in buffalo and cattle blood samples from South Africa and Mozambique using melting curve analysis. The results obtained were compared to those of the reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Theileria spp. in mixed infections, and to the 18S rRNA qPCR assay results for the specific detection of Theileria parva. Theileria parva, Theileria sp. (buffalo), Theileria taurotragi, Theileria buffeli and Theileria mutans were detected by the cox III assay. Theileria velifera was not detected from any of the samples analysed. Seventeen percent of the samples had non-species specific melting peaks and 4.5% of the samples were negative or below the detection limit of the assay. The cox III assay identified more T. parva and Theileria sp. (buffalo) positive samples than the RLB assay, and also detected more T. parva infections than the 18S assay. However, only a small number of samples were positive for the benign Theileria spp. To our knowledge T. taurotragi has never been identified from the African buffalo, its identification in some samples by the qPCR assay was unexpected. Because of these discrepancies in the results, cox III qPCR products were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated extensive inter- and intra-species variations in the probe target regions of the cox III gene sequences of the benign Theileria spp. and therefore explains their low detection. The cox III assay is specific for the detection of T. parva infections in cattle and buffalo. Sequence data generated from this study can be used for the development of a more inclusive assay for detection and differentiation of all variants of the mildly pathogenic and benign Theileria spp. of buffalo and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamohale E. Chaisi
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biology, National University of Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho
- * E-mail:
| | - Michiel E. Janssens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Therapeutic Systems Central Europe, Terumo, Ikaroslaan, Zaventm, Belgium
| | - Lieve Vermeiren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marinda C. Oosthuizen
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicola E. Collins
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dirk Geysen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Relationship between burden of infection in ungulate populations and wildlife/livestock interfaces. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:1522-35. [PMID: 23442901 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In southern African transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs), people, livestock and wildlife share space and resources in semi-arid landscapes. One consequence of the coexistence of wild and domestic herbivores is the risk of pathogen transmission. This risk threatens local livelihoods relying on animal production, public health in the case of zoonoses, national economies in the context of transboundary animal diseases, and the success of integrated conservation and development initiatives. The level of interaction between sympatric wild and domestic hosts, defining different wildlife/livestock interfaces, characterizes opportunities of pathogen transmission between host populations. Exploring the relationship between infection burden and different types of wildlife/domestic interfaces is therefore necessary to manage the sanitary risk in animal populations through control options adapted to these multi-host systems. Here, we assessed the infection burdens of sympatric domestic cattle (Bos taurus/Bos indicus) and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) at an unfenced interface and compared the infection burdens of cattle populations at different wildlife/livestock interfaces in the Great Limpopo TFCA. Patterns of infection in ungulate populations varied between wild and domestic hosts and between cattle populations at different wildlife/livestock interfaces. Foot-and-mouth disease, Rift Valley fever and theileriosis infections were detected in buffalo and cattle at unfenced interfaces; bovine tuberculosis was only present in buffalo; and brucellosis and lumpy skin disease only in cattle. At unfenced interfaces, cattle populations presented significantly higher Theileria parva and brucellosis prevalence. We hypothesize that cattle populations at wildlife/livestock interfaces face an increased risk of infection compared to those isolated from wildlife, and that the type of interface could influence the diversity and quantity of pathogens shared. Additional host behavioural and molecular epidemiological studies need to be conducted to support this hypothesis. If it is confirmed, the management of wildlife/livestock interfaces will need to be considered through the prism of livestock and public health.
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Chaisi ME, Collins NE, Potgieter FT, Oosthuizen MC. Sequence variation identified in the 18S rRNA gene of Theileria mutans and Theileria velifera from the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Vet Parasitol 2012; 191:132-7. [PMID: 22940566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is a natural reservoir host for both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Theileria species. These often occur naturally as mixed infections in buffalo. Although the benign and mildly pathogenic forms do not have any significant economic importance, their presence could complicate the interpretation of diagnostic test results aimed at the specific diagnosis of the pathogenic Theileria parva in cattle and buffalo in South Africa. The 18S rRNA gene has been used as the target in a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for the detection of T. parva infections. However, the extent of sequence variation within this gene in the non-pathogenic Theileria spp. of the Africa buffalo is not well known. The aim of this study was, therefore, to characterise the full-length 18S rRNA genes of Theileria mutans, Theileria sp. (strain MSD) and T. velifera and to determine the possible influence of any sequence variation on the specific detection of T. parva using the 18S rRNA qPCR. The reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization assay was used to select samples which either tested positive for several different Theileria spp., or which hybridised only with the Babesia/Theileria genus-specific probe and not with any of the Babesia or Theileria species-specific probes. The full-length 18S rRNA genes from 14 samples, originating from 13 buffalo and one bovine from different localities in South Africa, were amplified, cloned and the resulting recombinants sequenced. Variations in the 18S rRNA gene sequences were identified in T. mutans, Theileria sp. (strain MSD) and T. velifera, with the greatest diversity observed amongst the T. mutans variants. This variation possibly explained why the RLB hybridization assay failed to detect T. mutans and T. velifera in some of the analysed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamohale E Chaisi
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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Jonsson NN, Bock RE, Jorgensen WK, Morton JM, Stear MJ. Is endemic stability of tick-borne disease in cattle a useful concept? Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:85-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Stromberg SP, Antia R. Vaccination by delayed treatment of infection. Vaccine 2011; 29:9624-31. [PMID: 22041302 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two medical interventions allow us to combat infectious diseases: vaccination which can be administered well in advance of exposure, and antimicrobials which are most often administered contemporaneously with exposure. In this paper we show how they can, in principle, be combined - with infection followed by treatment being used as a form of vaccination. We use mathematical models to examine how appropriately administered antimicrobial treatment following natural infection can be used to reduce the pathology caused by the infection, and also generate long-lasting immunological memory to the pathogen. The models explore the tradeoff between reduction in pathology and strength of immunization. This tradeoff suggests a limited treatment window during which antimicrobial treatment can be started and provide both amelioration of disease symptoms and long-term immunity. This approach may be particularly well suited to combat the emergence of novel pandemic influenza infections particularly for individuals such as medical healthcare professionals at greatest risk for exposure during the initial stages of a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Stromberg
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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Chaisi ME, Sibeko KP, Collins NE, Potgieter FT, Oosthuizen MC. Identification of Theileria parva and Theileria sp. (buffalo) 18S rRNA gene sequence variants in the African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in southern Africa. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:150-62. [PMID: 21700394 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Theileria parva is the causative agent of Corridor disease in cattle in South Africa. The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the reservoir host, and, as these animals are important for eco-tourism in South Africa, it is compulsory to test and certify them disease free prior to translocation. A T. parva-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene is one of the tests used for the diagnosis of the parasite in buffalo and cattle in South Africa. However, because of the high similarity between the 18S rRNA gene sequences of T. parva and Theileria sp. (buffalo), the latter is also amplified by the real-time PCR primers, although it is not detected by the T. parva-specific hybridization probes. Preliminary sequencing studies have revealed a small number of sequence differences within the 18S rRNA gene in both species but the extent of this sequence variation is unknown. The aim of the current study was to sequence the 18S rRNA genes of T. parva and Theileria sp. (buffalo), and to determine whether all identified genotypes can be correctly detected by the real-time PCR assay. The reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization assay was used to identify T. parva and Theileria sp. (buffalo) positive samples from buffalo blood samples originating from the Kruger National Park, Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park, and a private game ranch in the Hoedspruit area. T. parva and Theileria sp. (buffalo) were identified in 42% and 28%, respectively, of 252 samples, mainly as mixed infections. The full-length 18S rRNA gene of selected samples was amplified, cloned and sequenced. From a total of 20 sequences obtained, 10 grouped with previously published T. parva sequences from GenBank while 10 sequences grouped with a previously published Theileria sp. (buffalo) sequence. All these formed a monophyletic group with known pathogenic Theileria species. Our phylogenetic analyses confirm the distinction between Theileria sp. (buffalo) and T. parva and indicate the existence of a single group of T. parva and two Theileria sp. (buffalo) 18S rRNA gene variants in the African buffalo. Despite the observed variation in the full-length parasite 18S rRNA gene sequences, the area in the V4 hypervariable region where the RLB and real-time PCR hybridization probes were developed was relatively conserved. The T. parva specific real-time PCR assay was able to successfully detect all T. parva variants and, although amplicons were obtained from Theileria sp. (buffalo) DNA, none of the Theileria sp. (buffalo) 18S rRNA sequence variants were detected by the T. parva-specific hybridization probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamohale E Chaisi
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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Pelle R, Graham SP, Njahira MN, Osaso J, Saya RM, Odongo DO, Toye PG, Spooner PR, Musoke AJ, Mwangi DM, Taracha ELN, Morrison WI, Weir W, Silva JC, Bishop RP. Two Theileria parva CD8 T cell antigen genes are more variable in buffalo than cattle parasites, but differ in pattern of sequence diversity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19015. [PMID: 21559495 PMCID: PMC3084734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Theileria parva causes an acute fatal disease in cattle, but infections are asymptomatic in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Cattle can be immunized against the parasite by infection and treatment, but immunity is partially strain specific. Available data indicate that CD8+ T lymphocyte responses mediate protection and, recently, several parasite antigens recognised by CD8+ T cells have been identified. This study set out to determine the nature and extent of polymorphism in two of these antigens, Tp1 and Tp2, which contain defined CD8+ T-cell epitopes, and to analyse the sequences for evidence of selection. Methodology/Principal Findings Partial sequencing of the Tp1 gene and the full-length Tp2 gene from 82 T. parva isolates revealed extensive polymorphism in both antigens, including the epitope-containing regions. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected at 51 positions (∼12%) in Tp1 and in 320 positions (∼61%) in Tp2. Together with two short indels in Tp1, these resulted in 30 and 42 protein variants of Tp1 and Tp2, respectively. Although evidence of positive selection was found for multiple amino acid residues, there was no preferential involvement of T cell epitope residues. Overall, the extent of diversity was much greater in T. parva isolates originating from buffalo than in isolates known to be transmissible among cattle. Conclusions/Significance The results indicate that T. parva parasites maintained in cattle represent a subset of the overall T. parva population, which has become adapted for tick transmission between cattle. The absence of obvious enrichment for positively selected amino acid residues within defined epitopes indicates either that diversity is not predominantly driven by selection exerted by host T cells, or that such selection is not detectable by the methods employed due to unidentified epitopes elsewhere in the antigens. Further functional studies are required to address this latter point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Pelle
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Martins SB, Di Giulio G, Lynen G, Peters A, Rushton J. Assessing the impact of East Coast Fever immunisation by the infection and treatment method in Tanzanian pastoralist systems. Prev Vet Med 2010; 97:175-82. [PMID: 20974501 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A field trial was carried out in a Maasai homestead to assess the impact of East Coast Fever (ECF) immunisation by the infection and treatment method (ITM) with the Muguga Cocktail on the occurrence of this disease in Tanzanian pastoralist systems. These data were further used in partial budgeting and decision analysis to evaluate and compare the value of the control strategy. Overall, ITM was shown to be a cost-effective control option. While one ECF case was registered in the immunised group, 24 cases occurred amongst non-immunised calves. A significant negative association between immunisation and ECF cases occurrence was observed (p≤0.001). ECF mortality rate was also lower in the immunised group. However, as anti-theilerial treatment was given to all diseased calves, no significant negative association between immunisation and ECF mortality was found. Both groups showed an overall similar immunological pattern with high and increasing percentages of seropositive calves throughout the study. This, combined with the temporal distribution of cases in the non-immunised group, suggested the establishment of endemic stability. Furthermore, the economic analysis showed that ITM generated a profit estimated to be 7250 TZS (1 USD=1300 TZS) per vaccinated calf, and demonstrated that it was a better control measure than natural infection and subsequent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Babo Martins
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Yamada S, Konnai S, Imamura S, Ito T, Onuma M, Ohashi K. Cloning and characterization of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus voraxinα and its effect as anti-tick vaccine. Vaccine 2009; 27:5989-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sibeko KP, Geysen D, Oosthuizen MC, Matthee CA, Troskie M, Potgieter FT, Coetzer JAW, Collins NE. Four p67 alleles identified in South African Theileria parva field samples. Vet Parasitol 2009; 167:244-54. [PMID: 19836893 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies characterizing the Theileria parva p67 gene in East Africa revealed two alleles. Cattle-derived isolates associated with East Coast fever (ECF) have a 129bp deletion in the central region of the p67 gene (allele 1), compared to buffalo-derived isolates with no deletion (allele 2). In South Africa, Corridor disease outbreaks occur if there is contact between infected buffalo and susceptible cattle in the presence of vector ticks. Although ECF was introduced into South Africa in the early 20th century, it has been eradicated and it is thought that there has been no cattle to cattle transmission of T. parva since. The variable region of the p67 gene was amplified and the gene sequences analyzed to characterize South African T. parva parasites that occur in buffalo, in cattle from farms where Corridor disease outbreaks were diagnosed and in experimentally infected cattle. Four p67 alleles were identified, including alleles 1 and 2 previously detected in East African cattle and buffalo, respectively, as well as two novel alleles, one with a different 174bp deletion (allele 3), the other with a similar sequence to allele 3 but with no deletion (allele 4). Sequence variants of allele 1 were obtained from field samples originating from both cattle and buffalo. Allele 1 was also obtained from a bovine that tested T. parva positive from a farm near Ladysmith in the KwaZulu-Natal Province. East Coast fever was not diagnosed on this farm, but the p67 sequence was identical to that of T. parva Muguga, an isolate that causes ECF in Kenya. Variants of allele 2 were obtained from all T. parva samples from both buffalo and cattle, except Lad 10 and Zam 5. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that alleles 3 and 4 are monophyletic and diverged early from the other alleles. These novel alleles were not identified from South African field samples collected from cattle; however allele 3, with a p67 sequence identical to those obtained in South African field samples from buffalo, was obtained from a Zambian field isolate of a naturally infected bovine diagnosed with ECF. The p67 genetic profiles appear to be more complex than previously thought and cannot be used to distinguish between cattle- and buffalo-derived T. parva isolates in South Africa. The significance of the different p67 alleles, particularly the novel variants, in the epidemiology of theileriosis in South Africa still needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgomotso P Sibeko
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
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Di Giulio G, Lynen G, Morzaria S, Oura C, Bishop R. Live immunization against East Coast fever--current status. Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:85-92. [PMID: 19135416 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The infection-and-treatment method (ITM) for immunization of cattle against East Coast fever has historically been used only on a limited scale because of logistical and policy constraints. Recent large-scale deployment among pastoralists in Tanzania has stimulated demand. Concurrently, a suite of molecular tools, developed from the Theileria parva genome, has enabled improved quality control of the immunizing stabilate and post-immunization monitoring of the efficacy and biological impact of ITM in the field. This article outlines the current status of ITM immunization in the field, with associated developments in the molecular epidemiology of T. parva.
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Titrating Theileria parva: single stocks against combination of stocks. Exp Parasitol 2007; 118:522-30. [PMID: 18155195 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 11/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Theileria parva is the causative agent of East Coast fever (ECF), an important cattle disease in East and Central Africa. One of the methods for control of ECF is 'infection and treatment', a procedure in which an animal is infected with the live parasite and at the same time treated with a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation, restraining the infection and allowing a protective cellular immune response to develop. Optimal immunizing doses were estimated using models of trichotomous response: dysimmunization (death or severe reaction during immunization), immunization failure (death or severe reaction during lethal challenge) and successful immunization (neither dysimmunization nor immunization failure). In this paper we present methods of interpreting immunization trials and apply these methods to previously unpublished data from two such trials: one with a mixture of three T. parva stocks and one with a single T. parva stock. We explain why titration trials conducted with a cocktail of antigens could predict a suboptimal immunization dose. Indeed it is possible for a combination of three individually efficient stocks to result in a mixture with which optimal immunization response might be difficult to achieve, because of averaging effects. The corresponding interpretation provides insights into why standard immunization trials for T. parva have not yielded the results that might be expected of them. The results of this work may also have implications for the use of antigen cocktails in cancer, HIV and malaria vaccine trials.
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Konnai S, Imamura S, Nakajima C, Witola WH, Yamada S, Simuunza M, Nambota A, Yasuda J, Ohashi K, Onuma M. Acquisition and transmission of Theileria parva by vector tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Acta Trop 2006; 99:34-41. [PMID: 16899209 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the transmission dynamics of Theileria parva (T. parva) by the brown ear tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (R. appendiculatus), under experimental conditions, detection of T. parva in ticks and cattle was performed by a quantitative real-time PCR assay. A calf inoculated with a T. parva mixture became PCR-positive for T. parva infection on day 8 post-inoculation, and subsequently, nymphal ticks were introduced and maintained to feed on the infected calf for 6 days. Engorged nymphs were collected daily and allowed to molt into adults, and overall, 70.8% (121/171) of the adult ticks acquired the T. parva infection. Furthermore, the T. parva infection rate in ticks under field conditions was monitored by real-time PCR in R. appendiculatus ticks collected from a traditionally managed pastoral land of Zambia, on which Sanga breed cattle are traditionally reared and the area has endemic East Coast fever (ECF). A total of 70 cattle were randomly selected in the same area and 67 (95.7%) were found to be serologically positive for R. appendiculatus tick antigen (RIM36). Twenty-nine (43.3%) of the 67 serologically positive cattle were real-time PCR-positive for T. parva, although no piroplasms could be detected in the blood smears. Unexpectedly, out of 614 R. appendiculatus nymphal and adult ticks collected by flagging vegetation, 4.1% were positive for T. parva DNA. However, since the rate of transmission of T. parva from infected cattle to ticks and vice versa and the serological evidence of exposure to R. appendiculatus ticks in naturally exposed cattle were relatively high, it would be wise in such a case to consider vector control as well as vaccination against ECF as control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
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41
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Graham SP, Pellé R, Honda Y, Mwangi DM, Tonukari NJ, Yamage M, Glew EJ, de Villiers EP, Shah T, Bishop R, Abuya E, Awino E, Gachanja J, Luyai AE, Mbwika F, Muthiani AM, Ndegwa DM, Njahira M, Nyanjui JK, Onono FO, Osaso J, Saya RM, Wildmann C, Fraser CM, Maudlin I, Gardner MJ, Morzaria SP, Loosmore S, Gilbert SC, Audonnet JC, van der Bruggen P, Nene V, Taracha ELN. Theileria parva candidate vaccine antigens recognized by immune bovine cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3286-91. [PMID: 16492763 PMCID: PMC1413922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511273103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
East Coast fever, caused by the tick-borne intracellular apicomplexan parasite Theileria parva, is a highly fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle. The pathogenic schizont-induced lymphocyte transformation is a unique cancer-like condition that is reversible with parasite removal. Schizont-infected cell-directed CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) constitute the dominant protective bovine immune response after a single exposure to infection. However, the schizont antigens targeted by T. parva-specific CTL are undefined. Here we show the identification of five candidate vaccine antigens that are the targets of MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) CTL from immune cattle. CD8(+) T cell responses to these antigens were boosted in T. parva-immune cattle resolving a challenge infection and, when used to immunize naïve cattle, induced CTL responses that significantly correlated with survival from a lethal parasite challenge. These data provide a basis for developing a CTL-targeted anti-East Coast fever subunit vaccine. In addition, orthologs of these antigens may be vaccine targets for other apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Graham
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Roger Pellé
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Yoshikazu Honda
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Duncan M. Mwangi
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Mat Yamage
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - E. Jane Glew
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Trushar Shah
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Richard Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Evelyne Abuya
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Elias Awino
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - James Gachanja
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Anthony E. Luyai
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Ferdinand Mbwika
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Anthony M. Muthiani
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - David M. Ndegwa
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Moses Njahira
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - John K. Nyanjui
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Fredrick O. Onono
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Julius Osaso
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Rosemary M. Saya
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Claude Wildmann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Avenue Hippocrate 74, UCL 7459, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claire M. Fraser
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Ian Maudlin
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J. Gardner
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Subhash P. Morzaria
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Sheena Loosmore
- Sanofi Pasteur, Connaught Campus, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, North York, Toronto, ON, Canada M2R 3T4; and
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Christophe Audonnet
- Discovery Research, Merial SAS, Lyon Gerland Laboratory, 254, Rue Marcel Merieux, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Pierre van der Bruggen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Avenue Hippocrate 74, UCL 7459, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Evans L. N. Taracha
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Kaba SA, Musoke AJ, Schaap D, Schetters T, Rowlands J, Vermeulen AN, Nene V, Vlak JM, van Oers MM. Novel baculovirus-derived p67 subunit vaccines efficacious against East Coast fever in cattle. Vaccine 2005; 23:2791-800. [PMID: 15780727 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Revised: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two novel baculovirus-derived recombinant Theileria parva p67 constructs were tested for their vaccine potential against East Coast fever. Boran calves were immunized with a his-GFP-p67 fusion protein (GFP:p67deltaSS) or with GP64:p67C, a protein fusion between a C-terminal domain of p67 and the baculovirus envelope protein GP64. Both GFP:p67deltaSS and GP64:p67C induced antibodies with high ELISA titers that neutralized T. parva sporozoites with high efficiency. Upon challenge, a correlation was observed between the in vitro neutralizing capacity and the reduction in severe ECF for individual animals. A protection level upto 85% was obtained. This level of protection was achieved with only two inoculations of 100 microg per dose, which is a major improvement over previous recombinant p67 products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Kaba
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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43
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Mbao V, Speybroeck N, Berkvens D, Dolan T, Dorny P, Madder M, Mulumba M, Duchateau L, Brandt J, Marcotty T. Comparison of manual and homogenizer methods for preparation of tick-derived stabilates of Theileria parva: equivalence testing using an in vitro titration model. Parasitology 2005; 131:45-9. [PMID: 16038395 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005007365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Theileria parva sporozoite stabilates are used in the infection and treatment method of immunization, a widely accepted control option for East Coast fever in cattle. T. parva sporozoites are extracted from infected adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks either manually, using a pestle and a mortar, or by use of an electric homogenizer. A comparison of the two methods as a function of stabilate infectivity has never been documented. This study was designed to provide a quantitative comparison of stabilates produced by the two methods. The approach was to prepare batches of stabilate by both methods and then subject them to in vitro titration. Equivalence testing was then performed on the average effective doses (ED). The ratio of infective sporozoites yielded by the two methods was found to be 1·14 in favour of the manually ground stabilate with an upper limit of the 95% confidence interval equal to 1·3. We conclude that the choice of method rests more on costs, available infrastructure and standardization than on which method produces a richer sporozoite stabilate.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mbao
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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44
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Vercruysse J, Knox DP, Schetters TPM, Willadsen P. Veterinary parasitic vaccines: pitfalls and future directions. Trends Parasitol 2004; 20:488-92. [PMID: 15363443 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2004.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most available antiparasitic drugs are safe, cheap and highly effective against a broad spectrum of parasites. However, the alarming increase in the number of parasite species that are resistant to these drugs, the issue of residues in the food chain and the lack of new drugs stimulate development of alternative control methods in which vaccines would have a central role. Parasite vaccines are still rare, but there are encouraging signs that their number will increase in the next decade. The modern paradigm is that an understanding of parasite genes will lead to the identification of useful antigens, which can then be produced in recombinant systems developed as a result of the huge investment in biotechnology. However, we should also continue to devote efforts to basic research on the host-parasite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Vercruysse
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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45
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Marcotty T, Berkvens D, Besa RK, Losson B, Dolan TT, Madder M, Chaka G, Van den Bossche P, Brandt J. Lyophilisation and resuscitation of sporozoites of Theileria parva: preliminary experiments. Vaccine 2004; 22:213-6. [PMID: 14615148 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lyophilisation of Theileria parva sporozoite stabilates used for immunisation of cattle against East Coast fever would greatly improve vaccine storage and delivery. We report three attempts to lyophilise and resuscitate the sporozoites of T. parva. Sporozoites survived lyophilisation and were effective for immunisation. Lyophilised stabilate survived for 2 weeks at 5 degrees C and for 12 weeks at -20 degrees C. Although the viability of the stabilates was severely reduced during lyophilisation, this work suggests that this method has potential and should be considered for other Apicomplexan parasites such as Babesia sp. or Plasmodium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Marcotty
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium.
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