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Marciniuk J, Rerak J, Musiał K, Mizia P, Marciniuk P, Grabowska-Joachimiak A, Joachimiak AJ. Polymorphism of nuclear DNA in selected species of Taraxacum sect. Palustria. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:3541-3546. [PMID: 33304165 PMCID: PMC7714973 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of research on nuclear DNA polymorphism in six apomictic species of marsh dandelions (Taraxacum sect. Palustria): Taraxacum bavaricum, T. belorussicum, T. brandenburgicum, T. paucilobum, T. subdolum and T. vindobonense. The studies demonstrated the existence of clear genetic differences between species and the existence of nuclear DNA polymorphism within each of the studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Marciniuk
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Exact and Natural Science, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Joanna Rerak
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krystyna Musiał
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Patryk Mizia
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Marciniuk
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Exact and Natural Science, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Grabowska-Joachimiak
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Podłużna 3, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Joachimiak
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Alonso‐Marcos H, Nardi FD, Scheffknecht S, Tribsch A, Hülber K, Dobeš C. Difference in reproductive mode rather than ploidy explains niche differentiation in sympatric sexual and apomictic populations of Potentilla puberula. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3588-3598. [PMID: 30988899 PMCID: PMC6434561 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apomicts tend to have larger geographical distributional ranges and to occur in ecologically more extreme environments than their sexual progenitors. However, the expression of apomixis is typically linked to polyploidy. Thus, it is a priori not clear whether intrinsic effects related to the change in the reproductive mode or rather in the ploidy drive ecological differentiation. We used sympatric sexual and apomictic populations of Potentilla puberula to test for ecological differentiation. To distinguish the effects of reproductive mode and ploidy on the ecology of cytotypes, we compared the niches (a) of sexuals (tetraploids) and autopolyploid apomicts (penta-, hepta-, and octoploids) and (b) of the three apomictic cytotypes. We based comparisons on a ploidy screen of 238 populations along a latitudinal transect through the Eastern European Alps and associated bioclimatic, and soil and topographic data. Sexual tetraploids preferred primary habitats at drier, steeper, more south-oriented slopes, while apomicts mostly occurred in human-made habitats with higher water availability. Contrariwise, we found no or only marginal ecological differentiation among the apomictic higher ploids. Based on the pronounced ecological differences found between sexuals and apomicts, in addition to the lack of niche differentiation among cytotypes of the same reproductive mode, we conclude that reproductive mode rather than ploidy is the main driver of the observed differences. Moreover, we compared our system with others from the literature, to stress the importance of identifying alternative confounding effects (such as hybrid origin). Finally, we underline the relevance of studying ecological parthenogenesis in sympatry, to minimize the effects of differential migration abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henar Alonso‐Marcos
- Department of Forest GeneticsAustrian Research Centre for ForestsViennaAustria
- Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape EcologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Flavia Domizia Nardi
- Department of Forest GeneticsAustrian Research Centre for ForestsViennaAustria
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Susanne Scheffknecht
- Institute of BotanyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Andreas Tribsch
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape EcologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Christoph Dobeš
- Department of Forest GeneticsAustrian Research Centre for ForestsViennaAustria
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Muralidhar P, Haig D. Sexy males and sexless females: the origin of triploid apomicts. Heredity (Edinb) 2017; 118:436-441. [PMID: 28074843 PMCID: PMC5520530 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Apomixis and polyploidy are closely associated in angiosperms, but the evolutionary reason for this association is unknown. Taraxacum officinale, the common dandelion, exists both as diploid sexuals and triploid apomicts. Here, in the context of T. officinale, we provide a model of the evolution of triploid apomicts from diploid sexuals. We posit an apomictic allele that arrests female meiosis in diploids, so that the plant produces diploid egg cells that can develop without fertilization, but haploid pollen. We propose occasional fertilization of diploid egg cells by haploid pollen, resulting in triploid apomicts that produce triploid egg cells but largely nonfunctional pollen. The irreversibility of this process renders diploid partial apomicts evolutionarily short-lived, and results in fixation of triploid apomicts except when they suffer extreme selective disadvantages. Our model can account for the high genetic diversity found in T. officinale triploid populations, because recombinant haploid pollen produced by diploids allows the apomictic allele to spread onto many genetic backgrounds. This leads to multiple clonal lineages in the newly apomictic population, and thereby alleviates some of the usual pitfalls of asexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Muralidhar
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D Haig
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Ramsey J, Ramsey TS. Ecological studies of polyploidy in the 100 years following its discovery. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130352. [PMID: 24958925 PMCID: PMC4071525 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy is a mutation with profound phenotypic consequences and thus hypothesized to have transformative effects in plant ecology. This is most often considered in the context of geographical and environmental distributions-as achieved from divergence of physiological and life-history traits-but may also include species interactions and biological invasion. This paper presents a historical overview of hypotheses and empirical data regarding the ecology of polyploids. Early researchers of polyploidy (1910 s-1930 s) were geneticists by training but nonetheless savvy to its phenotypic effects, and speculated on the importance of genome duplication to adaptation and crop improvement. Cytogenetic studies in the 1930 s-1950 s indicated that polyploids are larger (sturdier foliage, thicker stems and taller stature) than diploids while cytogeographic surveys suggested that polyploids and diploids have allopatric or parapatric distributions. Although autopolyploidy was initially regarded as common, influential writings by North American botanists in the 1940 s and 1950 s argued for the principle role of allopolyploidy; according to this view, genome duplication was significant for providing a broader canvas for hybridization rather than for its phenotypic effects per se. The emphasis on allopolyploidy had a chilling effect on nascent ecological work, in part due to taxonomic challenges posed by interspecific hybridization. Nonetheless, biosystematic efforts over the next few decades (1950s-1970s) laid the foundation for ecological research by documenting cytotype distributions and identifying phenotypic correlates of polyploidy. Rigorous investigation of polyploid ecology was achieved in the 1980s and 1990 s by population biologists who leveraged flow cytometry for comparative work in autopolyploid complexes. These efforts revealed multi-faceted ecological and phenotypic differences, some of which may be direct consequences of genome duplication. Several classical hypotheses about the ecology of polyploids remain untested, however, and allopolyploidy--regarded by most botanists as the primary mode of genome duplication--is largely unstudied in an ecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ramsey
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Tara S Ramsey
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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Abstract
Chromosome evolution in flowering plants is often punctuated by polyploidy, genome duplication events that fundamentally alter DNA content, chromosome number, and gene dosage. Polyploidy confers postzygotic reproductive isolation and is thought to drive ecological divergence and range expansion. The adaptive value of polyploidy, however, remains uncertain; ecologists have traditionally relied on observational methods that cannot distinguish effects of polyploidy per se from genic differences that accumulate after genome duplication. Here I use an experimental approach to test how polyploidy mediates ecological divergence in Achillea borealis (Asteraceae), a widespread tetraploid plant with localized hexaploid populations. In coastal California, tetraploids and hexaploids occupy mesic grassland and xeric dune habitats, respectively. Using field transplant experiments with wild-collected plants, I show that hexaploids have a fivefold fitness advantage over tetraploids in dune habitats. Parallel experiments with neohexaploids--first-generation mutants screened from a tetraploid genetic background--reveal that a 70% fitness advantage is achieved via genome duplication per se. These results suggest that genome duplication transforms features of A. borealis in a manner that confers adaptation to a novel environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ramsey
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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Arvanitis L, Wiklund C, Münzbergova Z, Dahlgren JP, Ehrlén J. Novel antagonistic interactions associated with plant polyploidization influence trait selection and habitat preference. Ecol Lett 2010; 13:330-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Meirmans PG, Den Nijs JCM, Van Tienderen PH. Male sterility in triploid dandelions: asexual females vs. asexual hermaphrodites. Heredity (Edinb) 2006; 96:45-52. [PMID: 16189541 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Male reproductive output, pollen in plants and sperm in animals has been shown to constitute a substantial cost for many organisms. In parthenogenetic hermaphrodites, selection is therefore expected to reduce the allocation of resources to male reproductive output. However, sustained production of pollen or sperm has been observed in numerous asexual hermaphrodites. We studied the widespread production of pollen by triploid asexual dandelions, Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia, comparing rare male sterile individuals with pollen producing asexuals. We found that individuals can show plasticity in the production of pollen, but that it is nevertheless possible to distinguish between (facultatively) male sterile asexuals and male fertile asexuals. Based on evidence from genetic markers and crosses, we conclude that the male sterility in asexual dandelions is caused by nuclear genes, in contrast to the cytoplasmically inherited male sterility previously found in sexual dandelions. Male sterile lineages did not produce more seeds per flower head, heavier seeds or seeds that were more viable. However, male sterile plants did produce more seed heads and hence more seeds than pollen producing ones, indicating that they were able to reallocate resources toward seed production. Considering the difference in seed production, it remains puzzling that not more asexual dandelions are male sterile.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Meirmans
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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D’SOUZA THOMASG, STORHAS MARTIN, MICHIELS NICOK. The effect of ploidy level on fitness in parthenogenetic flatworms. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bruvo R, Michiels NK, D'Souza TG, Schulenburg H. A simple method for the calculation of microsatellite genotype distances irrespective of ploidy level. Mol Ecol 2005; 13:2101-6. [PMID: 15189230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Microsatellites are powerful molecular markers, used commonly to estimate intraspecific genetic distances. With the exception of band sharing similarity index, available distance measures were developed specifically for diploid organisms and are unsuited for comparisons of polyploids. Here, we present a simple method for calculation of microsatellite genotype distances, which takes into account mutation processes and permits comparison of individuals with different ploidy levels. This method should provide a valuable tool for intraspecific analyses of polyploid organisms, which are widespread among plants and some animal taxa. An illustration is given using data from the planarian flatworm Schmidtea polychroa (Platyhelminthes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzica Bruvo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Animal Evolution and Ecology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Verduijn MH, Van Dijk PJ, Van Damme JMM. The role of tetraploids in the sexual–asexual cycle in dandelions (Taraxacum). Heredity (Edinb) 2004; 93:390-8. [PMID: 15241443 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Apomictic plants often produce pollen that can function in crosses with related sexuals. Moreover, facultative apomicts can produce some sexual offspring. In dandelions, Taraxacum, a sexual-asexual cycle between diploid sexuals and triploid apomicts, has been described, based on experimental crosses and population genetic studies. Little is known about the actual hybridization processes in nature. We therefore studied the sexual-asexual cycle in a mixed dandelion population in the Netherlands. In this population, the frequencies of sexual diploids and triploids were 0.31 and 0.68, respectively. In addition, less than 1% tetraploids were detected. Diploids were strict sexuals, triploids were obligate apomicts, but tetraploids were most often only partly apomictic, lacking certain elements of apomixis. Tetraploid seed fertility in the field was significantly lower than that of apomictic triploids. Field-pollinated sexual diploids produced on average less than 2% polyploid offspring, implying that the effect of hybridization in the 2x-3x cycle in Taraxacum will be low. Until now, 2x-3x crosses were assumed to be the main pathway of new formation of triploid apomicts in the sexual-asexual cycle in Taraxacum. However, tetraploid pollen donors produced 28 times more triploid offspring in experimental crosses with diploid sexuals than triploid pollen donors. Rare tetraploids may therefore act as an important bridge in the formation of new triploid apomicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Verduijn
- Department of Plant Population Biology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands.
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Neiman M. Physiological dependence on copulation in parthenogenetic females can reduce the cost of sex. Anim Behav 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Apomixis is a common feature of perennial plants, which occurs in ca. 60% of the British flora, but has been largely ignored by reproductive theoreticians. Successful individuals may cover huge areas, and live to great ages, favoured by 'symmetrical' selection. Apomixis is favoured by colonizing modes, for instance post-glacially. Despite its theoretical advantages, apomixis usually coexists with sexuality, suggesting 'hidden' disadvantages. Agamospermy (apomixis by seed) is relatively uncommon, but gains from the attributes of the seed. It pays agamospermy genes, which discourage recombination, to form co-adapted linkage groups, so that they become targets for disadvantageous recessive mutant accumulation. Consequently, agamospermy genes cannot succeed in diploids and agamosperms are hybrid and highly heterotic. Agamospermous endosperm may suffer from genomic imbalance, so that nutritious ovules, which can support embryos without endosperm, may be preadapted for agamospermy. When primary endosperm nucleus fertilization ('pseudogamy') continues as a requirement for many aposporous agamosperms, selfing sex becomes preadaptive and archesporial sex remains an option. Apomictic populations can be quite variable although apomictic families are much less variable than sexuals. Only in some diplosporous species does sex disappear completely, and in those species some release of variability may persist through somatic recombination. The search for an agamospermy gene suitable for genetic modification should target fertile sexuals with a single localized agamospermy (A) gene, which therefore lack a genetic load. The A gene should coexist alongside sexuality, so that it would be easy to select seedlings of sexual and asexual origins. Plants with sporophytic agamospermy provide all these attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Richards
- School of Biology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ramsey
- Department of Botany, University of Washington, Box 355325, Seattle, Washington 98195-5325;
- Present address: Department of Botany, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Department of Plant Biology and Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1312;
| | - Douglas W. Schemske
- Department of Botany, University of Washington, Box 355325, Seattle, Washington 98195-5325;
- Present address: Department of Botany, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Department of Plant Biology and Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1312;
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