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Zhelev Z, Tsonev S, Mollov I. Are there correlations between the levels of fluctuating asymmetry in Pelophylax ridibundus (Anura: Ranidae) meristic morphological traits and morphological parameters used for assessing their physical fitness (health status)? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54677-54687. [PMID: 35306652 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The degree of developmental stability of individuals and populations is most often estimated by their level of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) - the random deviations from perfect symmetry. In our previous work, we recorded high levels of FA (FAMI index: frequency of asymmetric manifestation of an individual) in Pelophylax ridibundus populations that inhabit biotopes at Sazliyka River, south Bulgaria with high levels of anthropogenic pollution (domestic sewage pollution). At the same time, in the biotopes located in the upper reaches of the river (less disrupted habitats), the populations showed low levels of FA. Currently, we present the results of the study of the values of several morphological parameters: snout-vent length (SVL), body weight (BW), and body condition factor (CF) in the same populations of P. ridibundus. In addition, we evaluate the correlation between the values of these morphological parameters and the values of fluctuating asymmetry (the FAMI index), using the Kendall rank correlation analysis. The analysis of the relationships between the parameters characterizing the physical fitness of frogs and the indicator of developmental stability - the FAMI index - did not establish statistically significant correlations in the analyses in the whole groups of P. ridibundus from each site and in the correlations between sexes. We believe that the approaches to the study of developmental stability (analysis of fluctuating asymmetry levels) and those related to the assessment of physical fitness (health status) of frogs should be applied independently of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhivko Zhelev
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Plovdiv "Paisii Hilendarski, " 24 Tsar Assen Str, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Stefan Tsonev
- Functional Genetics, AgroBioInstitute, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivelin Mollov
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, University of Plovdiv "Paisii Hilendarski, " 24 Tzar Asen Str, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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2
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Kowalski A. Polymorphism of histone H1.c’ in the population of Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata L.): a link between histone H1.c’ allelic variants and ADP-ribosylation of histone H1 subtypes. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2021.1912200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kowalski
- Division of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Kielce, Poland
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3
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Loy A, Ciucci P, Guidarelli G, Roccotelli E, Colangelo P. Developmental instability and phenotypic evolution in a small and isolated bear population. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20200729. [PMID: 33878275 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and morphological integration (MI) in the skull of the small, highly inbred and divergent Apennine bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus), to explore its uniqueness and investigate any potential effects of inbreeding depression. We used 3D geometric morphometrics contrasting Apennine bears with other two large outbred bear populations from Scandinavia and Kamchatka as controls. Shape divergence and variability were explored by a principal component analysis on aligned coordinates of 39 landmarks. Procrustes ANOVA, morphological disparity and the global integration index were used to explore FA, shape variance and MI. By remarking Apennine bears as a highly divergent phenotype, we recorded the highest FA and deviation from self-similarity compared with the other two control populations. We conclude that Apennine bears are likely facing developmental instability as a consequence of inbreeding depression, whereas the divergent trait covariance pattern may represent a potential source of evolutionary novelties. We discuss the implications for the conservation and management of this imperiled taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Loy
- Envix Lab, Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy
| | - P Ciucci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - G Guidarelli
- Envix Lab, Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy
| | - E Roccotelli
- Envix Lab, Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy
| | - P Colangelo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 00015 Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
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4
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Variation in shell morphology of the European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis, in fragmented central European populations. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) is a widely distributed freshwater species inhabiting much of Europe, but it is often in population decrease or is locally extinct. In this study, we sampled five central European populations, of which four were autochthonous and one was introduced outside the native range. Moreover, two of the native populations were relatively isolated and at the periphery of the species, range. Using the frequency of shell anomalies, a geometric morphometric framework and an analysis of fluctuating asymmetry, we aimed to determine the degree of morphological differentiation among different populations. Significantly, a smaller number of individuals with a malformed shell or scutes occurred in the native core range population, which potentially has a high level of gene flow (Hungary). Although neither canonical variate analysis nor the morphological disparity analysis showed distinct differences between populations, we found significantly higher shell asymmetry in the two marginal populations (Austria and Slovakia) compared with the core range populations. Our results might thus support the central–marginal hypothesis and indicate potential genetically based conservation problems owing to demographic bottlenecks and/or isolation in marginal populations.
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Sandner TM. Inbreeding and competition, but not abiotic stresses, increase fluctuating asymmetry of Mimulus guttatus flowers. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Genetic and environmental disturbances are expected to increase developmental instability, which may result in higher fluctuating asymmetry (FA), i.e. small random deviations from symmetry. Plant leaves often do not show this pattern, possibly due to high phenotypic plasticity of leaf shape and low adaptive significance of leaf symmetry. In contrast, symmetry in many animal traits but also in flower shape is considered to be under selection, and FA in such traits may better reflect developmental instability. Using geometric morphometrics, I analysed the symmetry of flowers of inbred and outbred Mimulus guttatus (Phrymaceae) plants grown under five stress treatments with and without grass competition. Flower FA was not increased by abiotic stress, but by inbreeding and competition. As inbreeding and competition affected different principal components of flower FA, different mechanisms may be involved in their effects on FA. FA decreased with individual biomass particularly in selfed offspring, which suggests that inbreeding increased FA particularly when growth was limited by environmental or genetic constraints. Increased flower FA of inbred offspring may explain increased flower handling time and reduced pollinator preference for inbred plants in other M. guttatus studies, and could thus have important consequences for plant demography and plant–pollinator interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Sandner
- Plant Ecology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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6
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Ralston J, Lorenc L, Montes M, DeLuca WV, Kirchman JJ, Woodworth BK, Mackenzie SA, Newman A, Cooke HA, Freeman NE, Sutton AO, Tauzer L, Norris DR. Length polymorphisms at two candidate genes explain variation of migratory behaviors in blackpoll warblers ( Setophaga striata). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:8840-8855. [PMID: 31410284 PMCID: PMC6686290 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory behaviors such as the timing and duration of migration are genetically inherited and can be under strong natural selection, yet we still know very little about the specific genes or molecular pathways that control these behaviors. Studies in candidate genes Clock and Adcyap1 have revealed that both of these loci can be significantly correlated with migratory behaviors in birds, though observed relationships appear to vary across species. We investigated geographic genetic structure of Clock and Adcyap1 in four populations of blackpoll warblers (Setophaga striata), a Neotropical-Nearctic migrant that exhibits geographic variation in migratory timing and duration across its boreal breeding distribution. Further, we used data on migratory timing and duration, obtained from light-level geolocator trackers to investigate candidate genotype-phenotype relationships at the individual level. While we found no geographic structure in either candidate gene, we did find evidence that candidate gene lengths are correlated with five of the six migratory traits. Maximum Clock allele length was significantly and negatively associated with spring arrival date. Minimum Adcyap1 allele length was significantly and negatively associated with spring departure date and positively associated with fall arrival date at the wintering grounds. Additionally, we found a significant interaction between Clock and Adcyap1 allele lengths on both spring and fall migratory duration. Adcyap1 heterozygotes also had significantly shorter migration duration in both spring and fall compared to homozygotes. Our results support the growing body of evidence that Clock and Adcyap1 allele lengths are correlated with migratory behaviors in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Ralston
- Department of BiologySaint Mary's CollegeNotre DameINUSA
| | - Lydia Lorenc
- Department of BiologySaint Mary's CollegeNotre DameINUSA
| | - Melissa Montes
- Department of BiologySaint Mary's CollegeNotre DameINUSA
| | - William V. DeLuca
- Department of Environmental ConservationUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
| | | | - Bradley K. Woodworth
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Amy Newman
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | | | | | - Alex O. Sutton
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Lila Tauzer
- Wildlife Conservation Society CanadaWhitehorseYTCanada
| | - D. Ryan Norris
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
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Abramjan A, Frýdlová P, Jančúchová-Lásková J, Suchomelová P, Landová E, Yavruyan E, Frynta D. Comparing developmental stability in unisexual and bisexual rock lizards of the genus Darevskia. Evol Dev 2019; 21:175-187. [PMID: 30887666 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parthenogenetic species are usually considered to be short-lived due to the accumulation of adverse mutations, lack of genetic variability, and inability to adapt to changing environment. If so, one may expect that the phenotype of clonal organisms may reflect such genetic and/or environmental stress. To test this hypothesis, we compared the developmental stability of bisexual and parthenogenetic lizards of the genus Darevskia. We assessed asymmetries in three meristic traits: ventral, preanal, and supratemporal scales. Our results suggest that the amount of ventral and preanal asymmetries is significantly higher in clones compared with their maternal, but not paternal, progenitor species. However, it is questionable, whether this is a consequence of clonality, as it may be considered a mild form of outbreeding depression as well. Moreover, most ventral asymmetries were found in the bisexual species Darevskia valentini. We suggest that greater differences in asymmetry levels among bisexuals may be, for instance, a consequence of the population size: the smaller the population, the higher the inbreeding and the developmental instability. On the basis of the traits examined in this study, the parthenogens do not seem to be of significantly poorer quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andran Abramjan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Frýdlová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petra Suchomelová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Landová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Yavruyan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biology, Zoology, and Ecology, Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Daniel Frynta
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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Beasley DE, Penick CA, Boateng NS, Menninger HL, Dunn RR. Urbanization disrupts latitude-size rule in 17-year cicadas. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2534-2541. [PMID: 29531674 PMCID: PMC5838052 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many ectotherms show a decrease in body size with increasing latitude due to changes in climate, a pattern termed converse Bergmann's rule. Urban conditions-particularly warmer temperatures and fragmented landscapes-may impose stresses on development that could disrupt these body size patterns. To test the impact of urbanization on development and latitudinal trends in body size, we launched a citizen science project to collect periodical cicadas (Magicicada septendecim) from across their latitudinal range during the 2013 emergence of Brood II. Periodical cicadas are long-lived insects whose distribution spans a broad latitudinal range covering both urban and rural habitats. We used a geometric morphometric approach to assess body size and developmental stress based on fluctuating asymmetry in wing shape. Body size of rural cicadas followed converse Bergmann's rule, but this pattern was disrupted in urban habitats. In the north, urban cicadas were larger than their rural counterparts, while southern populations showed little variation in body size between habitats. We detected no evidence of differences in developmental stress due to urbanization. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that urbanization disrupts biogeographical trends in body size, and this pattern highlights how the effects of urbanization may differ over a species' range.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeAnna E. Beasley
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTNUSA
- Department of Applied EcologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Clint A. Penick
- Department of Applied EcologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Keck Center for Behavioral BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- The Biomimicry CenterArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - Nana S. Boateng
- Department of Applied EcologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | | | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied EcologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Keck Center for Behavioral BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and ClimateNatural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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9
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Herring G, Eagles-Smith CA, Ackerman JT. Mercury exposure may influence fluctuating asymmetry in waterbirds. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1599-1605. [PMID: 27862225 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Variation in avian bilateral symmetry can be an indicator of developmental instability in response to a variety of stressors, including environmental contaminants. The authors used composite measures of fluctuating asymmetry to examine the influence of mercury concentrations in 2 tissues on fluctuating asymmetry within 4 waterbird species. Fluctuating asymmetry increased with mercury concentrations in whole blood and breast feathers of Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri), a species with elevated mercury concentrations. Specifically, fluctuating asymmetry in rectrix feather 1 was the most strongly correlated structural variable of those tested (wing chord, tarsus, primary feather 10, rectrix feather 6) with mercury concentrations in Forster's terns. However, for American avocets (Recurvirostra americana), black-necked stilts (Himantopus mexicanus), and Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia), the authors found no relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and either whole-blood or breast feather mercury concentrations, even though these species had moderate to elevated mercury exposure. The results indicate that mercury contamination may act as an environmental stressor during development and feather growth and contribute to fluctuating asymmetry of some species of highly contaminated waterbirds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1599-1605. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth Herring
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, US Geological Survey, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Collin A Eagles-Smith
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, US Geological Survey, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Joshua T Ackerman
- Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, US Geological Survey, Dixon, California
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10
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11
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The Novel Concept of “Behavioural Instability” and Its Potential Applications. Symmetry (Basel) 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/sym8110135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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12
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Associations between Floral Asymmetry and Individual Genetic Variability Differ among Three Prickly Pear (Opuntia echios) Populations. Symmetry (Basel) 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/sym8110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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14
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Ferrer ES, García-Navas V, Bueno-Enciso J, Sanz JJ, Ortego J. Multiple sexual ornaments signal heterozygosity in male blue tits. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza S. Ferrer
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales; Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Carlos III s/n 45071 Toledo Spain
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Vicente García-Navas
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales; Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Carlos III s/n 45071 Toledo Spain
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
- Evolution and Genetics of Love, Life and Death Group; Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Javier Bueno-Enciso
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales; Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Carlos III s/n 45071 Toledo Spain
| | - Juan José Sanz
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC); C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Joaquín Ortego
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group; Department of Integrative Ecology; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n 41092 Seville Spain
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15
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Fast running restricts evolutionary change of the vertebral column in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11401-6. [PMID: 25024205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401392111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian vertebral column is highly variable, reflecting adaptations to a wide range of lifestyles, from burrowing in moles to flying in bats. However, in many taxa, the number of trunk vertebrae is surprisingly constant. We argue that this constancy results from strong selection against initial changes of these numbers in fast running and agile mammals, whereas such selection is weak in slower-running, sturdier mammals. The rationale is that changes of the number of trunk vertebrae require homeotic transformations from trunk into sacral vertebrae, or vice versa, and mutations toward such transformations generally produce transitional lumbosacral vertebrae that are incompletely fused to the sacrum. We hypothesize that such incomplete homeotic transformations impair flexibility of the lumbosacral joint and thereby threaten survival in species that depend on axial mobility for speed and agility. Such transformations will only marginally affect performance in slow, sturdy species, so that sufficient individuals with transitional vertebrae survive to allow eventual evolutionary changes of trunk vertebral numbers. We present data on fast and slow carnivores and artiodactyls and on slow afrotherians and monotremes that strongly support this hypothesis. The conclusion is that the selective constraints on the count of trunk vertebrae stem from a combination of developmental and biomechanical constraints.
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Miller JM, Coltman DW. Assessment of identity disequilibrium and its relation to empirical heterozygosity fitness correlations: a meta-analysis. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:1899-909. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - David W. Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
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17
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Baker KH, Hoelzel AR. Fluctuating asymmetry in populations of British roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) following historical bottlenecks and founder events. Mamm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Shaner PJL, Chen YR, Lin JW, Kolbe JJ, Lin SM. Sex-specific correlations of individual heterozygosity, parasite load, and scalation asymmetry in a sexually dichromatic lizard. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56720. [PMID: 23451073 PMCID: PMC3581517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygosity-fitness correlations (HFCs) provide insights into the genetic bases of individual fitness variation in natural populations. However, despite decades of study, the biological significance of HFCs is still under debate. In this study, we investigated HFCs in a large population of the sexually dimorphic lizard Takydromus viridipunctatus (Lacertidae). Because of the high prevalence of parasitism from trombiculid mites in this lizard, we expect individual fitness (i.e., survival) to decrease with increasing parasite load. Furthermore, because morphological asymmetry is likely to influence individuals' mobility (i.e., limb asymmetry) and male biting ability during copulation (i.e., head asymmetry) in this species, we also hypothesize that individual fitness should decrease with increasing morphological asymmetry. Although we did not formally test the relationship between morphological asymmetry and fitness in this lizard, we demonstrated that survival decreased with increasing parasite load using a capture-mark-recapture data set. We used a separate sample of 140 lizards to test the correlations between individual heterozygosity (i.e., standardized mean d(2) and HL based on 10 microsatellite loci) and the two fitness traits (i.e., parasite load and morphological asymmetry). We also evaluated and excluded the possibility that single-locus effects produced spurious HFCs. Our results suggest male-only, negative correlations between individual heterozygosity and parasite load and between individual heterozygosity and asymmetry, suggesting sex-specific, positive HFCs. Male T. viridipunctatus with higher heterozygosity tend to have lower parasite loads (i.e., higher survival) and lower asymmetry, providing a rare example of HFC in reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jen L. Shaner
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ru Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhan-Wei Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jason J. Kolbe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Si-Min Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Vangestel C, Mergeay J, Dawson DA, Vandomme V, Lens L. Developmental stability covaries with genome-wide and single-locus heterozygosity in house sparrows. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21569. [PMID: 21747940 PMCID: PMC3128584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a measure of developmental instability, has been hypothesized to increase with genetic stress. Despite numerous studies providing empirical evidence for associations between FA and genome-wide properties such as multi-locus heterozygosity, support for single-locus effects remains scant. Here we test if, and to what extent, FA co-varies with single- and multilocus markers of genetic diversity in house sparrow (Passer domesticus) populations along an urban gradient. In line with theoretical expectations, FA was inversely correlated with genetic diversity estimated at genome level. However, this relationship was largely driven by variation at a single key locus. Contrary to our expectations, relationships between FA and genetic diversity were not stronger in individuals from urban populations that experience higher nutritional stress. We conclude that loss of genetic diversity adversely affects developmental stability in P. domesticus, and more generally, that the molecular basis of developmental stability may involve complex interactions between local and genome-wide effects. Further study on the relative effects of single-locus and genome-wide effects on the developmental stability of populations with different genetic properties is therefore needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Vangestel
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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20
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Cardon M, Loot G, Grenouillet G, Blanchet S. Host characteristics and environmental factors differentially drive the burden and pathogenicity of an ectoparasite: a multilevel causal analysis. J Anim Ecol 2011; 80:657-67. [PMID: 21303365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Understanding the ecological factors driving the burden and pathogenicity of parasites is challenging. Indeed, the dynamics of host-parasite interactions is driven by factors organized across nested hierarchical levels (e.g. hosts, localities), and indirect effects are expected owing to interactions between levels. 2. In this study, we combined Bayesian multilevel models, path analyses and a model selection procedure to account for these complexities and to decipher the relative effects of host- and environment-related factors on the burden and the pathogenicity of an ectoparasite (Tracheliastes polycolpus) on its fish host (Leuciscus leuciscus). We also tested the year-to-year consistency of the relationships linking these factors to the burden and the pathogenic effects of T. polycolpus. 3. We found significant relationships between the parasite burden and host-related factors: body length and age were positively related to parasite burden and heterozygous hosts displayed a higher parasite burden. In contrast, both host- and environment-related factors were linked to pathogenic effects. Pathogenicity was correlated negatively with host body length and positively with age; this illustrates that some factors (e.g. body length) showed inverse relationships with parasite burden and pathogenicity. Pathogenic effects were stronger in cooler upstream sites and where host density was lower. Path analyses revealed that these relationships between environment-related factors and pathogenic effects were direct and were not indirect relationships mediated by the host characteristics. Finally, we found that the strength and the shape of certain relationships were consistent across years, while they were clearly not for some others. 4. Our study illustrates that considering conjointly causal relationships among factors and the hierarchical structure of host-parasite interactions is appropriate for dissecting the complex links between hosts, parasites and their common environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Cardon
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174, CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Băncilǎ R, Van Gelder I, Rotteveel E, Loman J, Arntzen JW. Fluctuating asymmetry is a function of population isolation in island lizards. J Zool (1987) 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Özener B. Effect of inbreeding depression on growth and fluctuating asymmetry in Turkish young males. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 22:557-62. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Chapman JR, Nakagawa S, Coltman DW, Slate J, Sheldon BC. A quantitative review of heterozygosity-fitness correlations in animal populations. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:2746-65. [PMID: 19500255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Chapman
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
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Van Dongen S, Lens L, Pape E, Volckaert FAM, Raeymaekers JAM. Evolutionary history shapes the association between developmental instability and population-level genetic variation in three-spined sticklebacks. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1695-707. [PMID: 19555450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Developmental instability (DI) is the sensitivity of a developing trait to random noise and can be measured by degrees of directionally random asymmetry [fluctuating asymmetry (FA)]. FA has been shown to increase with loss of genetic variation and inbreeding as measures of genetic stress, but associations vary among studies. Directional selection and evolutionary change of traits have been hypothesized to increase the average levels of FA of these traits and to increase the association strength between FA and population-level genetic variation. We test these two hypotheses in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) populations that recently colonized the freshwater habitat. Some traits, like lateral bone plates, length of the pelvic spine, frontal gill rakers and eye size, evolved in response to selection regimes during colonization. Other traits, like distal gill rakers and number of pelvic fin rays, did not show such phenotypic shifts. Contrary to a priori predictions, average FA did not systematically increase in traits that were under presumed directional selection, and the increases observed in a few traits were likely to be attributable to other factors. However, traits under directional selection did show a weak but significantly stronger negative association between FA and selectively neutral genetic variation at the population level compared with the traits that did not show an evolutionary change during colonization. These results support our second prediction, providing evidence that selection history can shape associations between DI and population-level genetic variation at neutral markers, which potentially reflect genetic stress. We argue that this might explain at least some of the observed heterogeneities in the patterns of asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Van Dongen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Carter AJR, Weier TM, Houle D. The effect of inbreeding on fluctuating asymmetry of wing veins in two laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity (Edinb) 2009; 102:563-72. [PMID: 19277055 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many authors have proposed that inbreeding destabilizes developmental processes. This destabilization may be reflected by increased fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in inbred compared to relatively outbred populations, but many studies have failed to find such differences. We measured the left and right wings of a large number of individual Drosophila melanogaster from two genetically distinct populations to estimate changes in FA caused by inbreeding. The large sample size and experimental design allowed removal of potentially confounding directional asymmetry (DA) and measurement error terms. Trait means in the two populations were essentially unchanged by inbreeding (less than 0.5% smaller in both populations). Inbred lines showed higher signed FA variances (16 and 38% higher, significantly so in one population) and higher unsigned FA means (3.7 and 13.2%, significantly increased in one population). Significant DA was found in both populations, although the pattern differed between populations. DA did not change due to inbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J R Carter
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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ERBOUT NATHALIE, DE MEYER MARC, LENS LUC. Hybridization between two polyphagous fruit-fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) causes sex-biased reduction in developmental stability. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Campero M, Ollevier F, Stoks R. Ecological relevance and sensitivity depending on the exposure time for two biomarkers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2007; 22:572-581. [PMID: 18000848 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers are widely used to assess pesticide stress, but their ecological relevance and exposure time dependent sensitivity is still heavily debated. We studied both aspects in larvae of the damselfly Coenagrion puella, comparing the impact of low doses of atrazine, carbaryl, and endosulfan on two key biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase [AChE] activity and fluctuating asymmetry [FA]) and their relationship with life history traits (mortality, development time, growth rate, and body size). Larvae exposed to the pesticides had, in general, longer development times. Size, growth rate, and mortality were not affected by any of the pesticides. In the long-term exposure, AChE activity was diminished by atrazine treatments and stimulated by carbaryl treatments, and was not affected in the endosulfan treatments. FA decreased with increasing endosulfan concentrations and showed no reaction to atrazine or carbaryl. Overall, short-term exposure tended to overestimate the results of long-term exposure decreasing growth rates and enhancing inhibition of AChE activity in atrazine and carbaryl treatments. In line with its ecological relevance, relationship between biomarkers and life history traits showed that AChE inhibition was positively correlated with mortality, while FA was traded off with size. These results show that caution should be exerted when using these biomarkers to assess pesticide pollution in field situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Campero
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULeuven), Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Andersen DH, Pertoldi C, Loeschcke V, Cavicchi S, Scali V. The impact of genetic parental distance on developmental stability and fitness in Drosophila buzzatii. Genetica 2007; 134:223-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-007-9229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
When animals in a group live under predation threat, the fate of each individual depends on the way it reacts to danger, but also on the behaviour of its companions. Game theory should then help to understand the evolution of fearful behaviour in gregarious animals. To illustrate this approach, a model determines evolutionarily stable levels of fearfulness in bird flocks, assuming that flocks are the object of both predatory attacks and nonlethal disturbance. In the model, high levels of flightiness limit the risk of being killed by predators, but increase the amount of energy lost in flights during the season. The predicted levels of fearfulness are extremely variable. They depend on the respective frequencies of predatory attacks and simple disturbing events, and on the capacity of birds to detect and escape predators. These results may help to explain the variability of flightiness reported in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sirot
- Biologie Evolutive, LEMEL, Université de Bretagne Sud, Campus de Tohannic, Vannes, France.
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Ambo-Rappe R, Lajus DL, Schreider MJ. Translational Fluctuating Asymmetry and Leaf Dimension in Seagrass,Zostera capricorniAschers in a Gradient of Heavy Metals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15555270701457752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Andersen DH, Pertoldi C, Loeschcke V, Cavicchi S, Scali V. Divergence at neutral and non-neutral loci in Drosophila buzzatii populations and their hybrids. Evol Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-007-9184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kokko
- Laboratory of Ecological and Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, FIN‐00014 Helsinki, Finland E‐mail:
| | - Indrek Ots
- Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, Tartu University, Estonia E‐mail:
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Kegley ADT, Hemingway J. Assessing fluctuating odontometric asymmetry among fossil hominin taxa through alternative measures of central tendency: Effect of outliers and directional components on reported results. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2007; 58:33-52. [PMID: 17254582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary inquires into the distribution and expression of fluctuating odontometric asymmetry (FOA), among selected fossil hominins, have revealed results that may be serviceable within studies that assess, among others, palaeobiological, evolutionary processes and events. Though several intricate statistical applications have aided in the advancement of FOA to the hominin fossil record, little is known regarding the influence of outliers and directional components on reported results. Moreover, most methods employed to test homogeneity among FOA datasets are sensitive to the assumption that underlying samples reflect Gaussian distributions. Because this assumption is often violated, alternative formulations of Levene's test statistic, which have been shown to be robust under non-normality, have been suggested. Unfortunately, previous FOA studies have failed to address their potential. Given this, we considered two areas that may influence interpretations of FOA among fossil hominin studies. Firstly, we assessed distributions of signed data (d(u)) among samples of Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus and Homo habilis for outliers and directional asymmetry to evaluate their influence on reported heterogeneity. Secondly, in an attempt to decrease the probability of falsely rejecting H(0) due to non-normality, we considered alternative estimates of central tendency for comparisons of FOA. Our study confirms the need for intrinsic scrutiny of data, as the removal of one extreme value within the buccolingual H. habilis sample produced statistically significant outcomes at the sample level, while directional asymmetry was exposed within an expanded buccolingual P. robustus sample. However, though servicing alternative measures of central tendency remains informative, except for the buccolingual P. robustus sample before the correction of directional asymmetry, replacement of the mean was not required herein. Consistent with previous investigations, significant differences between buccolingual values in apposing arcades were unique among A. africanus and P. robustus, with the latter expressing greater FOA overall. Finally, our results strengthen the assertion that the individuals sampled among H. habilis may indicate an episode of developmental compromise where external and/or internal noises are lessened through internal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D T Kegley
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.
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Kempenaers B. Mate Choice and Genetic Quality: A Review of the Heterozygosity Theory. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3454(07)37005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Dongen SV. Fluctuating asymmetry and developmental instability in evolutionary biology: past, present and future. J Evol Biol 2006; 19:1727-43. [PMID: 17040371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of developmental instability (DI), as measured by fluctuating asymmetry (FA), in evolutionary biology has been the focus of a wealth of research for more than half a century. In spite of this long period and many published papers, our current state of knowledge reviewed here only allows us to conclude that patterns are heterogeneous and that very little is known about the underlying causes of this heterogeneity. In addition, the statistical properties of FA as a measure of DI are only poorly grasped because of a general lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive DI. If we want to avoid that this area of research becomes abandoned, more efforts should be made to understand the observed heterogeneity, and attempts should be made to develop a unifying statistical protocol. More specifically, and perhaps most importantly, it is argued here that more attention should be paid to the usefulness of FA as a measure of DI since many factors might blur this relationship. Furthermore, the genetic architecture, associations with fitness and the importance of compensatory growth should be investigated under a variety of stress situations. In addition, more focus should be directed to the underlying mechanisms of DI as well as how these processes map to the observable phenotype. These insights could yield more efficient statistical models and a unified approach to the analysis of patterns in FA and DI. The study of both DI and canalization is indispensable to obtain better insights in their possible common origin, especially because both have been suggested to play a role in both micro- and macro-evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Dongen
- Group of Evolutionary Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Hansen TF, Carter AJR, Pélabon C. On Adaptive Accuracy and Precision in Natural Populations. Am Nat 2006; 168:168-81. [PMID: 16874627 DOI: 10.1086/505768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation is usually conceived as the fit of a population mean to a fitness optimum. Natural selection, however, does not act only to optimize the population mean. Rather, selection normally acts on the fitness of individual organisms in the population. Furthermore, individual genotypes do not produce invariant phenotypes, and their fitness depends on how precisely they are able to realize their target phenotypes. For these reasons we suggest that it is better to conceptualize adaptation as accuracy rather than as optimality. The adaptive inaccuracy of a genotype can be measured as a function of the expected distance of its associated phenotype from a fitness optimum. The less the distance, the more accurate is the adaptation. Adaptive accuracy has two components: the deviance of the genotypically set target phenotype from the optimum and the precision with which this target phenotype can be realized. The second component, the adaptive precision, has rarely been quantified as such. We survey the literature to quantify how much of the phenotypic variation in wild populations is due to imprecise development. We find that this component is often substantial and highly variable across traits. We suggest that selection for improved precision may be important for many traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Hansen
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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Glémin S, Vimond L, Ronfort J, Bataillon T, Mignot A. Marker-based investigation of inbreeding depression in the endangered species Brassica insularis. Heredity (Edinb) 2006; 97:304-11. [PMID: 16850037 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Various methods have been proposed to estimate inbreeding depression and to assess its consequences for natural populations. As an alternative to controlled crosses, the use of molecular markers has allowed direct investigation of inbreeding depression in natural populations, but usually suffers from low statistical power. Here, we investigated the effect of inbreeding depression on survival in two populations of the rare species Brassica insularis, using both controlled crosses and a marker-based approach. We compare the respective merits of the two approaches for studying inbreeding depression. We also use information from the molecular markers to dissect in detail patterns of inbreeding depression in this species. A posteriori, we find that combining the approaches was not necessary to obtain simple point estimates of inbreeding depression. However, using molecular markers may give insight into the genetic basis of inbreeding depression, such as the occurrence of epistatic interactions among deleterious alleles or purging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Glémin
- UMR Génome, Populations, Interactions, Adaptations, Université Montpellier II, F-34095 Montpellier, Cedex 05, France.
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Dawson DA, Burke T, Hansson B, Pandhal J, Hale MC, Hinten GN, Slate J. A predicted microsatellite map of the passerine genome based on chicken-passerine sequence similarity. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:1299-320. [PMID: 16626455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract We present a predicted passerine genome map consisting of 196 microsatellite markers distributed across 25 chromosomes. The map was constructed by assigning chromosomal locations based on the sequence similarity between 550 publicly available passerine microsatellites and the draft chicken genome sequence published by the International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium. We compared this passerine microsatellite map with a recently published great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) linkage map derived from the segregation of marker alleles in a pedigree of a natural population. Twenty-four microsatellite markers were shared between the two maps, distributed across ten chromosomes. Synteny was maintained between the predicted passerine microsatellite map and the great reed warbler linkage map, confirming the validity and accuracy of our approach. Possible applications of the predicted passerine microsatellite map include genome mapping; quantitative trait locus (QTL) discovery; understanding heterozygosity-fitness correlations; investigating avian karyotype evolution; understanding microsatellite mutation processes; and for identifying loci conserved in multiple species, unlinked loci for use in genotyping sets and sex-linked markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Dawson
- Sheffield Molecular Genetics Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Pertoldi C, Kristensen TN, Andersen DH, Loeschcke V. Developmental instability as an estimator of genetic stress. Heredity (Edinb) 2006; 96:122-7. [PMID: 16333301 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To set conservation priorities, scientists should be able to assess the relative threats posed by the effects of loss of genetic variability, inbreeding and outbreeding as these can generate 'genetic stress'. Developmental instability (DI) has been suggested as an indicator of stress, possibly being more sensitive than other measures. However, there is controversy as to whether DI is an accurate and reliable tool for assessing the degree of genetic stress. After 50 years of the presentation of Lerner's conjecture, there are still several unresolved questions about the relationship between DI and genetic stress. Here, we review studies on mechanisms behind DI. The current status on the use of DI as an indicator of genetic stress is discussed, and suggestions are presented on how to obtain more knowledge on the potential of DI in an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pertoldi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, Building 540, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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ANDERSEN DITTEHOLM, PERTOLDI CINO, LOESCHCKE VOLKER, SCALI VALERIO. Developmental instability, hybridization and heterozygosity in stick insects of the genus Bacillus (Insecta; Phasmatodea) with different modes of reproduction. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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KARK S, LENS L, VAN DONGEN S, SCHMIDT E. Asymmetry patterns across the distribution range: does the species matter? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Assessment of geographical patterns in fluctuating asymmetry (small, random differences between sides of bilateral characters) among populations shows promise as a tool to resolve the relative biomechanical importance of traits, in addition to being a possible indicator of habitat quality. We used 115 endemic freshwater populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, Canada, to explore the degree of concordance between geographical variation of asymmetry in a predator defense structure (bony lateral plates) and geographical variation in several indirect measures of predation regime as well as several abiotic habitat variables. We found a geographical cline in the population frequency of lateral plate asymmetries, with reduced asymmetry in the southern clear-water regions of the archipelago characterized by long reaction distances and greater chance of capture by predators, and elevated asymmetry in the northern stained-water regions with poor visibility and low chances of capture. Lateral plate asymmetry was strongly correlated with expression of several defensive armor traits, including total plate numbers among populations, mean cross-sectional diameter of stickleback with the dorsal and pelvic spines erect, and mean degree of overlap between the plates and spine supports. There were no significant correlations between frequency of asymmetric fish and any of our abiotic habitat variables. Stickleback with structural plate asymmetries had fewer trout-induced scars than symmetric fish in the significant majority of populations, and there was a decrease in structural plate asymmetry with age in stained-water habitats, suggesting that trout predators may be selectively removing asymmetric fish in some lakes. This study provides evidence that geographical variation in developmental stability of threespine stickleback, as seen in the frequencies of asymmetry, reflects differences among populations in the importance of structural defenses to fitness rather than differences in habitat quality, and that asymmetry may be a target of selection by predators in wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bergstrom
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada.
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Abstract
Meta-analyses of published and unpublished correlations between phenotypic variation and two measures of genetic variation at microsatellite loci, multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) and mean d2, revealed that the strength of these associations are generally weak (mean r < 0.10). Effects on life-history trait variation were significantly greater than zero for both measures over all reported effect sizes (r = 0.0856 and 0.0479 for MLH and mean d2, respectively), whereas effects on morphometric traits were not (r = 0.0052 and r = 0.0038), which is consistent with the prediction that life-history traits exhibit greater inbreeding depression than morphometric traits. Effect sizes reported using mean d2 were smaller and more variable than those reported using MLH, suggesting that MLH may be a better metric for capturing inbreeding depression most of the time. However, analyses of paired effect sizes reported using both measures from the same data did not differ significantly. Several lines of evidence suggest that published effects sizes are upwardly biased. First, effect sizes from published studies were significantly higher than those reported in unpublished studies. Second, fail-safe numbers for reported effect sizes were generally quite low, with the exception of correlations between MLH and life-history traits. Finally, the slope of the regression of effect size on sample size was negative for most sets of traits. Taken together, these results suggest that studies designed to detect inbreeding depression on a life-history trait using microsatellites will need to sample in excess of 600 individuals to detect an average effect size (r = 0.10) with reasonable statistical power (0.80). Very few published studies have used samples sizes approaching this value.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Coltman
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
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Bergstrom CA, Reimchen TE. ASYMMETRY IN STRUCTURAL DEFENSES: INSIGHTS INTO SELECTIVE PREDATION IN THE WILD. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/02-657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Fuller RC, Houle D. Detecting genetic variation in developmental instability by artificial selection on fluctuating asymmetry. J Evol Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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